Modernity Britain

by David Kynaston

  9. Kent & Sussex Courier, 10 Jan 1958; Yorkshire Post, 9 Jan 1958; Financial Times, 14 Jan 1958.

  10. New Statesman, 11 Jan 1958; Preston, 7 Jan 1958; News Chronicle, 21 Jan 1958.

  11. News Chronicle, 8 Jan 1958; Spectator, 10 Jan 1958; Hunt, ‘Much More’.

  12. The Times, 8 Jan 1958; Daily Express, 8 Jan 1958; Hunt, ‘Much More’; New Yorker, 25 Jan 1958, 8 Feb 1958; Financial Times, 25 Jan 1958; Daily Mirror, 24 Jan 1958; Alan Howarth, ‘Lord Thorneycroft’, Independent, 6 Jun 1994.

  13. Alan Booth, ‘Inflation, Expectations and the Political Economy of Conservative Britain, 1951–1964’, Historical Journal (Sep 2000), pp 832–4; Independent, 2 Jan 1989 (Anthony Bevins and Colin Hughes); Independent, 2 Feb 1988; ‘Arthur Seldon’, Daily Telegraph, 13 Oct 2005.

  6 A Worried Song

  1. BBC WA, R9/10/5 – VR/58/214; Turtle, 11 Jan 1958; Willmott, 14 Jan 1958; Denis Healey, The Time of My Life (1989), p 72; Willmott, 14 Jan 1958.

  2. Sue Harper and Vincent Porter, British Cinema of the 1950s (Oxford, 2003), p 72; Haines, 16 Jan 1958; Denis Gifford, Complete Catalogue of British Comics (1985), pp 129, 191; New Statesman, 1 Mar 1958 (Francis Williams); Woman’s Realm, 22 Feb 1958; Cynthia L. White, Women’s Magazines, 1693–1968 (1970), pp 170–71.

  3. Langford, 18 Feb 1958; Spectator, 28 Mar 1958; Pat Thane, Old Age in English History (Oxford, 2000), pp 447–8.

  4. David Kynaston, The City of London, Volume 4 (2001), p 93; Financial Times, 22 Jan 1958; New Yorker, 8 Feb 1958 (Mollie Panter-Downes); Ben Pimlott, Harold Wilson (1992), pp 216–17; Kynaston, City, p 94; Forrest Capie, The Bank of England: 1950s to 1979 (New York, 2010), p 99.

  5. Gordon Burn, Best and Edwards (2006), pp 101–4; ‘Peter Jackson’, Daily Telegraph, 24 Mar 2004; The Times, 25 Mar 2004; Financial Times, 9 Sep 1995 (Christopher Dunkley); New Statesman, 8 Feb 1958 (Tom Driberg); Paul Ferris, Sir Huge (1990), p 144; BBC WA, R9/19/2, Jul 1958; Brighton and Hove Herald, 1 Feb 1958, 8 Mar 1958; The Times, 3–5 Feb 1958; Daily Mirror, 5 Feb 1958; Heap, 5 Feb 1958; Dee, 6 Feb 1958; Mark Lewisohn, The Complete Beatles Chronicle (1996 edn), p 16; Independent, 31 Jan 1998 (John Roberts).

  6. Guardian, 2 Feb 2008 (Richard Williams); Preston, 6 Feb 1958; Last, 7 Feb 1958; Diary of Vincent Walmsley (Special Collections, University of Sussex), 7 Feb 1958; Independent on Sunday, 30 Jan 1994 (Brian Cathcart); New Statesman, 15 Feb 1958; Salford City Reporter, 14 Feb 1958; The Times, 1 Feb 2008 (Matt Dickinson).

  7. Michael Cockerell, Live from Number 10 (1988), pp 58–9; Bernard Sendall, Independent Television in Britain, Volume 1 (1982), p 351; ‘Sir Cyril Smith’, The Times, 4 Sep 2010; David Steel, ‘Sir Ludovic Kennedy’, Guardian, 20 Oct 2009; BBC WA, R9/10/5 – VR/58/79; Macmillan, dep.d.30, 10 Feb 1958, fol 137; Crossman, Ms 154/8/21, 12 Feb 1958, fol 1,073; Last, 12 Feb 1958; BBC WA, Any Questions?, 14 Feb 1958; Cockerell, Live, p 59.

  8. Anthony Howard, RAB (1987), pp 261–2; Robin Day, Television (1961), p 161; Sir Robin Day, Grand Inquisitor (1989), p 1; Sir Robin Day, . . . But With Respect (1993), p 25; Day, Television, pp 162–4; Macmillan, dep.d.31, 23 Feb 1958, fol 13.

  9. Mark Pottle (ed), Daring to Hope: The Diaries and Letters of Violet Bonham Carter, 1946–1969 (2000), p 196; Macmillan, dep.d.31, 13 Mar 1958, fol 33; Crossman, p 663; The Times, 6 Jun 1958.

  10. John Campbell, Margaret Thatcher, Volume One (2000), pp 110–11; Pete Frame, The Restless Generation (2007), p 323; Derek A. J. Lister, Bradford’s Rock ’n’ Roll (Bradford, 1991), p 95; Christopher Sandford, Mick Jagger (1999 edn), p 29.

  11. Dee, 29 Mar 1958; Archie Burnett (ed.), The Complete Poems of Philip Larkin (2012), p 409; Larkin, Ms Eng. c. 7418, 31 Mar 1958, fols 5–6; Simon Reynolds, ‘Sorcerers of Sound’, Guardian, 20 Sep 2008; Richard Webber, Fifty Years of Hancock’s Half Hour (2004), pp 223–4.

  12. Punch, 2 Apr 1958; New Statesman, 5 Apr 1958; David Stafford, ‘Fleming’s Lament for Britain’, The Times, 18 Nov 1999; Simon Winder, The Man Who Saved Britain (2006), p 103.

  13. Helpful accounts of CND’s background and early history include: Richard Taylor and Colin Pritchard, The Protest Makers (Oxford, 1980), pp 5–7; Meredith Veldman, Fantasy, the Bomb and the Greening of Britain (Cambridge, 1994), pp 131–40; Mervyn Jones, Michael Foot (1994), pp 225–31; Kathleen Burk, Troublemaker (2000), pp 211–17.

  14. New Statesman, 2 Nov 1957; Jones, Foot, pp 227–8; The Times, 18 Feb 1958; Day, Respect, p 26; Jad Adams, Tony Benn (1992), pp 135–6; New Statesman, 29 Mar 1958; BBC WA, Any Questions?, 4 Apr 1958.

  15. Guardian, 10 Dec 2011 (Albert Beale); Manchester Guardian, 5 Apr 1958; Observer, 6 Apr 1958; David V. Barratt, ‘John Brunner’, Independent, 31 Aug 1995; Kathleen Tynan, The Life of Kenneth Tynan (1987), p 142; Veldman, Fantasy, pp 139–40; ‘Norris McWhirter’, Daily Telegraph, 21 Apr 2004.

  16. Benn, p 272; Healey, Time, p 241; Julia Langdon, ‘Lord Marsh’, Guardian, 3 Aug 2011; Veldman, Fantasy, p 153; Peter Webb, Portrait of David Hockney (1988), pp 13, 18; Stephen Woodhams, History in the Making (2001), p 193; Socialist Commentary (May 1958), p 14 (‘Lupus’); New Statesman, 21 Jun 1958; Adam Sisman, A.J.P. Taylor (1994), pp 276–7; Guardian, 30 Apr 2008 (Julie Bindel); Amis, p 521; Willmott, 9 Apr 1958; New Yorker, 3 May 1958; Lawrence Black, ‘“The Bitterest Enemies of Communism”’, Contemporary British History (Autumn 2001), p 52; Observer, 6 Apr 1958.

  17. Coventry Standard, 10 Jan 1958, 17 Jan 1958; The Times, 25 Oct 1957; Observer, 18 May 1958; Carole Newbiggin, ‘The Development of Blackbird Leys’, http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/england/oxford/, ‘Memoryshare’; The Times, 9 Jun 1994 (Alan Franks); Frances Reynolds, The Problem Housing Estate (Aldershot, 1986), pp 15–17.

  18. Architects’ Journal, 5 Jun 1958; Andrew Homer, ‘Administrative and Social Change in the Post-War British New Towns’, PhD diss, University of Luton, 1999, pp 168, 170; Architectural Review (Jun 1958), p 422; A.G.V. Simmonds, ‘Conservative Governments and the Housing Question, 1951–59’, PhD diss, University of Leeds, 1995, pp 412–16; Daily Mail, 25 Aug 1958; Architects’ Journal, 5 Jun 1958.

  19. Architects’ Journal, 20 Mar 1958; Observer, 30 Mar 1958; New Statesman, 21 Jun 1958; Sunday Times, 22 Jun 1958; Architects’ Journal, 24 Apr 1958, 26 Jun 1958; William Whyte, ‘The Modernist Moment at the University of Leeds, 1957–1977’, Historical Journal (Mar 2008), pp 173–8.

  20. The Times, 6 Feb 1958; Joe Moran, On Roads (2009), pp 23–4; Simon Jenkins, ‘From Green Belt to Rust Belt: How the Queen of the Midlands Was Throttled’, Guardian, 20 Oct 2006; John R. Gold, The Practice of Modernism (Abingdon, 2007), p 134; Evening Chronicle (Newcastle), 31 May 1958; Gordon E. Cherry, Birmingham (Chichester, 1994), p 213; Simmonds, ‘Conservative Governments’, p 206; Architects’ Journal, 6 Feb 1968; Independent, 26 Feb 1992 (Lucy Musgrove); East London Advertiser, 28 Mar 1958, 8 Aug 1958, 15 Aug 1958; Gold, Practice, pp 208–9.

  21. Kynaston, City, p 130; Guardian, 20 Aug 2009 (Gavin Stamp); Kynaston, City, p 130; Nicholas Bullock, Building the Post-War World (2002), pp 258–9. For suggestive accounts of why conditions were so propitious by the late 1950s for a speculative property boom, above all in offices, see: Oliver Marriott, The Property Boom (1967), chaps 1, 3; Charles Gordon, The Two Tycoons (1984), chaps 2, 5; Peter Mandler, ‘New Towns for Old’, in Becky Conekin et al (eds), Moments of Modernity (1999), pp 215–20; Gold, Practice, pp 84–6.

  22. Interview with Richard Seifert (National Life Story Collection, National Sound Archive), C467/75, p 22; ‘Richard Seifert’, The Times, 27 Oct 2001; Martin Pawley, ‘Richard Seifert’, Guardian, 29 Oct 2001; ‘Richard Seifert’, Daily Telegraph, 29 Oct 2001.

  23. Star, 25 Mar 1958; Listener, 17 Apr 1958; New Statesman, 19 Apr 1958; Fowles, EUL MS 102/1/10, 20 Apr 1958; Listener, 24 Apr 1958; Heap, 23 Jun 1958; Architectural Review, Jul 1958, pp 7–8.

  24. News Chronicle, 28 Jan 1958; Western Daily Press, 14 Feb 1958; Salford City Reporter, 21 Mar 1958; Architects’ Journal, 10 Apr 1958.

  25. Architects’ Journal, 17 Apr 1958; Kensington News and West London Times, 11 Apr 1958; Salford
City Reporter, 9 May 1958; Raynham, 14 Jun 1958; Architectural Review, Jul 1958, p 58; Evening News, 9 Jul 1958; N. Tiratsoo, Reconstruction, Affluence and Labour Politics (1990), pp 96–7; Crossman, Ms 154/8/23, 17 Oct 1958, fols 1,215–6.

  26. Salford City Reporter, 28 Mar 1958, 4 Apr 1958; Manchester Guardian, 19 Jul 1958; East London Advertiser, 28 Mar 1958; Reynolds News, 20 Apr 1958; News Chronicle, 7 May 1958; Bryan Appleyard, Richard Rogers (1986), pp 87–8.

  27. Gold, Practice, pp 212–15; Sheffield Telegraph, 26 Apr 1958; Star (Sheffield), 25 Apr 1958; Listener, 8 May 1958.

  28. Surveyor, 5 Jul 1958; Architects’ Journal, 3 Jul 1958; Brian Edwards, Basil Spence, 1907–1976 (Edinburgh, 1995), pp 82–4; Miles Horsey, Tenements and Towers (Edinburgh?, 1990), p 39; Glasgow Herald, 28 Aug 1958; Architects’ Journal, 4 Sep 1958; People, 7 Sep 1958, 31 Aug 1958, 7 Sep 1958.

  7 Stone Me

  1. New Statesman, 12 Apr 1958; Accrington Observer, 19 Apr 1958; Phil Whalley, Accrington Stanley (Cheltenham, 2006), pp 20–25; Evening News (Portsmouth), 31 May 1958.

  2. John Fisher, Tony Hancock (2008), p 164; Robert J. Wybrow, Britain Speaks Out, 1937–87 (Basingstoke, 1989), p 54.

  3. Frank Mort, Capital Affairs (2010), pp 247–8, 267–70; People, 27 Apr 1958; Mort, Capital Affairs, pp 276–7; Independent, 6 Apr 1992 (Danny Danziger). In general on Raymond, see Paul Willetts, Members Only (2010).

  4. Crossman, Ms 154/8/21, 6 May 1958, fol 1,109; Arnold Wesker, As Much As I Dare (1994), p 556; Crossman, Ms 154/8/21, 6 May 1958, fol 1,109; Universities and Left Review (Summer 1958), p 3; Manchester Guardian, 18 Aug 1958.

  5. Heap, 25 Feb 1958; Observer, 2 Mar 1958; ‘Wolf Mankowitz’, The Times, 22 May 1998; Michael Coveney, ‘Julian More’, Guardian, 3 Mar 2010; Heap, 23 Apr 1958, 30 Apr 1958; Financial Times, 1 May 1958; Sunday Times, 4 May 1958; BBC WA, Any Questions?, 9 May 1958.

  6. Geoffrey Wansell, Terence Rattigan (1995), pp 295–6; Heap, 8 May 1958; News Chronicle, 10 May 1958.

  7. The Times, 20 May 1958; Crewe Chronicle, 24 May 1958; Heap, 19 May 1958; Michael Billington, The Life and Work of Harold Pinter (1996), p 74; Daily Telegraph, 20 May 1958; News Chronicle, 20 May 1958; Daily Mail, 20 May 1958; John Walsh, ‘That Nice Mr Pinter’, Independent, 8 Feb 1999; Billington, Pinter, pp 84–5; Sunday Times, 25 May 1958.

  8. John Russell Taylor, Anger and After (1969 edn), p 131; New Statesman, 26 May 2008 (Antonia Quirke); Daily Mail, 27–8 May 1958; The Times, 28 May 1958; Sunday Times, 1 Jun 1958; Observer, 1 Jun 1958; Spectator, 6 Jun 1958; Wesker, As Much, p 667.

  9. Coventry Standard, 4 Jul 1958; Coventry Evening Telegraph, 7 Jul 1958; Coventry Standard, 11 Jul 1958; Coventry Evening Telegraph, 8 Jul 1958, 11 Jul 1958; Wesker, As Much, p 636; Spectator, 18 Jul 1958; Punch, 23 Jul 1958; Sunday Times, 20 Jul 1958; Wesker, As Much, p 638; Observer, 20 Jul 1958.

  10. Punch, 14 May 1958, 18 Jun 1958; Spectator, 23 May 1958; Punch, 11 Jun 1958; Mark Lewisohn, Radio Times Guide to TV Comedy (2003 edn), p 49; BBC WA, R9/19/2, May 1958; Mark Lewisohn, Funny, Peculiar (2002), pp 253–5; Listener, 29 May 1958 (Ivor Brown); New Statesman, 21 Jun 1958; BBC WA, R9/19/2, Sep 1958.

  11. Gorer, ‘Television and the English’ Survey, Box 1, C(i) file, Enid Blyton to Geoffrey Gorer, 13 Apr 1958; Jeffrey Milland, ‘Courting Malvolio’, Contemporary British History (Summer 2004), pp 79–80; Gorer, ‘Television and the English’ Survey, Box 1, C(i) file, William Empson to Geoffrey Gorer, 14 Apr 1958.

  12. Gorer, ‘Television and the English’ Survey, Box 1, C(i) file, Enid Blyton to Geoffrey Gorer, 5 May 1958; Hilde Himmelweit, Television and the Child (1958), pp 40, 49; Sociological Review (Dec 1959), pp 273–4 (Edward Blishen); Spectator, 26 Dec 1958 (Geoffrey Nicholson); Listener, 25 Dec 1958; Abrams, Box 88, ‘Working Papers on TV, 1954–65’ file, ‘A Study of Children’s Television’, Jun 1958.

  13. Haines, 1–6 Jun 1958; Dave Russell, Looking North (Manchester, 2004), p 253; Leo McKinstry, Jack & Bobby (2002), pp 105–7; Stephen Wagg, The Football World (Brighton, 1984), p 130; Daily Express, 18 Jun 1958; Observer, 22 Jun 1958; Financial Times, 26 Jun 2010 (Simon Kuper); Ian Chadband, ‘Sweden, Skegness and the “First” Sven’, Evening Standard, 27 May 2002; Matthew Taylor, The Association Game (Harlow, 2008), p 213.

  14. Helpful accounts of the strike include: Geoffrey Goodman, The Awkward Warrior (1979), pp 164–99; Robert Shepherd, Iain Macleod (1994), pp 134–42; Nina Fishman, ‘“Spearhead of the Movement”?’, in Alan Campbell et al (eds), British Trade Unions and Industrial Politics, Volume One (Aldershot, 1999), pp 268–92.

  15. Observer, 9 Feb 1958; Daily Mail, 13 Jan 1958; Macmillan, dep.d.31, 29 Apr 1958, fol 90; Goodman, Awkward Warrior, pp 173–4; Observer, 4 May 1958.

  16. New Statesman, 10 May 1958, 14 Jun 1958 (Francis Williams); Haines, 11 May 1958; Shepherd, Iain Macleod, p 139; Macmillan, dep.d.31, 31 May 1958, fol 135; Langford, 1 Jun 1958; Evening News, 3 Jun 1958; Goodman, Awkward Warrior, pp 187–8; Heap, 20 Jun 1958; New Yorker, 12 Jul 1958; Goodman, Awkward Warrior, p 194; BBC WA, Any Questions?, 14 Feb 1958; Punch, 14 May 1958; Turtle, 11 Jun 1958.

  17. Macmillan, dep.d.31, 11 May 1958, fol 99, 10 Apr 1958, fol 69, 11 Apr 1958, fol 70; Colin Crouch, The Politics of Industrial Relations (1982 edn), p 40; John Campbell, Margaret Thatcher, Volume One (2000), p 108; Shepherd, Iain Macleod, p 148; Michael Kandiah, ‘Conservative Leaders, Strategy – And “Consensus”?, 1945–1964’, in Harriet Jones and Michael Kandiah (eds), The Myth of Consensus (Basingstoke, 1996), p 62.

  18. Russell Bretherton, The Control of Demand 1958–1964 (1999), pp 6–7; Financial Times, 4 Jul 1958; Macmillan, dep.d.32, 31 Jul 1958, fol 91.

  19. Macmillan, dep.d.32, 14 Jun 1958, fol 22; Wybrow, Britain Speaks, p 54; News Chronicle, 9 Jul 1958; New Statesman, 19 Jul 1958; Campbell, Margaret Thatcher, pp 113–15; Goodman, Awkward Warrior, pp 240–41; Crossman, pp 687–9.

  20. Independent, 18 Jun 1999 (Robert Hanks); Alun Howkins, ‘History and the Radio Ballads’, Oral History (Autumn 2000), pp 89–93; Paul Leslie Long, ‘The Aesthetics of Class in Post-War Britain’, Phd diss, University of Warwick, 2001, p 196; New Statesman, 12 Jul 1958; BBC WA, R9/6/79 – LR/58/1051; Sunday Times, 13 Jul 1958; H. E. Bates, The World in Ripeness (1972), p 150; Punch, 20 Aug 1958 (R.G.G. Price).

  21. Lawrence Black, Redefining British Politics (Basingstoke, 2010), p 54; idem, The Political Culture of the Left in Affluent Britain, 1951–64 (Basingstoke, 2003), p 115; Kevin Jefferys, Anthony Crosland (1999 edn), p 65; The Times, 28 Jul 1958.

  22. Financial Times, 14 Aug 1958; Independent, 29 Sep 1999 (Ian Herbert); News Chronicle, 19 Aug 1958; Daily Mail, 22 Jul 1958; Dennis Barker, ‘Richard Tompkins’, Guardian, 11 Dec 1992; ‘Lawrence Batley’, Daily Telegraph, 27 Aug 2002; Turtle, 6 Jun 1958; Kentish Mercury, 7 Mar 1958; Drapers Weekly, 1 Feb 1959; Tom Courtenay, Dear Tom (2000), p 133.

  23. Financial Times, 1 Jun 1959; ITC material at British Film Institute, Audience Research boxes, 1958 box, ‘Public Standing Index’, Jun 1958; Ralph Harris and Arthur Seldon, Advertising in Action (1962), pp 317, 277–81, 82; Mark Robinson, 100 Greatest TV Ads (2000), pp 31, 86.

  24. Jan Boxshall, Every Home Should Have One (1997), p 72; John Orbell, ‘The Development of Office Technology’, in Alison Turton (ed), Managing Business Archives (1991), p 63; Spectator, 2 May 1958 (Leslie Adrian); William Osgerby, ‘“One For the Money, Two For the Show”’, PhD diss, University of Sussex, 1992, p 265; Independent, 16 Jun 1997 (Nic Cicutti), 23 Nov 2002 (Howard Jacobson); Frances Woodsford, Dear Mr Bigelow (2009), p 279.

  25. Nicholas Ind, Terence Conran (1995), pp 118–19; Daily Herald, 10 Jul 1958; Guardian, 4 Jan 2007 (Simon Bowers and Julia Kollewe).

  26. New Yorker, 16 Aug 1958; Radio Times, 25 Jul 1958; The Times, 26 Mar 2009 (Valentine Low); Daily Mirror, 28 Jul 1958, 31 Jul 1958.

  27. Patricia Greene et al, The Book of The Archers (1994), pp 39, 164; David Marr (ed), Patrick White, Letters (1994), pp 145–6; Carl Chinn, Better Betting with a Decent Feller (2004 edn), p 238; The Times, 26 Aug 1958; Martin, 27 Aug 1958; Langford, 27 Aug 1
958; Listener, 4 Sep 1958 (Philip Henderson); Larkin, Ms Eng. c. 7418, 27 Aug 1958, fol 88.

  28. http://www.theclitheroekid.org.uk; John Hudson, Wakes Week (Stroud, 1992), p 145; Macmillan, dep.d.33, 20 Aug 1958, fol 8; Coventry Standard, 25 Jul 1958; Haines, 3 Aug 1958; Sue Read, Hallo Campers! (1986), pp 163, 166. For a fuller version of Cliff-at-Clacton, see Pete Frame, The Restless Generation (2007), p 334.

  29. Sunday Times, 1 Sep 1958; Evening News (Portsmouth), 23 Aug 1958, 1 Sep 1958.

  8 Get the Nigger

  1. Guardian Journal (Nottingham), 25 Aug 1958; Manchester Guardian, 25 Aug 1958; Ruth Glass, Newcomers (1960), p 131; Manchester Guardian, 26 Aug 1958; Glass, Newcomers, p 132; The Times, 1 Sep 1958; Manchester Guardian, 27 Aug 1958; Glass, Newcomers, p 135; Kensington News and West London Times, 29 Aug 1958, 5 Sep 1958.

  2. Daily Express, 1 Sep 1958; Mike Phillips and Trevor Phillips, Windrush (1998), p 174; Glass, Newcomers, pp 136–7; Kensington News and West London Times, 5 Sep 1958; Manchester Guardian, 5 Sep 1958.