Threshold of War

by Heinrichs, Waldo;

SELECTED BOOKS AND ARTICLES

  Abbazia, Patrick. Mr. Roosevelt’s Navy: The Private War of the U.S. Atlantic Fleet, 1939–1942. Annapolis, 1975.

  Acheson, Dean. Present at the Creation: My Years in the State Department. New York, 1969.

  Addington, Larry H. The Blitzkrieg Era and the German General Staff, 1865–1941. New Brunswick, 1971.

  Allard, Dean. “Anglo-American Differences During World War II.” Military Affairs (April 1980), 44:75–81.

  Anderson, Jr., Irvine H. The Standard-Vacuum Oil Company and United States East Asian Policy, 1933–1941. Princeton, 1975.

  Arnold, H. H. Global Mission. New York, 1949.

  Barnhart, Michael A. Japan Prepares for Total War: The Search for Economic Security, 1919–1941. Ithaca, 1987.

  Beesly, Patrick. Very Special Intelligence: The Story of the Admiralty’s Operational Intelligence Centre, 1939–1945. New York, 1978.

  Blair, Jr., Clay. Silent Victory: The U.S. Submarine War Against Japan. Philadelphia, 1975.

  Borg, Dorothy, and Shumpei Okamoto, eds. Pearl Harbor as History: Japanese-American Relations, 1931–1941. New York, 1973.

  Borg, Dorothy. The United States and the Far Eastern Crisis of 1933–1938: From the Manchurian Incident Through the Initial Stage of the Sino-Japanese War. Cambridge, MA, 1964.

  Burdick, Charles B. Germany’s Military Strategy and Spain in World War II. Syracuse, 1968.

  Burns, James MacGregor, Roosevelt: The Soldier of Freedom. New York, 1970.

  Burns, Richard Dean, and Edward M. Bennett, eds. Diplomats in Crisis: United States Chinese-Japanese Relations, 1919–1941. Santa Barbara, 1974.

  Butow, Robert J. C. Tojo and the Coming of the War. Princeton, 1961.

  ———. The John Doe Associates: Backdoor Diplomacy for Peace, 1941. Stanford, 1974.

  ———. “The Hull-Nomura Conversations: A Fundamental Misconception.” American Historical Review July 1960), 65:822–36.

  Calder, Angus. The People’s War: Britain, 1939–1945. New York, 1969.

  Churchill, Winston. The Grand Alliance. Boston, 1950.

  Clark, Alan. Barbarossa: The Russian-German Conflict, 1941–1945. New York, 1965.

  Cole, Wayne S. Roosevelt and the Isolationists, 1932–45. Lincoln, NE, 1983.

  Collier, Basil. Defense of the United Kingdom. London, 1957.

  Complete Presidential Press Conferences of Franklin Delano Roosevelt. 25 vols, in 12. New York, 1972.

  Conn, Stetson, and Byron Fairchild. The Western Hemisphere: The Framework of Hemisphere Defense. Washington, 1960.

  Conn, Stetson, Rose C. Engleman, and Byron Fairchild. The Western Hemisphere: Guarding the United States and Its Outposts. Washington, 1964.

  Copp, DeWitt S. Forged in Fire: Strategy and Decisions in the Air War Over Europe, 1940–1945. Garden City, NY, 1982.

  Craven, Wesley Frank, and James Lea Cate. The Army Air Forces in World War II. 1 vols. Chicago, 1948–58.

  Crowley, James B. Japan’s Quest for Autonomy: National Security and Foreign Policy, 1930–1938. Princeton, 1966.

  ———. “Japan’s Military Foreign Policies.” In James William Morley, ed. Japan’s Foreign Policy, 1868–1941: A Research Guide. New York, 1974.

  Dallek, Robert. Franklin D. Roosevelt and American Foreign Policy, 1932–1945. New York, 1979.

  Dawson, Raymond H. The Decision to Aid Russia, 1941: Foreign Policy and Domestic Politics. Chapel Hill, 1959.

  Deary, William Paul. “‘Short of War’: Events and Decisions Culminating in the United States Naval Escort of British and Allied Convoys in the Atlantic and in the Undeclared Naval War with Germany, 1939–1941.” M.A. thesis, George Washington University, 1970.

  Divine, Robert A. Roosevelt and World War II. Baltimore, 1969.

  Douglas, W.A.B, and Jürgen Rohwer. “‘The Most Thankless Task’ Revisited: Convoys, Escorts, and Radio Intelligence in the Western Atlantic, 1941–1943.” In James A. Boutilier, ed. The RCN in Retrospect. Vancouver, British Columbia, 1982.

  Eden, Anthony. The Memoirs of Anthony Eden, Earl of Avon: The Reckoning. Boston, 1962.

  Fahey, James C. The Ships and Aircraft of the United States Fleet: Victory Edition. New York, 1945.

  Falk, Stanley L. Seventy Days to Singapore. New York, 1975.

  Feis, Herbert. The Road to Pearl Harbor. New York, 1964.

  Freidel, Frank. Franklin D. Roosevelt: Launching the New Deal. Boston, 1973.

  Friedlander, Saul. Prelude to Downfall: Hitler and the United States. New York, 1967.

  Gallup, George H. The Gallup Poll: Public Opinion, 1935–1971. 3 vols. New York, 1972.

  Grew, Joseph C. Turbulent Era: A Diplomatic Record of Forty Years, 1904–1945. Walter Johnson, ed. 2 vols. Boston, 1952.

  Gwyer, J.M.A, and J.R.M. Butler. Grand Strategy. Vol. 3: June 1941-August 1942. London, 1964.

  Hancock, W. K., and M. M. Cowing. British War Economy. London, 1949.

  Harrington, Daniel F. “A Careless Hope: American Air Power and Japan, 1941.” Pacific Historical Review (May 1979), 48:217–38.

  Harris, Ruth R. “The ‘Magic’ Leak of 1941 and Japanese-American Relations.” Pacific Historical Review (Feb. 1981), 50:76–95.

  Harvey, John, ed. The War Diaries of Oliver Harvey. London, 1978.

  Henrichs, Waldo. “President Franklin D. Roosevelt’s Intervention in the Battle of the Atlantic, 1941.” Diplomatic History (Fall 1986), 10:311–32.

  ———. American Ambassador: Joseph C. Grew and the Development of the United States Diplomatic Tradition. Boston, 1966.

  Herring, George C. Aid to Russia, 1941–1946: Strategy, Diplomacy and Origins of the Cold War. New York, 1973.

  Herwarth, Hans von, with Frederick Starr. Against Two Evils. New York, 1981.

  Herwig, Holger. Politics of Frustration: The United States in German Naval Planning, 1889–1941. Boston, 1976.

  Hinsley, F. H. British Intelligence in the Second World War: Its Influence on Strategy and Operations. 3 vols. New York, 1979–84.

  Hull, Cordell. The Memoirs of Cordell Hull. 2 vols. New York, 1948.

  Ickes, Harold. The Secret Diary of Harold L. Ickes: The Lowering Clouds, 1939–1941. New York, 1954.

  Iriye, Akira. Across the Pacific: An Inner History of American-East Asian Relations. New York, 1967.

  ———. The Origins of the Second World War in Asia and the Pacific. New York, 1987.

  Israel, Fred L., ed. The War Diary of Breckinridge Long: Selections from the Years 1939–1944. Lincoln, NE, 1966.

  Johnson, Chalmers. An Instance of Treason: Ozaki Hotsumi and the Sorge Spy Ring. Stanford, 1964.

  Jones, F. C. Japan’s New Order in East Asia: Its Rise and Fall, 1937–1945. London, 1954.

  Kimball, Warren F., ed. Churchill and Roosevelt: The Complete Correspondence. 3 vols. Princeton, 1984.

  Kirby, S. Woodburn. The War Against Japan: Volume I, The Loss of Singapore. London, 1957.

  ———. Singapore: The Chain of Disaster. London, 1971.

  Kittredge, Captain Tracy B. “United States-British Naval Cooperation, 1940–1945.” Microfilm NRS 11–226. U.S. Naval Historical Center, Washington.

  Langer, William L. Our Vichy Gamble. Hamden, CT. 1965.

  Langer, William L., and S. Everett Gleason. The Challenge to Isolation: The World Crisis of 1937–1941 and American Foreign Policy. New York, 1952.

  ———. The Undeclared War, 1940–1941. New York, 1953.

  Layton, Rear Admiral Edwin T., with Captain Roger Pineau and John Costello. “And I Was There”: Pearl Harbor and Midway—Breaking the Secrets. New York, 1985.

  Leach, Barry. German Strategy Against Russia, 1939–1941. Oxford, 1973.

  Leighton, Richard M., and Robert W. Coakley. The War Department: Global Logistics and Strategy 1940–1943. Washington, 1955.

  Leutze, James. A Different Kind of Victory: A Biography of Admiral Thomas C. Hart. Annapolis, 1981.

  ———. Bargaining for Supremacy: Anglo-American Naval Collaboration, 1937–1941. Chapel Hill, 197
7.

  Love, Jr., Robert William. “Ernest Joseph King”. In Love, ed. The Chiefs of Naval Operations. Annapolis, 1980.

  Lu, David J. From Marco Polo Bridge to Pearl Harbor: Japan’s Entry Into World War II. Washington, 1961.

  Lund, Commander W.G.D. “The Royal Canadian Navy’s Quest for Autonomy in the Northwest Atlantic: 1941–1943,” Naval War College Review (May-June 1980), 32: 73–92.

  Marder, Arthur J. Old Friends, New Enemies: The Royal Navy and the Imperial Japanese Navy: Strategic Illusions, 1936–1941. Oxford, 1981.

  Matloff, Maurice, and Edwin M. Snell. The War Department: Strategic Planning for Coalition Warfare, 1941–1942. Washington, 1953.

  May, Ernest R., ed. Knowing One’s Enemies: Intelligence Assessments Before the Two World Wars. Princeton, 1984.

  May, Ernest R., and James C. Thompson, Jr., eds. American-East Asian Relations: A Survey. Cambridge, MA, 1972.

  McLellan, David S. Dean Acheson: The State Department Years. New York, 1976.

  Milner, Marc. North Atlantic Run: The Royal Canadian Navy and the Battle of the Convoys. Annapolis, 1985.

  Morison, Samuel Eliot. The Rising Sun in the Pacific. 1931-April 1942. Boston, 1948.

  ———. The Battle of the Atlantic, September 1939-May 1943. Boston, 1947.

  Morley, James William, ed. Japan’s Road to the Pacific War: The Fateful Choice, Japan’s Advance into Southeast Asia, 1939–1941. Selected Translations from Taiheiyō sensō e no michi: Kaisen gaikō shi. New York, 1980.

  Morton, Louis. The War in the Pacific: The Fall of the Philippines. Washington, 1953.

  Nobutaka, Ike, tr. and ed. Japan’s Decision for War: Records of the 1941 Policy Conferences. Stanford, 1967.

  Office of Naval Information. Fuehrer Conferences on Matters Dealing with the German Navy, 1941. 2 vols. Washington, 1947.

  Oka, Yoshitake. Konoe Fumimaro: A Political Biography. Tr. Shumpei Okamoto and Patricia Murray. Tokyo, 1983.

  Pelz, Stephen E. Race to Pearl Harbor: The Failure of the Second London Naval Conference and the Onset of World War II. Cambridge, MA, 1974.

  Perkins, Frances. The Roosevelt I Knew. New York, 1946.

  Playfair, Major General I.S.O. The Mediterranean and the Middle East. 5 vols. London, 1956.

  Pogue, Forrest C. George C. Marshall: Ordeal and Hope. New York, 1965.

  Prange, Gordon W. At Dawn We Slept: The Untold Story of Pearl Harbor. New York, 1981.

  Reynolds, David. The Creation of the Anglo-American Alliance 1937–41: A Study in Competitive Cooperation. Chapel Hill, 1981.

  Rohwer, J., and G. Hummelchen. Chronology of the War at Sea, 1939–1945. Tr. Derek Masters. 2 vols. London, 1972.

  Rohwer, Jürgen. Critical Convoy Battles of March 1943: The Battle of HX 229/SC 122. Annapolis, 1977.

  Romanus, Charles F., and Riley Sunderland. Stilwell’s Mission to China. Washington, 1953.

  Roosevelt, Elliot, ed. F.D.R.: His Personal Letters, 1928–1945.2 vols. New York, 1947–50.

  Roskill, Captain S. W. The War at Sea, 1939–1945. 3 vols. London, 1954–61.

  Schaller, Michael. The U.S. Crusade in China, 1938–1945. New York, 1979.

  Schroeder, Paul W. The Axis Alliance and Japanese-American Relations, 1941. Ithaca, 1958.

  Sherry, Michael S. The Rise of American Air Power: The Creation of Armageddon. New Haven, 1987.

  U.S., Congress. Hearings Before the Joint Committee on the Investigation of the Pearl Harbor Attack. 79th Cong., 1st sess., 1946. 39 parts. Washington.

  U.S. Department of Defense, The “Magic” Background of Pearl Harbor. 8 vols. Washington, 1978.

  U.S., Department of State. Foreign Relations of the United States: Japan, 1931–1941. 2 vols. Washington, 1943.

  ———, Foreign Relations of the United States, 1941. 7 vols. Washington, 1956–63.

  ———, Documents on German Foreign Policy, 1918–1945. Washington, 1962. Series D.

  Utley, Jonathan G. “Upstairs, Downstairs at Foggy Bottom: Oil Exports and Japan, 1940–41.” Prologue: The Journal of the National Archives (Spring 1976), 8: 17–28.

  ———. Going to War with Japan, 1937–1941. Knoxville, TE, 1985.

  Van Creveld, Martin. Hitler’s Strategy: The Balkan Clue, 1940–1941. London, 1973.

  ———. Supplying War: Logistics from Wallenstein to Patton. London, 1977.

  Watson, Mark Skinner. The War Department: Chief of Staff: Prewar Plans and Preparations. Washington, 1950.

  Weinberg, Gerhard L. The Foreign Policy of Hitler’s Germany: Diplomatic Revolution in Europe, 1933–36. Chicago, 1970.

  ———. The Foreign Policy of Hitler’s Germany: Starting World War II, 1937–39. Chicago, 1980.

  Welles, Sumner. Time for Decision. New York, 1944.

  Whaley, Barton. Codeword BARBAROSSA. Cambridge, MA, 1973.

  Willmott, H. P. Empires in the Balance: Japanese and Allied Pacific Strategies to April 1942. Annapolis, 1982.

  Wilson, Theodore A. The First Summit: Roosevelt and Churchill at Placentia Bay, 1941. Boston, 1969.

  Winant, John Gilbert. Letter From Grosvenor Square. Boston, 1947.

  Wohlstetter, Roberta. Pearl Harbor: Warning and Decision. Stanford, 1962.

  Young, Arthur N. China and the Helping Hand, 1937–1945. Cambridge, MA, 1963.

  Index

  ABC-1 plan, 39, 40, 51, 68, 82, 85, 112, 113, 115, 157, 158, 205, 228n l3. See also Atlantic, Battle of the; Royal Navy; U.S. Navy

  ABCD powers, 132, 182, 192, 199, 200, 210–11. See also American-British-Dutch collaboration

  Acheson, Dean, 70, 141, 177–78, 246–47n68

  ADB-1 plan, 127–28, 198. See also American-British-Dutch collaboration

  Adams, Walter, 99

  Admiral Scheer, 29–30

  Admiralty (Britain), 29, 112, 115, 159, 164, 169, 197, 198, 206

  Aircraft production, 175–76. See also B-17 bombers; B-24 bombers

  Aleutian Islands, 182, 218

  Alsop, Joseph, 28

  American-British-Canadian plan. See ABC-1

  American-British-Dutch collaboration, 120, 130, 135, 153, 195, 217

  and China, 126, 127, 183. See also ABCD powers

  American-Soviet relations. See Soviet-American relations

  American Standard-Vacuum Oil Company, 35, 133

  Anderson, Irvine H., Jr., 246n68

  Ankara embassy (U.S.), 25

  Appeasement, 9, 98, 104, 154, 214

  Argentia, 114, 165, 166, 169

  Argentia Conference. See Atlantic Conference

  Arkansas, 40, 66, 108

  Arnold, Henry H., 143, 144, 148, 195

  Asiatic Fleet (U.S.), 38, 194, 198, 212

  Atlantic, Battle of the: beginnings, 9–10, 27–28

  British advantage in, 116

  effect of German-Soviet war on, 102

  and Japanese situation, 126, 204, 205

  named, 30

  and Rainbow 3, 228n13

  Roosevelt commitment to, 48, 84, 159

  status of, 110, 164, 166, 205–6

  U.S. intervention in, 40, 42, 46, 82, 117, 126, 145, 161, 185

  and U.S.-Btitish relations, 108

  westward extension of, 112. See also Atlantic Fleet; Royal Navy; U-boats; ULTRA

  Atlantic Charter, 151–52, 158

  Atlantic Conference, 116, 135, 141, 144–46, 148–61, 177, 180, 246n68

  Atlantic Fleet (U.S.): development of, 31, 40–41, 66–67, 128

  destroyers, 43, 113–14, 165–66, 169

  and escort of convoy, 87, 113–14, 164

  expansion of operations, 108–9, 116, 165–69

  Iceland defense, 88, 110–11

  intelligence, 164

  Roosevelt’s interest in, 17–18, 88

  and Royal Navy 168–69

  strength of, 45, 68, 83. See also Atlantic, Battle of the; Escort of convoy; Royal Navy; U.S. Navy

  Attlee, Clement, 197

  Augusta, 122, 146, 148, 156

  Australia, 152. See also ABCD powers; B
ritish Commonwealth

  Austria, 3, 5, 7

  Axis alliance, 5, 6, 7, 9. See also German-Japanese relations; Japanese-American relations

  Azores, 26, 46, 64, 67, 78, 82, 84, 85, 88, 157

  B-17 bombers, 75, 87, 127, 132, 142–43, 144, 148, 154, 159, 173, 175–76, 179, 193, 194, 197, 204, 219, 252–53n81

  B-24 bombers, 143, 193, 194, 195

  Baldwin, Hanson, 138

  Balkans, 5, 15, 23, 44, 45, 50, 55, 57, 61, 85, 171

  Ballantine, Joseph, 51, 161, 187

  Baltic states, 54, 95, 96, 104, 106

  BARBAROSSA, 13, 15, 22, 23, 24, 26–27, 109, 116, 217, 224n11. See also German-Soviet war

  Barham, 206, 237n78

  Beam, Jacob, 25

  Belgrade legation (U.S.), 25

  Berle, Adolf A., Jr.: on British, 44–45

  on British-Soviet relations, 106

  on European situation, 15, 50

  on German intentions, 22–23, 27, 88

  on German-Soviet war, 89, 95, 103, 138, 190

  on Greenland, 87

  on Japan policy, 136

  and Yugoslavia, 107

  Berlin embassy (U.S.), 61–62, 63, 94, 102, 103, 137, 146, 148

  Bermuda, 10, 42, 47, 56, 82, 108, 109

  Bern (Switzerland) legation (U.S.), 24, 25, 103, 138, 170

  Biddle, Anthony, 171

  Bismarck, 80, 82, 84, 109

  Bletchley Park, 94

  Blitz. See Britain, Battle of

  Bock, Feodor von, 23

  Bohlen, Charles A., 225n11

  Borneo, 144, 194, 216

  Brazil, 26, 47, 82, 110, 157, 178

  Brereton, Lewis H., 194

  Britain, Battle of, 27–29, 89, 143

  British-American relations, 10, 11, 19, 38, 45, 69–70, 74, 75–76, 107, 135–36, 158, 163–64, 173

  joint strategy, 39

  joint warning to Japan, 129–30. See also Atlantic Conference

  British Chiefs of Staff, 130

  British Commonwealth, 126, 127–28, 130, 136, 174, 193, 210

  British-Dutch relations, 75, 129, 152, 153, 217

  British-Japanese relations, 126, 133, 135–36, 152, 177–78, 193, 197–98

  and oil embargo, 135–36. See also Intelligence, British

  British Joint Intelligence Committee, 89, 94

  British-Soviet relations, 105–7, 108, 151, 171, 172, 174, 190

  Brüning, Heinrich, 21, 22

  Brussels Conference (1937), 4

  Bucharest legation (U.S.), 23, 94