Threshold of War
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Budapest legation (U.S.), 94–95
Bulgaria, 24, 55
Bullitt, William, 66
Burma, 121, 199
Burma Road, 131, 203, 210, 215
Cadogan, Sir Alexander, 151, 153
Cambodia, 121, 191
Campbell, 165
Campbell, Sir Ronald, 177
Canada, 76, 87–88, 112, 115, 116, 164, 174. See also Atlantic, Battle of the; British Commonwealth; Royal Canadian Navy
Canary Islands, 26, 27, 64, 82, 157
Cape Mattapan, Battle of, 44
Cape Verde Islands, 26, 46, 64, 67, 82, 83, 84, 157
Casablanca, 27
Casco Bay, 165, 166
Chennault, Claire, 131. See also Flying Tigers
Chiang Kai-shek: aid to, 19, 50, 127, 132, 203, 207
and Hull-Nomura talks, 96, 154, 209–11, 213
relations with Japan, 6. See also China
China: air support for, 126–27, 144, 182
and Hull-Nomura talks, 193
possible peace talks, 154, 159, 208–11
U.S. aid to, 9, 19, 131–32, 200
U.S.-Japan differences on, 73, 96–97, 187, 193, 200, 207–8
war begins, 6
war situation, 37, 73, 77, 97, 126, 131–32. See also Chiang Kai-shek; Hull-Nomura talks
Churchill, Winston: and aid to USSR, 158
and Battle of the Atlantic, 30–31, 47
on British defenses, 60
on Canaries, 157
on escort of convoy, 86, 113
on German-Soviet war, 89, 104, 190, 201
on Iceland, 113
and India, 130
on Japan policy, 175–76, 185, 197, 205, 209
and Lend-Lease, 48
and modus Vivendi, 211
and oil embargo, 142
on Pacific Fleet transfer, 70, 74
and Portugal, 85
requests U.S. aid, 67, 80–81
and Roosevelt, 80–82, 106, 107, 116, 135, 141, 146, 148–61, 175–76
on Royal Navy, 10
and Stalin, 171
and U.S. entry into war, 41–42, 108, 163–64
and warning to Japan, 153
Clark, Bennett Champ, 11
Claudel, Paul, 21
Coast Guard (U.S.), 41, 42, 48, 79, 80, 88, 116, 165
Congress (U.S.), 8, 10, 11, 16, 42, 85, 117, 160, 129, 206, 217
Containment, 39
Cox, Oscar, 86
Coy, Wayne, 140
Crete, 74, 80, 82, 86–87, 90, 144
Cripps, Sir Stafford, 102
CRUSADER, 172
Currie, Lauchlin, 19
Czechoslovakia, 3, 8, 61
Dakar, 26, 27, 64, 65, 78, 79, 82, 157
Darlan, Jean Francois, 65–66, 78, 79, 111, 138
Davies, Joseph E., 139
Davis, Norman, 70
Decrypting. See MAGIC; ULTRA Dekanozov, Vladimir, 201
Denmark, 9, 47, 87
Denmark Strait, 30, 41, 86, 88, 128, 169, 197
Depression, World, 5, 6–7, 36
Destroyers-for-bases agreement, 10, 11
Deutsch, Harold C., 225n11
Dill, Sir John, 60, 62, 148
Doenitz, Karl, 29, 109
Dooman, Eugene, 35, 185–86, 202
Drought, James M., 49–50, 51–54, 96, 161, 231n48
Duke of York, 128, 197
Dutch East Indies: air base, 194
British aid to, 129, 153
defense of, 126, 127, 144
importance of, 134
Japanese intentions toward, 9, 34, 99, 122, 130, 153–54, 199, 204, 216–17
and oil embargo, 132, 177
and oil sales to Japan, 35, 98, 136
U.S. guarantee to, 152
war games, 121. See also American-British-Dutch coalition
Eastern fleet. See Royal Navy Eden, Anthony, 44, 45, 76, 94, 106, 108, 197
Egypt, 59, 212. See also Middle East
Embargo, 9, 10–11, 121, 145, 180, 182, 193
and British, 178
and Dutch, 178
of oil, 75, 132–33, 135–36, 141–42, 153, 159, 176–78, 179, 180, 183, 185, 193, 199, 200, 202, 204, 209, 246n68
Emperor (Japan), 121, 184, 186, 199, 217, 218
Escort of convoy: and Atlantic Conference, 155–56
Halifax on, 78
and Iceland, 86
implemented, 110–11, 158
Matsuoka on, 77
need for, 45
in Pacific, 196
preparations for, 41, 111, 117, 164–65
public support for, 85
restrictions removed, 166–67
Roosevelt views on, 46, 115–16, 154, 172, 230n40
U.S. participation in, 72, 158, 179
westward extension of, 86, 112. See also Atlantic, Battle of the; Atlantic Fleet; Royal Navy
Ethiopia, 5, 7, 44
Faymonville, Philip, 139
Federal Bureau of Investigation, 22
Finland, 37, 54, 83
Fleischer, Wilfred, 185
Flying Tigers, 75, 131
Foley, E. H., 135
Foreign Funds Control Committee (U.S.), 141, 177, 178, 187, 246n68. See also Acheson, Dean; Embargo
Foreign Office (Britain): on German intentions, 25–26
on German-Soviet war, 103
and Hull-Nomura talks, 76, 155, 209–11, 213
on Japan policy, 136, 152, 155, 193, 197, 209–10, 243n4
on Soviet-Japanese relations, 192–93
Formidable, 80
Formosa, 144, 176, 195, 199
Forrestal, James V., 48
Fortune, 160
France, 171. See also Darlan, Jean Francois; French North Africa; Indochina; Vichy
Franco, Francisco, 5, 26, 64, 65
Frankfurter, Felix, 45
French North Africa, 26, 50, 64–65, 78, 79, 111, 157, 190, 212
German army: army groups, 23, 136, 137
assessment of, 27, 60–61, 62–64, 170
blitzkrieg, 9
General Staff, 13, 103
Soviet campaign, 92. See also German-Soviet war; Intelligence, American
German-French relations, 79
German intentions, 5, 20–26, 35, 36, 83–84, 94. See also Intelligence, American
names of individual American diplomatic posts
German invasion of Britain, 15, 22, 24, 25–26, 61–62, 101, 103, 157
German-Japanese relations, 6, 9, 26, 34–35, 75, 77, 125, 126, 187–88
German navy, 29–30, 116, 166. See also Atlantic, Battle of the; U-boats
German-Soviet war: and American policy, 95–96, 101–4
attack begins, 100–104, 126, 144
bogged down, 136–38, 146, 148, 201
and Japan, 118, 120, 145
Moscow campaign, 189–90, 201, 213–14, 217
offensive resumed, 170, 174
possibility of German attack, 23, 25, 36, 60–64, 88–89, 94–95
possibility of negotiations, 23, 25, 62–63, 89, 95, 233n15
and U.S. aid to USSR, 139
U.S. intelligence on, 102. See also BARBAROSSA; Intelligence, American; Nazi-Soviet Pact
Gibraltar, 26, 27, 39, 79, 111, 128, 157
Gleason, S. Everett, vii, 224nl 1
Gneisenau, 30, 41, 111, 128
Goering, Hermann, 35–36, 63
Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere, 32
Greece, 13, 44, 57, 80, 81, 90
Green persimmon policy (Japan), 118
Greenland, 29, 46, 47, 67, 80, 81, 84, 86–88, 112, 166
Greer, 166, 167–68, 179
Grew, Joseph C.: ambassador to Japan, 9
on cabinet shift, 125
on freezing of assets, 142
on German-Soviet war, 101
on Japanese intentions, 123, 163, 191, 201–2, 205
on Japanese policy making, 51, 124–25
on Konoe-Matsuoka relations, 98
letters to Roosevelt, 21
meeting with Konoe, 185–87, 188
Griffith, William E., 224ntl
Gunther, Franklin Mott, 23
HALBERD, 169
Halder, Franz, 21
Halifax, Lord: British ambassador to Washington, 19
on German-Soviet war, 95
on Japan policy, 76, 124, 141, 163, 209, 211
meeting with Roosevelt, 78, 88, 134, 161, 216–17
on relations with USSR, 96, 106
on U.S. support, 42
Hamilton, Maxwell, 51, 99, 142, 161, 187, 207–8
Hanoi consulate (U.S.), 191, 202, 211
Harriman, Averell, 19, 42, 48, 49, 192
Harrison, Leland, 25
Hart, Thomas, 127, 198, 212, 217
Hawaii. See Pearl Harbor
Hay, John, 36–37
Henderson, Loy, 25
Herwath von Bittenfield, Hans, 224–25nll
Hess, Rudolf, 89
Hinsley, F. H., 233n15
Hipper, 30
Hitler, Adolf: and Azores, 64
and Balkans, 15
and escort of convoy, 77
and Gibraltar, 26
intentions in Spain, 157
meeting with Matsuoka, 35
objectives, 4, 7, 13, 15, 25, 104
and Gshima, 94
possible meeting with Stalin, 66
and Russian campaign, 13, 64, 94, 137, 148, 190
and Vichy, 111
and war with U.S., 109, 220
and Yugoslavia, 24. See also German army
Hong Kong, 123, 218
Hood, 80, 82
Hoover, J, Edgar, 89
Hopkins, Harry: and aid to USSR, 173
at Argentia, 148–49
and British-American relations, 164
on escort of convoy, 115
on German intentions, 156–57
on German-Soviet war, 101
and Moscow supply conference, 158
relations with Roosevelt, 19, 20, 31, 66
trip to USSR, 140, 148–50
trips to London, 108, 156
Hornbeck, Stanley K., 39, 51
House of Commons, 60
Howard, Roy, 71
Hu Shih, 209, 210
Hughes, Charles Evans, 37
Hull, Cordell: on Battle of the Atlantic, 42
and deterrence, 74
and German intentions, 65
on German-Soviet war, 224n 11
and Japan policy, 11, 20, 51, 73, 187, 214
and Japanese-Soviet relations, 52, 193
and Matsuoka, 71–72
and Nomura, 49
on oil embargo, 134, 177–79
on Pacific Fleet transfer, 69, 70
and relations with USSR, 19, 56
ten-point program, 215
on trade, 152, 177–78
and Vichy, 79
on war situation, 80. See also Hull-Nomura talks
Hull-Nomura talks, 51–54, 69, 70–73, 75–77, 96–99, 125–26, 154, 161–62, 185–93, 200–201, 203, 205–9, 214–15, 217–18, 235n41
and modus vivendi proposal, 201, 206–11, 213. See also Plan B; State Department’
Iceland: base, 29, 51, 114, 116, 128
and escort of convoy, 112, 115, 164–65
and Greer incident, 167–68
strategic importance, 30, 84, 88, 113, 156
troop dispatch to, 117
U-boats near, 29
U.S. defense commitment to, 42, 46, 56, 82, 85–87, 102, 110–11
Ickes, Harold, 31, 134
Idaho, 40, 73–74, 108, 128
Ikawa Tadao, 50, 51
Illustrious, 48
Imperial Conference (Japan), 121, 122, 124, 184, 185, 199, 217
Imperial Navy. See Japanese navy
India, 130, 178
Indochina: Japanese attack on, 180, 182, 200, 215
a Japanese base, 202, 211, 215–16
Japanese intentions toward, 34, 35, 98, 121, 123–24, 133, 157, 180, 188, 199, 202, 212
Japanese occupation of, 9, 125, 191
neutralization proposed, 126, 154, 209
Roosevelt views on, 134, 162, 207. See also Japanese army; Japanese navy
Indomitable, 197, 206
Ingersoll, Royal E., 204
Intelligence, American: on China war, 193
on German intentions, 20–26, 59–62, 66
on German-Soviet war, 89, 94–95, 102, 138–39, 146, 148, 190
inadequate evaluation, 64
on Japanese intentions, 52, 76, 122–23, 134, 190–92, 200–203, 205, 211–12, 215–16, 254n20
on Japanese navy, 123–24, 215–16
on Middle East, 59, 111
Turner control of, 122. See also French North Africa; German intentions; German-Soviet war; Indochina; Japanese-Soviet relations; MAGIC; Middle East; Philippines; Respondek, Erwin; State Department; names of individual diplomatic posts
Intelligence, British: and Battle of the Atlantic, 164, 169
on German intentions, 25–26, 66
on German-Soviet war, 89, 102, 148, 170, 190, 192
on Japanese intentions, 122–23, 212. See also ULTRA Intelligence, German, 62, 63
Intelligence, Japanese, 124, 182, 191
Internationalism, 4, 107–8
Iran, 59, 169
Iraq, 59, 65, 111, 169
Isolationism, 6–7, 8, 11, 16, 44, 51, 160
Italy, 5, 6, 7, 9
Iwakuro Hideo, 50, 51, 97
Jackson, Robert, 31
Japan: economic vulnerability, 10, expansion in China, 5–7
New Order in East Asia, 9
policy making, 32, 34, 77–78, 120, 124, 207–9
southward advance, 9
Japanese-American relations, 5, 10, 20, 70–71, 78, 121–22, 125, 159–60, 202–3
and ABCD powers, 183
and Axis alliance, 97, 98, 187–88, 200
and China, 200
and possible Japanese attack on USSR, 99. See also Hull Nomura talks; Plan B
Japanese army: and Drought plan, 50
and embargo, 180
and expansion, 5
field armies, 34, 120, 123, 191
General Staff, 120
and Hull-Nomura talks, 71, 186
possible attack on USSR, 120
and southern advance, 52, 78, 118, 121, 180, 182–83
and war with U.S., 71–72, 199
Japanese-British relations. See British-Japanese relations
Japanese diplomacy, 72–73, 188
Japanese-Dutch relations, 120–21, 123, 152, 153–54
Japanese-German relations. See German-Japanese relations
Japanese navy: balance of forces, 36, 183–84
and embargo, 180
and expansion, 5
and Hull-Nomura talks, 71, 186
and possible attack on USSR, 120
and southern advance, 118, 120–21, 180, 182, 191
staff officers, 78
on war with U.S., 71–72, 183–84, 199
Japanese-Soviet relations, 5, 51–52, 118, 120, 122–23, 126, 134, 141, 192–93, 202, 254n20
possible Japanese attack on USSR, 150, 155, 180–81, 191, 192, 195, 198, 201
Johnson, Herschel, 25
Johnson, Hiram, 11
Kearny, 205–6
Kennan, George, 25
Kimmel, Husband, 74
King, Ernest J.: commander, U.S. Atlantic Fleet, 40
and defense of Atlantic islands, 83
on escort of convoy, 112–13, 115, 164–66, 169
on fleet preparations, 43, 56, 114
and Iceland base, 88
personality of, 113
relations with Roosevelt, 18
and U-boats, 205. See also Atlantic Fleet; Atlantic, Battle of the; Stark, Harold; U.S. Navy
King George V, 169
Kintner, Robert, 28
Kirk, Alexander, 45, 90
Kittredge, Tracy B., 230n40
Knox, Frank, 18, 20, 44, 69, 72
Konoe cabinet, 125, 188, 1
91, 194, 197, 199, 202
Konoe Fumimaro, Prince: and China, 187
control over government, 50, 51
meeting with Grew, 185–86, 188
and New Order, 8–9
personality, 184
possible meeting with Roosevelt, 161–63, 184–86, 188
and relations with Germany, 34
relations with Matsuoka, 98
and relations with U.S., 125, 153
and relations with USSR, 34, 141. See also Konoe cabinet
Kra isthmus (Thailand), 121, 129, 152, 204, 216–17, 218. See also Malaya; Japanese Army; Japanese Navy; Singapore
Krock, Arthur, 50–51
Kurusu Saburō, 205, 207, 211
Labor unrest, 16
LaFollette, Robert M., Jr., 11
Lane, Arthur Bliss, 25
Langer, William L., vii, 224nl 1
Lattimore, Owen, 75, 127, 210
League of Nations, 3, 4, 5, 7
Leahy, William D, 24, 60, 65, 102, 190
LeHand, Marguerite, 66
Lend-Lease: and Balkan war, 44, 45
debated, 11, 42
delivery of materials, 31
extended to China, 75, 131, 132, extension to USSR, 105, 174, 206
Hopkins role in, 19
and Japan, 73
passed, 16
provision and repair of warships, 43–44, 48
and Yugoslavia, 45
Lexington, 68, 219
Libya, 57, 79, 171
Lindbergh, Charles, 11, 60
Lindley, Ernest K., 42, 174
Lippmann, Walter, 44, 174
Litvinov, Maxim, 149
Locarno Pact, 4
London Economic Conference (1933), 4
London embassy (U.S.), 94, 174, 203
Long, Breckinridge, 21
Long Island, 108, 168
Lovett, Robert, 142, 143, 174
Lüftwaffe, 15, 29, 89, 116 Lützow, 29–30
MacArthur, Douglas, 130–31, 148, 176, 204, 255n48
McCloy, John J., 174
Mclntyre, Ross, 31
MacMurray, John Van Antwerp, 25
McNarney, Joseph T., 75
MacVeagh, Lincoln, 21, 79
Madrid embassy (U.S.), 60
MAGIC: British dependence on, 243n4
on Drought plan, 231n48
German-Japanese alliance, 98
on German-Soviet relations, 26, 89, 92, 94
on Japanese intentions, 35, 73, 75, 76, 122–27, 134, 192, 203, 205, 210, 211, 214, 216
on Konoe-Roosevelt meeting, 161
Roosevelt’s access to, 20, 21, 224n10. See also Intelligence, American
Maisky, Ivan, 96, 171, 192
Malaparte, Curzio, 100
Malay Barrier, 37, 39, 127, 144, 159. See also ABCD powers
Malaya, 34, 35, 121, 122, 129, 134, 153, 176, 199, 202–4, 212, 215, 217–18. See also Singapore
Malaya, 48
Manchuria, 1, 5, 7, 52, 73, 96, 97, 123, 124, 132, 180, 191, 193, 201, 209
MARITA, 13
Marshall, George C.: on ADB-1 plan, 127
on air power deployment, 69, 175, 176, 193–96, 204