Modernity Britain

by David Kynaston

  5. Evening Standard, 4 Apr 1957; Ferdinand Mount, Cold Cream (2008), p 200; Evening Standard, 4 Apr 1957; Jim Tomlinson, ‘Inventing “Decline”’, Economic History Review, Nov 1996, p 747; Jim Tomlinson, ‘Economic Growth, Economic Decline’, in Kathleen Burk (ed), The British Isles since 1945 (Oxford, 2003), p 70; D. M. Ashford, ‘Critical Comets’, Times Literary Supplement, 18 Mar 2011; Cambridge Union Society: Record of Debates, 7 May 1957 (Cambridge University Library); Lord Moran, Winston Churchill (1966), p 726.

  6. Colin Clark, Younger Brother, Younger Son (1997), p 105; Heap, 10 Apr 1957; Dominic Shellard (ed), Kenneth Tynan, Theatre Writings (2007), p 169; Listener, 2 May 1957; John Heilpern, John Osborne (2006), pp 215–16.

  7. Richard Bradford, Lucky Him (2001), p 156; Kingsley Amis, Socialism and the Intellectuals (1957), p 13; Universities and Left Review (Spring 1957), pp ii, 3, 1, 32, 44–8; (Summer 1957), pp 29–34, 39–40; New Reasoner (Summer 1957), pp 2, 132, 141–2.

  8. Alan Bold, MacDiarmid (1988), pp 410–11; Daily Worker, 22 Apr 1957; Paul Routledge, Scargill (1993), p 26; Daily Worker, 23 Apr 1957; Malcolm MacEwen, The Greening of a Red (1991), pp 198–9.

  9. Daily Worker, 7 Jun 1957; Matthew Hilton, Smoking in British Popular Culture, 1800–2000 (Manchester, 2000), p 185; Jeremy Laurance, ‘Scientists Lament 40 Fatal Years of Smoking’, Independent, 8 Mar 2002; Hilton, Smoking, p 229; Manchester Guardian, 2 Jul 1957; Salford City Reporter, 29 Mar 1957; Janet Frame, The Envoy from Mirror City (1985), pp 96–7; Martin, 24 May 1957.

  10. David Bernstein, ‘The Television Commercial’, in Brian Henry (ed), British Television Advertising (1986), p 261; Adam Sisman, Hugh Trevor-Roper (2010), p 283; News Chronicle, 1 Apr 1957; Leonard Miall (ed), Richard Dimbleby, Broadcaster (1966), p 106; Daily Mail, 2 Apr 1957; Leonard Miall, ‘Charles de Jaeger’, Independent, 29 May 2000.

  11. BBC WA, R9/13/142, 12 Mar 1957, 22 Mar 1957; Financial Times, 13 Jul 1957; Mark Lewisohn, Radio Times Guide to TV Comedy (2003 edn), pp 49–50; Spectator, 12 Apr 1957 (John Beavon); Anthony Hayward, ‘Edward Evans’, Independent, 4 Jan 2002.

  12. Radio Times, 24 May 1957; Larkin, Ms Eng. c. 7416, 8 Jun 1957, fol 38; Guardian, 2 Jun 1997 (Frank Keating); C.L.R. James, Beyond a Boundary (Serpent’s Tail edn, 1994), pp 216–17; Rupert Hart-Davis (ed), The Lyttelton Hart-Davis Letters, Volume Two (1979), p 120.

  13. D. R. Thorpe, Supermac (2010), p 328; Independent, 30 Oct 2006 (David Prosser); Macmillan, dep.d.29, 1 Jun 1957, fol 50; Heap, 22 May 1957; Katherine Whitehorn, Selective Memory (2007), p 84; Francis Wheen, Television (1985), p 77; Vanessa Redgrave, An Autobiography (1991), pp 68, 76; Sunday Pictorial file, box 18, John Hilton Bureau Archive, News Group Newspapers Ltd Archive, News International.

  14. Mark Norton, Birmingham Past & Present (Stroud, 2006), pp 8–9; Yorkshire Post, 26 Mar 1957; Architects’ Journal, 28 Mar 1957; Liverpool Daily Post, 9 Apr 1957, 12 Apr 1957, 15 Apr 1957; Graeme Shankland, ‘The Crisis in Town Planning’, Universities and Left Review (Spring 1957), p 39.

  15. John R. Gold, The Practice of Modernism (Abingdon, 2007), p 170; Architects’ Journal, 7 Mar 1957, 14 Mar 1957; Birmingham Mail, 20 Mar 1957, 28 Mar 1957; The Times, 8 May 1957, 11 May 1957; Patrick Dunleavy, The Politics of Mass Housing in Britain, 1945–1975 (Oxford, 1981), p 143.

  16. Manchester Guardian, 6 Jun 1957; Builder, 21 Jun 1957; Liverpool Echo, 5 Jul 1957.

  17. Ninian Johnston, ‘Miracle in the Gorbals?’, Architectural Prospect (Spring 1957), p 18; Architects’ Journal, 18 Apr 1957; Tom Brennan, ‘Gorbals: A Study in Redevelopment’, Scottish Journal of Political Economy (Jun 1957), pp 122–6.

  18. Town and Country Planning (May 1957), p 204; Architects’ Journal, 4 Apr 1957; Evening Express (Liverpool), 22 Mar 1957; Coventry Standard, 17 May 1957; Barking, East Ham & Ilford Advertiser, 2 Mar 1957, 20 Apr 1957.

  19. Architects’ Journal, 7 Mar 1957, 13 Jun 1957; Spectator, 17 May 1957; Punch, 19 Jun 1957.

  20. Haines, 6 Jul 1957; Turtle, 6 Jul 1957; Martin, 6 Jul 1957; Last, 6 Jul 1957; Larkin, p 223; Liverpool Echo, 6 Jul 1957; Evening Express (Liverpool), 6 Jul 1957; Liverpool Echo, 6 Jul 1957; Mark Lewisohn, The Complete Beatles Chronicle (1996 edn), p 14; Philip Norman, John Lennon (2008), pp 105–6; The Beatles Press Conferences 1964–1966 (Uncut magazine CD, 2005), Track 21, ‘John, New York City, December 8, 1980’.

  21. Vauxhall Mirror, Jul 1957; East Essex Gazette, 19 Jul 1957; Guardian, 22 Jul 1997 (Richard Williams); Heap, 20 Jul 1957; Haines, 22 Jul 1957; Durham Chronicle, 26 Jul 1957.

  22. Radio Times, 12 Jul 1957; Bedford Record, 16 Jul 1957, 23 Jul 1957; Macmillan, dep.c. 740; People’s Friend, 20 Jul 1957.

  4 Catch a Falling Sputnik

  1. Financial Times, 14 Nov 1957; Observer, 23 Oct 1960 (Mark Abrams); Never Had It So Good?, BBC Four, 10 Dec 2007; Liverpool Echo, 16 Sep 1957; Financial Times, 6 Sep 1957; Abrams, Box 81, ‘L.P.E. Merchandising Bulletin No. 3’; Lucy Ward, ‘Forget Filling the Coal Shed’, Guardian, 29 Jan 2008; Woman’s Own, 18 Jul 1957, 30 May 1957.

  2. Derek J. Oddy, From Plain Fare to Fusion Food (Woodbridge, 2003), p 185; Peter Bird, The First Food Empire (Chichester, 2000), p 226; Woman’s Own, 18 Jul 1957; James Obelkevich, ‘Consumption’, in James Obelkevich and Peter Catterall (eds), Understanding Post-War British Society (1994), p 148; David L. Wakefield, The Hoover Story in Merthyr Tydfil (Merthyr Tydfil, c. 1977), p 7; Financial Times, 12 Oct 1959; Reynolds News, 24 Feb 1957; Rhys David, ‘Cyril Lord’, Dictionary of Business Biography, Volume 3 (1985), p 853; David Hunt, ‘Cyril Lord’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Oxford, 2004), vol 34, p 437; Douglas Lowndes, ‘Norman Parkinson’, Independent, 20 Feb 1990; Ralph Harris and Arthur Seldon, Advertising in Action (1962), pp 272, 80–81.

  3. Subrata Dasgupta, Salaam Stanley Matthews (2006), p 179; Mick Grabham, ‘Low Fidelity’, Mojo (Aug 1997).

  4. Paul Levy, ‘Egon Ronay’, Independent, 14 Jun 2010; Matthew Hilton, ‘The Fable of the Sheep, or, Private Virtues, Public Vices’, Past & Present (Aug 2002), p 229; Elizabeth Dunn, ‘The Quiet Man of Change’, Sunday Times, 30 January 1977; Dartington Hall Trust Archives, LKE/G/35, Michael Young to Dorothy and Leonard Elmhurst, 10 Oct 1957.

  5. Asa Briggs, Michael Young (Basingstoke, 2001), p 150; The Times, 8 Oct 1957; BBC WA, Woman’s Hour, 11 Oct 1957; Independent, 3 Jul 1997 (Jack O’Sullivan); Which? (Winter 1957), p 20; Maurice Healy, ‘Eirlys Roberts’, Guardian, 22 Mar 2008; Which? (Autumn 1957), pp 3–6; Gorer, Box 103, Michael Young to Geoffrey Gorer, 14 Oct 1957; Lawrence Black, Redefining British Politics (Basingstoke, 2010), pp 16–25; M-O A, TC78/3/EF.

  6. Manchester Guardian, 23 Jul 1957; Stephen Chalke, ‘Peter Loader’, Independent, 21 Mar 2011; Larkin, p 227; William Smethurst, The Archers (1996), pp 59–72; Turtle, 29 Jul 1957; Macmillan, dep.d.29, 29 Jul 1957, fol 106.

  7. Elizabeth Longford, Elizabeth R (1983), p 182; New Statesman, 10 Aug 1957 (Francis Williams); Jeremy Paxman, ‘Hard-pressed Royalty’, Daily Telegraph, 19 Aug 1996; Macmillan, dep.d.29, 8 Aug 1957, fol 116; New Statesman, 17 Aug 1957 (Francis Williams); Robert Lacey, Majesty (1978 edn), p 320; New Yorker, 7 Sep 1957; Macmillan, dep.d.29, 1 Sep 1957, fol 137.

  8. Spectator, 4 Oct 1957; Sunday Dispatch, 6 Oct 1957; Richard Ingrams, Muggeridge (1995), p 182; Sunday Express, 13 Oct 1957; Last, 13 Oct 1957; People, 13 Oct 1957 (Leonard Coulter); Daily Mirror, 15 Oct 1957; Asa Briggs, The History of Broadcasting in the United Kingdom, Volume V (Oxford, 1995), pp 145–6; ‘Lieutenant-General Sir Ian Jacob’, The Times, 26 Apr 1993.

  9. Financial Times, 22 Dec 2007 (John Lloyd); Martin, 16 Aug 1957; Liverpool Echo, 13–14 Sep 1957.

  10. Spencer Leigh, ‘Alan Sytner’, Independent, 13 Jan 2006; Mojo (Oct 1997), p 38 (Paul Du Noyer); Guardian, 20 Feb 2004 (Will Hodgkinson); Lorna Sage, Bad Blood (2000), p 193; Lewis, 2 Sep 1957.

  11. Frank Mort, Capital Affairs (2010), p 194; New Yorker, 28 Sep 1957; Manchester Guardian, 5 Sep 1957; Matt Houlbrook, Queer London (Chicago, 2005), p 261; Daily Mirror, 6 Sep 1957.

  12. Daily Express, 5 Sep 1957; Richard Davenport-Hin
es, Sex, Death and Punishment (1990), p 322; Adrian Bingham, Family Newspapers (Oxford, 2009), p 189; Spectator, 6 Sep 1957; Roger Davidson and Gayle Davis, ‘“A Field for Private Members”’, Twentieth Century British History, 15/2 (2004), p 194; Daily Mirror, 10–11 Sep 1957; George H. Gallup, The Gallup International Public Opinion Polls: Great Britain 1937–1975, Volume One (New York, 1976), pp 426–8; New Yorker, 28 Sep 1957. In general on press reaction, including for some of the quotations, see New Statesman, 14 Sep 1957 (Francis Williams).

  13. Humphrey Carpenter, Dennis Potter (1998), p 67; Anthony Howard, RAB (1987), pp 264–5; ‘Lord Denning’, The Times, 6 Mar 1999; Ben Pimlott, Hugh Dalton (1985), pp 627–8; Peter Townsend, ‘Professor Brian Abel-Smith’, Independent, 9 Apr 1996; Liz Homans, ‘Swinging Sixties’, History Today (Dec 2008), pp 46–7.

  14. Macmillan, dep.d.29, 17 Sep 1957, fol 153; Evening Standard, 19 Sep 1957; Forrest Capie, The Bank of England: 1950s to 1979 (New York, 2010), p 93; Crossman, p 607; Spectator, 27 Sep 1957; Financial Times, 21 Sep 1957.

  15. Macmillan, p 417; David Kynaston, The City of London, Volume 4 (2001), pp 88, 98; Gary Burn, ‘The State, the City and the Euromarkets’, Review of International Political Economy (Summer 1999), pp 234–5.

  16. New Statesman, 28 Sep 1957; Spectator, 11 Oct 1957, 4 Oct 1957; New Statesman, 5 Oct 1957; Turtle, 25 Sep 1957; Heap, 28 Sep 1957; BBC WA, R9/19/2, Nov 1957; The Times, 15 Jun 1998 (Tim Jones); Denis Gifford, ‘Reg Smythe’, Independent, 15 Jun 1998.

  17. John Bright-Holmes (ed), Like It Was: The Diaries of Malcolm Muggeridge (1981), p 479; New Yorker, 2 Nov 1957; John Campbell, Nye Bevan (1997 edn), p 337; D. B. Smith, ‘Michael Foot on Aneurin Bevan’, Llafur (May 1974), p 24; Campbell, p 338; Crossman, Ms 154/8/26, 8 Feb 1961, fol 1315.

  18. Haines, 4 Oct 1957; The Times, 8 Mar 2008 (Erica Wagner); Financial Times, 5 Oct 1957; Frances Partridge, Everything to Lose (1999 edn), p 285; Doris Lessing, Walking in the Shade (1997), p 277; Evening Standard, 7 Oct 1957; Financial Times, 11 Oct 1957; New Statesman, 12 Oct 1957; John Callaghan, ‘The Left and the “Unfinished Revolution”’, Contemporary British History (Autumn 2001), pp 74–5; Martin Gilbert, ‘Never Despair’ (1988), p 1,252; New Yorker, 23 Nov 1957 (Panter-Downes); Punch, 23 Oct 1957.

  19. Lewis Baston, Reggie (Stroud, 2004), pp 120–21; David Lowry, ‘Tom Tuohy’, Guardian, 7 May 2008; Jean McSorley, ‘Contaminated Evidence’, Guardian, 10 Oct 2007; Lord Hinton of Bankside Papers (Institution of Mechanical Engineers), ‘Autobiography’, chap XXIV; Last, 12 Oct 1957; Western Daily Press, 15 Oct 1957; New Yorker, 2 Nov 1957; Last, 17 Oct 1957; D. R. Thorpe, Supermac (2010), pp 396–7; News Chronicle, 9 Nov 1957; Tony Hall, Nuclear Politics (1986), p 63; Lorna Arnold, Windscale (Basingstoke, 1992), p 71; email to author from Jenny Uglow, 29 Jul 2011.

  20. Spectator, 9 Aug 1957, 11 Oct 1957; Bevis Hillier, John Betjeman: New Fame, New Love (2002), pp 567–9; Spectator, 20 Dec 1957.

  21. Architects’ Journal, 11 Apr 1957; Peter Self, Cities in Flood (1957), p 166; Architects’ Journal, 1 Aug 1957; Listener, 5 Sep 1957.

  22. Liverpool Daily Post, 3 Sep 1957, 20 Sep 1957; Liverpool Echo, 24 Sep 1957; Liverpool Daily Post, 1 Oct 1957, 3 Oct 1957; John English et al, Slum Clearance (1976), p 156.

  23. Yorkshire Post, 12–13 Nov 1957; Yorkshire Evening News, 12 Nov 1957; Yorkshire Post, 13 Nov 1957; Colin Ward and Dennis Hardy, Goodnight Campers! (1986), pp 125–7; Bognor Regis Post, 28 Sep 1957, 12 Oct 1957.

  24. Quarterly Bulletin of the Society of Housing Managers (Jan 1958), p 11; Liverpool Echo, 13 Sep 1957; N. S. Power, The Forgotten People (Evesham, 1965), pp 13–14, 37–8; Salford City Reporter, 6 Dec 1957; John Winstone, Bristol As It Was, 1963–1975 (Bristol, 1990), p 36; Patrick Dunleavy, The Politics of Mass Housing in Britain, 1945–1975 (Oxford, 1981), p 312; Architects’ Journal, 24 Oct 1957, 26 Dec 1957; Kensington News and West London Times, 15 Nov 1957; Architects’ Journal, 14 Nov 1957.

  25. Architects’ Journal, 16 Jan 1958; Sunday Times, 1 Dec 1957, 8 Dec 1957, 15 Dec 1957; Adrian Smith, ‘The Coventry Factor’, Literature & History (Spring 1999), pp 34–5; Heap, 17 Nov 1957.

  26. Haines, 12 Oct 1957; New Statesman, 19 Oct 1957 (Francis Williams); New Yorker, 2 Nov 1957; Sunday Times, 13 Oct 1957; New Statesman, 19 Oct 1957; Macmillan, pp 419–20; Michael Bentley, ‘Maurice Cowling’, Independent, 6 Sep 2005; Listener, 31 Oct 1957.

  27. Tom Maschler (ed), Declaration (1957), pp 23, 76, 120, 155, 159, 166; Sunday Times, 13 Oct 1957; Observer, 13 Oct 1957; Listener, 7 Nov 1957; Humphrey Carpenter, The Angry Young Men (2002), p 183.

  28. Glasgow Herald, 21 Oct 1957; The Times, 12 Nov 2002 (John Goodbody); Daly, Mss 302/2/1, 31 Oct 1957, 302/3/12, 8 Oct 1957.

  29. ‘Lawrence Daly’, Daily Telegraph, 1 Jun 2009; Philip Norman, John Lennon (2008), pp 122–3; Pete Frame, The Restless Generation (2007), p 267; Radio Times, 8 Nov 1957; Owen Adams, ‘The 2i’s and the Birth of British Rock’, Record Collector, Jan 2007, pp 35–6; Anne de Courcy, Snowdon (2008), p 52; Yorkshire Post, 19 Nov 1957; News Chronicle, 19 Nov 1957; Colin MacInnes, England, Half English (1986 edn), pp 11–16; Langford, 28 Nov 1957.

  30. Hague, 3 Nov 1957; Macmillan, dep.d.30, 5 Nov 1957, fol 52; New Yorker, 23 Nov 1957; Partridge, p 290; Benn, p 251; Yorkshire Post, 13 Nov 1957; David Kynaston, The Financial Times (1988), p 261; New Yorker, 23 Nov 1957; New Statesman, 14 Dec 1957 (Francis Williams); Iona and Peter Opie, The Lore and Language of Schoolchildren (1959), p 106.

  31. ‘John Sandoe’, The Times, 9 Jan 2008; Yorkshire Evening News, 12 Nov 1957; Haines, 12 Nov 1957; Derrik Mercer (ed), 20th Century Day by Day (Dorling Kindersley edn, 1999), p 1,140; Wisden Cricketers’ Almanack, 1958 (1958), p 1,004; Mercer, 20th Century, p 1,140; Guardian, 3 Sep 2011 (Fiona MacCarthy).

  32. Yorkshire Evening News, 12 Nov 1957; Benn, p 253; Spectator, 29 Nov 1957; BBC WA, R9/19/2, Jan 1958; Spectator, 27 Dec 1957; Daily Telegraph, 10 Dec 1957; Lawrence Black, ‘“Sheep May Safely Gaze”’, in idem et al, Consensus or Coercion? (Cheltenham, 2001), p 36; Gorer, Box 45, ‘Institute of Community Studies’ file, Young to Gorer, 31 Jan 1958.

  33. Gorer, Box 4, file 4/A, Box 2, file 2/B, Box 4, file 4/A; Manchester Guardian, 20 Dec 1957; Briggs, History of Broadcasting, pp 222–3; Guardian, 9 Oct 1997 (?John Dugdale); Briggs, History of Broadcasting, p 222; BBC WA, R9/9/21, 14 Jan 1958.

  34. Haines, 30 Nov 1957; Manchester Guardian, 5 Dec 1957; Mercer, 20th Century, p 1,141; Barbara Weinberger, The Best Police in the World (Aldershot, 1995), p 198; Brian Cathcart, ‘The Police Punch that Troubled Parliament’, Independent on Sunday, 19 Jun 1994; Olga Cannon and J.R.L. Anderson, The Road from Wigan Pier (1973), pp 163–8; Hansard, House of Commons Debates, 19 Dec 1957, cols 717–38; Listener, 12 Dec 1957; Sage, p 212; Cliff Goodwin, When the Wind Changed (1999), pp 234–5; Spectator, 20 Dec 1957; Stephen F. Kelly, Bill Shankly (1996), pp 109–10.

  35. Kynaston, City, p 90; Macmillan, dep.30, 12 Dec 1957, fol 78; Kynaston, City, pp 91–2; New Yorker, 4 Jan 1958.

  36. Listener, 2 Jan 1958; BBC WA, R9/19/2, Feb 1958; Haines, 27 Dec 1957; Dee, 1–4 Jan 1958; Martin, 4 Jan 1958; Robert Ross, The Complete Frankie Howerd (Richmond, 2001), p 35; Heap, 5 Jan 1958; Merthyr Express, 11 Jan 1958, 18 Jan 1958.

  5 Not a Matter of Popularity

  1. Dee, 6 Jan 1958; Martin, 6 Jan 1958; Haines, 6 Jan 1958; Daily Telegraph, 7 Jan 1958.

  2. Helpful accounts include: John Hunt, ‘Much More than a “Little Local Difficulty”’, Financial Times, 3 Jan 1989; Robert Shepherd, Enoch Powell (1996), pp 159–84; Simon Heffer, Like the Roman (1998), pp 217–41; Mark Jarvis, ‘The 1958 Treasury Dispute’, Contemporary British History (Summer 1998), pp 22–50; E.H.H. Green, ‘The Treasury Resignations of 1958’, Twentieth Century British History, 11/4 (2000), pp 409–30; D. R. Thorpe, Supermac (2010), pp 401–7; Chris Cooper, ‘Little Local Difficulties Revisited’, Contemporary British History (Jun 2011), pp 227–50.

  3. ‘Lord Thorneycroft’, The Times, 6 Jun 1994; Cooper, ‘Little Local Difficulties’, p 231; David Kynaston, Family Britain (2009), p 44
7; Shepherd, Enoch Powell, pp 160, 194; The Times, 12 Feb 1998; Heffer, Like the Roman, p 215.

  4. Cooper, ‘Little Local Difficulties’, p 236; Green, ‘Treasury’, p 416; Jarvis, ‘1958’, p 27; Green, ‘Treasury’, pp 417, 420–211; Jarvis, ‘1958’, p 31; Green, ‘Treasury’, p 420; Thorpe, Supermac, pp 400–401; Cooper, ‘Little Local Difficulties’, p 236.

  5. Green, ‘Treasury’, p 419; David Kynaston, City of London, Volume 4 (2001), pp 42–3, 77; Listener, 24 Nov 1957; News Chronicle, 18 Nov 1957; Economist, 21 Dec 1957; Kynaston, City, p 105.

  6. Macmillan, dep.d.30, 22 Dec 1957, fol 95, 6 Jan 1958, fols 100–101, 104; Hunt, ‘Much More’; Cooper, ‘Little Local Difficulties’, p 240.

  7. The Times, 7 Jan 1958; Michael Cockerell, Live from Number 10 (1988), pp 56–7; Macmillan, dep.d.30, 7 Jan 1958, fol 110.

  8. Daily Telegraph, 7 Jan 1958; Financial Times, 8 Jan 1958; Daily Express, 7 Jan 1958; Daily Sketch, 8 Jan 1958; Daily Mail, 7 Jan 1958; Spectator, 10 Jan 1958; Sunday Times, 12 Jan 1958; Economist, 11 Jan 1958; The Times, 7–8 Jan 1958.