Threshold of War
Page 39
at Argentia, 148
on European invasion, 174
on German-Soviet war, 102, 138–39
and Japan, 196, 213
on Pacific Fleet transfer, 69, 70
and Philippines, 131, 142, 144, 193, 205
relations with Roosevelt, 18, 20
and Selective Service, 160
Martinique, 79
Maryknoll Society, 49
Mason-Macfarlane, F.N., 170
MATADOR, 217
Matsuoka, Yosuke: accuses U.S., 77
discredited, 186
dismissed, 125
and Drought plan, 50, 51
foreign minister, 49
and Germany, 32, 34–36, 51, 56, 76, 98, 99, 122, 187
and Hull-Nomura talks, 70–71, 75, 77, 98
and Southeast Asia, 78
and Soviet pact, 32, 118
and two-front war, 77
and United States, 76
and use of force, 73
Matthews, H. Freeman, 25
Mayo, Henry T., 112
Mid-Ocean Meeting Point, 112
Middle East, 57, 59, 87, 89, 106, 158
British offensive in, 212
British policy toward, 81, 90, 169
British situation in, 111
German intentions in, 26, 190
US. supply to, 90, 169, 171, 172. See also Crete; RUSADER; Intelligence, American; Kirk, Alexander; U.S. Army
Miles, Sherman, 21, 59, 61–62
Military attachés (U.S.), 24, 61–62, 170, 174, 237n78
Milwaukee, 67, 109
Mississippi, 40, 73–74, 108, 111, 128
Modus vivendi proposal. See Hull-Nomura talks
Molotov, V. M., 62, 150, 190
Morgenthau, Henry, 19, 20, 44–45, 88, 133, 134, 140–41, 132
Morocco, 27, 64, 79
Morris, Leland, 63. See also Berlin embassy (U.S.)
Moscow embassy (U.S.), 63, 94, 103, 137, 138, 146, 170, 201. See also Steinhardt, Laurence
Moscow supply conference, 150, 158, 171, 172
Munich agreement (1938), 3, 8. See also Appeasement
Murphy, Robert, 25, 79, 157. See also French North Africa; Vichy
Murphy-Weygand accord, 64
Nagano Osami, 184
Nazi-Soviet Pact (1939), 7, 8, 37, 54, 62, 83, 106, 108, 118
Nelson, 169
Netherlands, 123, 127–28, 135–36, 178.
See also Dutch East Indies Neutrality laws, 8, 11, 126, 206
New Mexico, 40, 73–74, 108, 116, 128
New Order in East Asia, 32
New York, 40, 66, 80, 108, 111
New York Herald Tribune, 101, 185
New York Times, 21, 30, 50, 60, 66, 79,
104, 137, 138, 163, 168, 170, 190, 201, 205, 210, 215
Newfoundland, 10, 30, 67, 86, 112, 146, 164
Newport, R.I, 114
Niblack, 51, 231n51
Noble, Sir Percy, 169
Nomura Kichisaburō, 49, 125, 127, 184, 205–7. See also Hull-Nomura talks
Nomura-Kurusu proposal, 258n95
Normandie, 79
North Carolina, 74, 128, 158
Norway, 9, 29, 30, 80, 88, 94, 143
Nye, Gerald, 6
Öhashi Chuichi, 35
Oikawa Kojirō, 184
Oil embargo. See Embargo
Open door policy, 36–37, 152
Oshima Hiroshi, 92, 94
Oumansky, Constantin, 19, 54–55, 56, 104, 139
Outer Mongolia, 52
P-40 fighter planes, 45, 131, 140, 148, 190, 204, 212
Pacific Fleet: compared with Japanese fleet, 36, 38, 204
and defense of Singapore, 39
and Malay Barrier, 128
at Pearl Harbor, 7, 10, 192, 218–19
transfers, 39, 46, 51, 56, 68–70, 73–74, 83, 108–9, 114, 194. See also Pearl Harbor
Palau Islands, 199, 211
Paris Peace Conference, 3, 106
Paris Protocols (1941), 65, 111
Paul, Prince (Yugoslavia), 44, 45
Pearl Harbor, 8, 10, 38, 68, 70, 73, 74, 120–21, 199, 204, 216
attack on, vii, 218–19
Perkins, Frances, 46
Pétain, Philippe, 9, 65, 78, 79, 134
Peyton, B. R., 24–25. See also Berlin embassy (U.S.); Intelligence, American
Philippines: air reinforcement of, 144, 148, 153, 154, 159, 175–76, 193–95, 197, 204
Asiatic Fleet in, 38
attack on, 219
defense of, 36, 127, 128, 130
importance of, 142, 143–44
Japanese agents in, 192
Japanese intentions toward, 123, 183, 199, 204, 216, 219
reinforcement of, 74, 130–31, 176–77, 182, 185, 194, 198, 204, 205, 208, 212
war warnings, 216. See also ABCD powers; ADB-1 plan; Asiatic Fleet; Japanese army; Japanese navy; Malay Barrier
Phillips, Tom, 197, 206, 217, 219
Phillips, William, 21, 25, 60
Phoenix, 182
Plan B (Japan), 207–9. See also Hull-Nomura talks; modus Vivendi proposal
Plan Dog (U.S.), 38
Poland, 8, 24, 61, 89, 105, 108
boundary question, 105–6. See also British-Soviet relations
Portugal, 64, 79, 82, 85, 157. See also Azores
Potomac, 31, 146
Pound, Sir Dudley, 157
Prince of Wales, 80, 146, 151, 152, 155, 158, 159, 169, 197, 210, 219
Prinz. Eugen, 80, 81, 169
Public opinion (U.S.): on aid to Britain, 16, 42
on China, 36
on course of war, 7, 51, 157, 167
on declaration of war, 154
on escort of convoy, 46, 72, 168
on Far East situation, 142
on German-Soviet war, 101
and Lend-Lease, 11
on oil exports, 133
support for Roosevelt, 88, 160
on type of peace, 107
on USSR, 105, 174
on U.S. role, 83–85, 117
RAINBOW plans, 38, 205, 228n13
Ranger, 41, 45, 67, 108
Rapallo, 62
Rashid Ali el-Gailani, 59
Rearmament (U.S.), 10, 16, 17, 46, 142–43, 173, 183
Red Army, 25, 120, 136, 137, 149, 213, 217
Repulse, 197, 219
Respondek, Erwin, 21–23, 55, 88–89, 224nll
Reuben James, 206
Ribbentrop, Joachim von, 75, 92, 94, 122
Ribbentrop-Molotov pact. See Nazi-Soviet Pact Riddleberger, James, 25
Riga, Treaty of, 106
Ripe persimmon strategy (Japan), 120
Robin Moor, 110, 168
Rodney, 168, 169
Rome embassy (U.S.), 59, 94–95, 138
Rommel, Erwin, 57, 59, 111, 206, 212
Roosevelt, Franklin D.: access to MAGIC, 76, 224n10
and advisers, 255n48
and aid to Britain, 11, 38, 44, 45, 48, 49, 59–60, 90, 173, 212
and aid to USSR, 104–5, 140–41, 158, 159, 172, 173, 179
and air force, 143
and Atlantic Conference, 108, 116, 135, 141, 146, 148–61, 178–79
and Azores, 82
and Battle of the Atlantic, 82, 102
and British-American relations, 108
and British-Soviet relations, 106
and China, 19, 37, 132, 203
and Churchill, 19, 80–82
decision-making style, 17–21
domestic objectives, 6–8
and Dutch East Indies, 154
on escort of convoy, 46, 47, 111, 115–17, 154–56, 159, 166–67, 172
evolution of policies, vii-viii, 7, 90–91, 144–45, 151, 154, 159–61, 178–79
on fleet transfer, 10, 56, 69, 73, 74, 114–15
on German intentions, 20–26, 65, 66, 78, 83–84
on German-Soviet war, 102, 137, 139–40, 171, 213
on Greenland, 88
and Greer, 167–68
and Halifax, 216–17
and Hull-Nomura talks, 154–55, 258n95
and Iceland, 88, 89, 110, 111, 157
illness of, 66
importance of Europe to, 45
and Japan, 8, 36–37, 49, 75, 122, 126, 159, 161, 182, 191, 193, 203, 206, 208, 214, 216–17, 218, 254n20
on Japanese-Soviet relations, 191–92
and King, 113, 114
and Lend-Lease, 31
and Middle East, 172, 179, 212
and Moscow supply conference, 172
and Nomura, 49, 162, 206–7
and oil embargo, 134, 135, 140–42, 159–60, 179, 246n68
as peacemaker, 107
and Philippines, 131, 142
possible meeting with Konoe, 161–63, 184–86, 188
and postwar policy, 106–7
and public opinion, 83–85
and readiness for war, 68
and rearmament, 10, 142–43
and reinforcement of the Philippines, 194
and risk of war with Germany, 78
on Royal Navy, 82
and Singapore, 154
and Southeast Asia, 39–40, 134
third term begins, 15–16
and U.S. security zone, 46–47
and Vichy, 79
and war warning, 154, 161, 217
and Welles, 247n68
Royal Canadian Navy, 112, 115, 116, 164, 165
Royal Navy (Britain): assessment of U.S. navy, 68–69
and defense of Singapore, 87
and Eastern fleet, 158, 197–98
and escort of convoy, 112, 156
on fleet transfers, 69–70, 74
and German navy, 30
losses, 206
and Malay Barrier, 127–28
repair in U.S. ports, 48
Roosevelt view of, 82
and former U.S. ships, 29, 158. See also Admiralty; Atlantic, Battle of the; Atlantic Fleet; Escort of convoy
Rumania, 23, 61, 94
Runstedt, Gerd von, 61
Salazar, Antonio de Oliveira, 157
Saratoga, 68
Scharnhorst, 30, 41, 111, 128
Schmidt, Max, 187
Schulenberg, Count von der, 56, 63
Selective Service, 10, 117, 160
Sessa, 168
Shanghai, 211–12
Sherwood, Robert, 90
Siberia, 5, 150, 180, 195, 204, 205, 243n4
Sims, William, 41, 112
Singapore: defense of, 7, 8, 37, 39, 73, 87, 121, 127, 129, 182, 195, 198, 217
and deterrence, 70
importance to U.S., 97, 154, 182, 194
Japanese attack on, 35, 36, 52, 59, 121, 123, 130, 216, 218
Japanese intentions toward, 99. See also ABCD powers; Japanese army; Japanese navy
Sofia legation (U.S.), 24, 94–95
Soong, T. V., 210
Sorge, Richard, 191
Southeast Asia, 5, 32, 39, 40, 77, 78, 130–31, 144, 152, 175. See also Indochina
names of individual countries
Soviet-American relations, 19, 37, 54–56, 76, 95–96, 132, 139–41, 149–50, 158, 159, 172, 185
and Japan, 141, 148
and U.S. aid to USSR, 104–5, 132, 139–40, 148, 150, 156, 158, 171, 172–75, 182, 185
Soviet-British relations. See British-Soviet relations
Soviet-German war. See German-Soviet war
Soviet-Japanese pact, 51, 56, 62, 131, 231n54
Soviet-Japanese relations. See Japanese-Soviet relations
Spain, 26–27, 60, 64, 79, 82, 83, 111, 156–57
Stalin: and British, 106
letter to Churchill, 171
and Poland, 107
relations with Germany, 23, 56, 62–63, 66, 149
requests for U.S. aid, 149–50, 173–74
and Roosevelt, 192
on war situation, 149. See also British-Soviet relations
German-Soviet war; Japanese-Soviet relations
Stark, Harold: on ADB-1 plan, 127
on aid to Britain, 40
at Argentia, 148
and Battle of the Atlantic, 41, 43, 87
on escort of convoy, 113, 115
on fleet transfer, 51, 69, 74
on Gibraltar, 128, 157
and Japan, 51, 213
on mobilization, 31, 113
and Philippines, 130, 142
and Roosevelt, 18
strategic alternatives, 38
State Department (U.S.): and aid to USSR, 104
on British-Soviet relations, 105–6
and China, 203
and Drought plan, 50
European Division, 95, 99, 104
Far Eastern Division, 99, 134, 161
on German intentions, 65
on German-Soviet relations, 95
on Greenland, 87
and Hull-Nomura talks, 193
and Japan, 96, 129–30, 155, 162, 187, 188
on Middle East situation, 80
need for information, 138
on Poland, 108
policy making, 107–8
and public opinion, 142
on Suez, 80. See also names of individual diplomatic posts
Steel Seafarer, 168
Steinhardt, Laurence, 23, 50, 51, 62–63, 71, 95–96, 102, 103, 190
Sterling, Frederick, 25
Stimson, Henry L.: and aid to USSR, 140
on air reinforcement of Philippines, 175, 194–97
on aircraft allocations, 175
and American intervention in war, 83
on Britain, 28, 44, 59–60
on Crete, 80
and escort of convoy, 45, 113, 168
on Europe, 15, 174
on fleet transfer, 69, 70
on German intentions, 27, 72, 157
on German-Soviet war, 95, 101–2, 138–39, 190
and Hull-Nomura talks, 76
on Iceland, 113
and Indochina, 212
and Japan, 187, 191, 193, 255n35
on oil embargo, 134
and Roosevelt, 18, 20
on Singapore, 123
style of, 18–19
on submarine warfare, 205
on U.S. air power, 176, 195–96
and war production, 172
Stockholm legation (U.S.), 25, 94
Strategic planning, 38–41, 90, 127, 130–31, 142, 175, 198, 199, 204, 205
German, 101
Strauss, Lewis, 49–50
Suez, 26, 59, 69, 79, 80
Support Force (U.S. Navy), 41, 42–43, 47, 86, 112, 113–14, 116, 165. See also Atlantic Fleet; Escort of Convoy
Sweden, 60
Syria, 59, 65, 78, 106, 111, 169
Tanks, 173–74
Texas, 40, 66, 80, 109, 111, 168
Thailand, 35, 129, 130, 152, 153, 192, 199, 202, 204, 211, 215–17
Thompson, Llewelyn, 25
Time, 65
Times (London), 60–61
Tirpitz, 30, 111, 197
Tōjō Hideki, 191, 199, 200, 201, 215
Tōgō Shigenori, 200–203, 207
Tokyo embassy (U.S.), 35, 123, 188, 202, 203. See also Grew, Joseph C. Tovey, Sir John, 169
Toyoda Teijiro, 125, 142, 188
Treasury Department (U.S.), 124, 134, 135, 207
Trinidad, 10, 47
Turkey, 45, 55, 59, 111, 169
Turner, Richmond Kelly, 42–43, 52, 113, 122, 125, 134, 191. See also Stark, Harold; U.S. Navy
Tuscaloosa, 66
U-boats: in Africa bases, 111, 156
and American patrols, 109
decreased threat, 116
defense against, 10, 115, 205–6
effectiveness, 30, 43, 163
and German decision for war, 220
and Greer incident, 167–68
and Iceland, 86
increase in, 29, 166
intelligence on, 164
off Newfoundland, 67
and shipping, 27, 133
ULTRA, 24, 89, 109, 116, 166, 170, 190
U.S. aid to Sovi
et Union. See Soviet-American relations
U.S. Army. Air Corps, 142–45, 175, 196–97, 198
on defense of the Atlantic islands, 82
and European strategy, 174
5th Infantry Division, 85
on Middle East, 172
on Philippines, 130–31, 194
Military Intelligence Division, 25, 102
reinforcements, 196–97; 31st Regiment, 130
War Plans Division, 59, 122, 130, 144, 176, 193, 195, 203–4, 213
war readiness, 45–46, 67, 149
U.S. foreign policy, 3–4, 8, 9
U.S. Navy: Atlantic strategy, 38, 112–13
and Britain, 42–43
and Japan, 37, 122, 183
and European strategy, 174
expansion, 43–44
1st Provisional Marine Brigade, 110
and fleet transfer, 87
and Iceland, 85–86
and Malay Barrier, 127–28
and oil embargo, 134
and Philippines, 143–44, 194
policy recommendations, 40, 47
Roosevelt intentions for, 8, 168
Ship Movements Division, 18
strategic reassessment, 38
state of belligerency, 167
Task Force, 19, 110
War Plans Division, 59, 122. See also Asiatic Fleet; Atlantic Fleet; Coast Guard; Escort of convoy; Intelligence, American; Pacific Fleet; Support Force
Utley, Jonathan G., 246n68
Valiant, 237n78
Vandenberg, Arthur H., 11
Vatican, 95
Vichy: and Africa, 64, 65
and Germany, 60, 73, 157
on German-Soviet war, 102, 103, 138, 190
and Indochina, 98, 123, 134–35
and invasion of England, 24
relations with Germany, 65, 111
Roosevelt warns, 79
in Syria, 169
Weygand removed, 212. See also Darlan, Jean Francois; French North Africa; Indochina
Victory Program, 105, 145, 172, 174
Vishinsky, Andrei, 76
Walker, Frank, 46, 50, 52, 72, 207
Walsh, James E, 50
War Cabinet (Britain), 129, 152, 197, 210
War Council (U.S.), 20
War Department (U.S.), 102, 105, 172, 193
War warning to Japan, 135, 152, 154, 155, 161, 162, 217
Washington, 74, 128, 158, 169
Washington Post, 28, 30, 42, 44, 138
Washington treaty system, 3–4, 6, 9, 37
Wasp, 41, 67, 81, 108, 111, 168
Watson, Edwin M. (“Pa”), 31, 66
Weddell, Alexander W., 65
Weinberg, Gerhard, 4
Welles, Sumner: on aid to USSR, 96
and British-Soviet relations, 105–6
Bullitt allegations against, 66
on German-Soviet war, 95, 104
and Hull, 51
and Japan, 76, 125, 130, 153, 155, 217
meeting with Cadogan, 151
and oil embargo, 141, 177, 246n68
and Roosevelt, 20, 247n68
and Soviet-Japanese pact, 52
talks with Oumansky, 19, 54–55, 62, 95
on threat of war, 161