The Chinese Typewriter

by Thomas Mullaney

  Wang, John [H. L. Huang]. “Technical Education in China.” Chinese Students’ Monthly 11, no. 3 (January 1, 1916): 209–214.

  Wang Kuoyee. “Chinese Typewriter.” United States Patent no. 2534330. Filed March 26, 1948; patented December 19, 1950.

  Wang Zheng. Women in the Chinese Enlightenment: Oral and Textual Histories. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999.

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  “William P. Fenn, 90, Protestant Missionary.” New York Times (April 25, 1993), A52.

  Williams, R. John. “The Technê-Whim: Lin Yutang and the Invention of the Chinese Typewriter.” American Literature 82, no. 2 (2010): 389–419.

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  Williams, Samuel Wells. “Movable Types for Printing Chinese.” Chinese Recorder and Missionary Journal 6 (1875): 22–30.

  Williams, Samuel Wells, family papers. Yale University Library Manuscripts and Archives. MS 547 Location LSF, series II, box 13.

  “Will Typewrite Chinese.” Atchison Daily Globe (June 1, 1897), 3.

  Wilson, Mary Badger. “Fleet-Fingered Typist.” New York Times (December 2, 1923), SM2.

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  Wu, K.T. “The Development of Typography in China During the Nineteenth Century.” Library Quarterly 22, no. 3 (July 1952): 288–301.

  Wyckoff, Seamans & Benedict. The Remington Standard Typewriter. Boston: Wyckoff, Seamans & Benedict (Remington Typewriter Co.), 1897.

  Yamada, Hisao. “A Historical Study of Typewriters and Typing Methods; from the Position of Planning Japanese Parallels.” Journal of Information Processing 2, no. 4 (February 1980): 175–202.

  Yamada, Hisao, and Jiro Tanaka. “A Human Factors Study of Input Keyboard for Japanese Text.” Proceedings of the International Computer Symposium [Taipei] (1977), 47–64.

  Yanagiwara, Sukeshige. “Type-writing Machine.” United States Patent no. 1206072. Filed February 1, 1915; patented November 28, 1916.

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  Ye, Weili. Seeking Modernity in China’s Name: Chinese Students in the United States, 1900–1927. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001.

  Yee, James. Email communication, July 6, 2009.

  Yen, Tisheng. “Typewriter for Writing the Chinese Language.” United States Patent no. 2471807. Filed August 2, 1945; patented May 31, 1949.

  Yu, Pauline, Peter Bol, Stephen Owen, and Willard Peterson, eds. Ways with Words: Writing about Reading Texts from Early China. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2000.

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  Zheng, Xiaowei. “The Making of Modern Chinese Politics: Political Culture, Protest Repertoires, and Nationalism in the Sichuan Railway Protection Movement in China.” PhD diss. University of California, San Diego, 2009.

  Zhou Houkun [Chow, Houkun]. “The Problem of a Typewriter for the Chinese Language.” Chinese Students’ Monthly (April 1, 1915), 435–443.

  Zhu Jiahua [Chu Chia-hua]. China’s Postal and Other Communications Services. Shanghai: China United Press, 1937.

  Japanese-Language Sources

  Advertisement for The Army Typist (Jūgun taipisuto) [從 軍 タ イ ピ ス ト], by Sakurada Tsunehisa [櫻 田 常 久]. Taipisuto [タ イ ピ ス ト] 18, no. 3 (March 1943) 35.

  “Headed Valiantly to the Continent as Typists (Taipisuto to shite ooshiku tairiku e) [タ イ ピ ス ト と し て 雄 雄 し く 大 陸 へ].” Taipisuto [タ イ ピ ス ト] 17, no. 5 (May 1942): 36.

  “Heading to the South Seas as a Typist (Taipisuto toshite nanyō e) [タ イ ピ ス ト と し て 南 洋 へ].” Asahi Shinbun [朝 日 新 聞] (August 24, 1939), E6.

  Investigation of Women’s Occupations in Tokyo and Osaka (Tōkyō Ōsaka ryōshi ni okeru shokugyō fujo chōsa) [東 京 大 阪 両 市 に 於 け る 職 業 婦 女 調 査]. Tokyo: n.p., 1927.

  Japanese Typewriter Company Divisions. Taipisuto [タ イ ピ ス ト] 17, no. 10 (October 1942—Showa 16).

  Kurosawa Sumiko [黑 澤 澄 子]. “A Snowy Night in Nanjing (Nankin no yuki no yoru) [南 京 の 雪 の 夜].” Taipisuto [タ イ ピ ス ト] 16, no. 4 (April 1940): 20–21.

  Makimasa [牧 正]. “Diary of a Garrison in South China (Nanshi chūgun ki) [南 支 駐 軍 記].” Taipisuto [タ イ ピ ス ト] 17, no. 1 (February 1942): 16–25.

  Manchukuo Capacity Research Committee (Manshū nōryoku kenkyūkai) [滿 洲 能 力 研 究 會]. Efficiency of the Japanese Typewriter (Hōbun taipuraitā no nōritsu) [邦 文 タ イ プ ラ イ タ ー の 能 率]. N.p., 1936.

  “Mantetsu Type Competition Results (Zen Mantetsu jousho kyōgi taikai no seiseki) [全 満 鉄 淨 書 競 技 大 會 の 成 績].” Taipisuto [タ イ ピ ス ト] 17, no. 10 (October 1942—Showa 16): 6–11.

  Morita Torao [森 田 虎 雄]. Japanese Typewriter Textbook (Hōbun taipuraitā kyokasho) [邦 文 タ イ プ ラ イ タ ー 教 科 書]. Tokyo: Tokyo Women’s Foreign Language School [東 京 女 子 外 國 語 學 校], 1934.

  “Newly Invented Chinese Character Typewriter (Saishin hatsumei kanbun taipuraitā) [最 新 発 明 漢 文 タ イ プ ラ イ タ ー].” New Youth (Shin Seinen) [新 青 年] (June 1927—Showa 2). Reprint of Gilbert Levering. “Chinese Language Typewriter.” Life 2311 (February 17, 1927): 4.

  Nippon Typewriter Company [日 本 イ プ ラ イ タ ー 株 式 會 社], ed. Character Index for Japanese Typewriter [邦 文 タ イ プ ラ イ タ ー 用 文 字 の 索 引]. Tokyo: n.p., 1917.

  Nippon Typewriter Company Divisions. Taipisuto [タ イ ピ ス ト] 17, no. 10 (October 1942—Showa 16): 54.

  Nishida Masaaki [西 田 正 秋]. “Japanese-Style Female Beauty of Today (Kyō no nipponteki joseibi) [今 日 の 日 本 的 女 性 美].” Taipisuto [タ イ ピ ス ト] 17, no. 7 (July 1942): 2–5.

  Omi Hironobu [小 見 博 信]. “Japanese Culture and the Mission of the Japanese Typewriter (Nipponbunka to Hōbun taipuraitā no shimei) [日 本 文 化 と 邦 文 タ イ プ ラ イ タ ー の 使 命].” Taipisuto [タ イ ピ ス ト] 17, no. 11 (November 1942): 12–13.

  Oriental Typewrite
r Character Handbook (Tōyō taipuraitā moji binran) [東 洋 タ イ プ ラ イ タ ー 文 字 便 覧: 弐 号 機 用]. Tokyo: Oriental Typewriter Co. [東 洋 タ イ プ ラ イ タ ー], 1923.

  Photographs of Japanese Typing School Graduates. Taipisuto [タ イ ピ ス ト] 17, no. 1 (February 1942—Showa 16): 27.

  Photographs of Japanese Typing School Graduates. Taipisuto [タ イ ピ ス ト] 17, no. 3 (March 1942—Showa 16): 31.

  Photographs of Japanese Typing School Graduates. Taipisuto [タ イ ピ ス ト] 17, no. 10 (October 1942—Showa 16): 27.

  “Recommended Words for Common Usage Kanji (Jōyō Kanji amane mi suisen no kotoba) [常 用 漢 字 遍 覽 推 薦 の 言 葉].” Taipisuto [タ イ ピ ス ト] 16, no. 5 (May 1940): 4.

  “A Sailor’s Inspection of the Typewriter (Suihei-san no taipuraitā kengaku) [水 兵 さ ん の タ イ プ ラ イ タ ー 見 学].” Taipisuto [タ イ ピ ス ト] 16, no. 7 (July 1940): 16.

  “The Six Patriotic Women Arrive in Tianjin (Tenshin e tsuita aikoku roku josei) [天 津 へ 着 い た 愛 国 六 女 性].” Asahi Shinbun [朝 日 新 聞] (January 4, 1938), 10.

  “Spring Meeting of the Shanghai Branch (Shanhai shibu shunki taikai) [上 海 支 部 春 季 大 會].” Taipisuto [タ イ ピ ス ト] 16, no. 7 (July 1940): 21.

  “Telegraph Code (Denshin jigō) [電 信 字 号].” “Extension Selskabet—Japansk Telegrafnøgle.” 1871. Arkiv nr. 10.619. In “Love og vedtægter med anordninger.” GN Store Nord A/S SN China and Japan Extension Telegraf. Rigsarkivet [Danish National Archives]. Copenhagen, Denmark.

  Watabe Hisako [渡 部 久 子]. Japanese Typewriter Textbook (Hōbun taipuraitā tokuhon) [邦 文 タ イ プ ラ イ タ ー 讀 本]. Tokyo: Sūbundō [崇 文 堂], 1929.

  Yuji Riichi [湯 地 利 市]. “On the Mantetsu Type Competition (Mantetsu no taipu kyōgi ni tsuite) [満 鉄 の タ イ プ 競 技 に 就 て].” Taipisuto [タ イ ピ ス ト] 18, no. 10 (October 1943—Showa 17): 2–3.

  French-Language Sources

  Bembanaste, V. “Turquie d’hier …” Rivista Olivetti 2 (July 1948): 56–58.

  “A Beyrouth la Olivetti.” Rivista Olivetti 5 (November 1950): 54.

  “Cérémonie d’ouverture des jeux olympiques” in “Règlements et Protocole de la Célébration des Olympiades Modernes et des Jeux Olympiques Quadriennaux” (1921), 10.

  Châh Nameh, sous le titre: Le livre des rois par Aboul’kasim Firdousi, publié, traduit et commenté par M. Jules Mohl. 7 vols. Paris: Jean Maisonneuve, 1838–1878; “Le Clavier Arabe.” Rivista Olivetti 2 (July 1948): 26–28.

  Christian, Arthur. Débuts de l’Imprimerie en France. Paris: G. Roustan and H. Champion, 1905.

  Convention télégraphique internationale de Berlin (1885): Publiée par le Bureau International des Administrations Télégraphiques. Bern: Imprimerie Rieder & Simmen, 1886.

  Convention télégraphique internationale de Paris, révisée à Vienne (1868) et Règlement de service international (1868)—Extraits de la publication: Documents de la conférence télégraphique internationale de Vienne. Vienna: Imprimerie Impériale et Royale de la Cour et de l’Etat, 1868.

  Convention télégraphique internationale de Saint-Pétersbourg et Règlement et tarifs y annexés (1875). Extraits de la publication—Documents de la Conférence télégraphique internationale de St-Pétersbourg: Publiés par le Bureau International des Administrations Télégraphiques. Bern: Imprimerie Rieder & Simmen, 1876.

  Convention télégraphique internationale et règlement et tarifs y annexés révision de Londres (1903). London: The Electrician Printing and Publishing Co., 1903.

  Convention télégraphique internationale et règlement y annexé—Révision de Paris (1925). Bern: Bureau International de l’Union Télégraphique, 1926.

  Dictionnaire télégraphique officiel chinois en français (Fawen yi Huayu dianma zihui) [法 文 譯 華 語 電 碼 字 彙]. Shanghai: Dianhouzhai [點 后 齋], n.d. Rigsarkivet [Danish National Archives]. Copenhagen, Denmark.10619 GN Store Nord A/S. 1870–1969 Kode- og telegrafbøger. Kodebøger 1924–1969.

  Documents de la conférence télégraphique internationale de Berlin: Bureau International des Administrations Télégraphiques. Bern: Imprimerie Rieder & Simmen, 1886.

  Documents de la conférence télégraphique internationale de Lisbonne. Bern: Bureau International de l’Union Télégraphique, 1909.

  Documents de la conférence télégraphique internationale de Madrid (1932). Vol. 1. Bern: Bureau International de l’Union Télégraphique, 1933.

  Documents de la conférence télégraphique internationale de Paris. Bern: Imprimerie Rieder & Simmen, 1891.

  Documents de la conférence télégraphique internationale de Paris (1925). Vol. 1. Bern: Bureau International de l’Union Télégraphique, 1925.

  Documents de la conférence télégraphique internationale de Paris (1925). Vol. 2. Bern: Bureau International de l’Union Télégraphique, 1925.

  Drège, Jean-Pierre. La Commercial Press de Shanghai, 1897–1949. Paris: Publications Orientalistes de France, 1979.

  Escayrac de Lauture, Comte d’. Grammaire du télégraphe: Histoire et lois du langage, hypothèse d’une langue analytique et méthodique, grammaire analytique universelle des signaux. Paris: J. Best, 1862.

  Imprimerie Nationale. Catalogue des caractères chinois de l’Imprimerie Nationale, fondus sur le corps de 24 points. Paris: Imprimerie Nationale, 1851.

  Legrand, Marcellin. Spécimen de caractères chinois gravés sur acier et fondus en types mobiles par Marcellin Legrand. Paris: n.p., 1859.

  Legrand, Marcellin. Tableau des 214 clefs et de leurs variantes. Paris: Plon frères, 1845.

  “La Olivetti au Viet-Nam, au Cambodge et au Laos.” Rivista Olivetti 5 (November 1950): 70–72.

  Pauthier, Jean-Pierre Guillaume. Chine ou Description historique, géographique et littéraire de ce vaste empire, d’après des documents chinois. Première partie. Paris: Firmin Didot Frères, Fils, et Cie., 1838.

  Pauthier, Jean-Pierre Guillaume. Foe Koue Ki ou Relation des royaumes bouddhiques. Paris: Imprimerie Royale, 1836.

  Pauthier, Jean-Pierre Guillaume. Sinico-Aegyptiaca. Essai sur l’origine et la formation des écritures chinoise et égyptienne. Paris: F. Didot Frères, 1842.

  Pauthier, Jean-Pierre Guillaume. Le Ta-Hio ou la Grande Étude, ouvrage de Confucius et de ses disciples, en chinois, en latin et en français, avec le commentaire de Tchou-hi. Paris: n.p., 1837.

  Pauthier, Jean-Pierre Guillaume. Le Tào-te-Kîng, ou le Livre de la Raison Suprême et de la Vertu, par Lao-Tseu, en chinois, en latin et en français, avec le commentaire de Sie-Hoèi, etc. Paris: F. Didot Frères, Libraires, 1838.

  Pauthier, Jean-Pierre Guillaume. Ta thsîn Kîng-Kiao; l’Inscription Syro-chinoise de Singan-fou, monument nestorien élevé en Chine l’an 781 de notre ère et découvert en 1625. En chinois, en latin et en français, avec la prononciation figurée, etc. Paris: Librairie de Firmin Didot Frères, Fils, et Cie, 1858.

  Pelliot, Paul. Les débuts de l’imprimerie en Chine. Paris: Librairie d’Amérique et d’Orient Adrien-Maisonneuve, 1953.

  “Règle 69, ‘Cérémonies d’ouverture et de clôture,’” Charte Olympique (1991), n.p.

  Rosny, L. Léon de. Table des principales phonétiques chinoises. Paris: Maisonneuve et Cie, 1857.

  Viguier, Septime Auguste. Memoir on the Establishment of Telegraph Lines in China (Mémoire sur l’établissement de lignes télégraphiques en Chine). Shanghai: Imprimerie Carvalho & Cie., 1875.

  Italian-Language Sources

  “Diagramma per Tastiera M. 80: Hindi (Diagram for Keyboard M. 80: Hindi).” August 19, 1954. Simbolo 205-B (46 Tasti). Fase 220. Olivetti Historical Archives.

  “Diagramma per Tastiera M. 80: Inglese per Shanghai (Diagram for Keyboard M. 80: English for Shanghai).” July 12, 1950. Simbolo -B. DCUS. Fase 220. Olivetti Historical Archives.

  “Diagramma per Tastiera M. 80: Italia (Diagram for Keyboard M. 80: Italy).” December 17, 1953. Simbolo 1-B. DCUS. Fase 220. Olivetti Hist
orical Archives.

  “Diagramma per Tastiera M. 80: Londra (Diagram for Keyboard M. 80: London).” October 13, 1948. Simbolo 118-B. DCUS. Fase 220. Olivetti Historical Archives.

  “In India con l’Olivetti (In India with Olivetti).” Giornale di fabbrica 4–5 (August-September 1949): 8.

  “La lexicon oltre il Circolo Polare.” Rivista Olivetti 5 (November 1950): 16–17.

  “Le macchine arabe scrivono a ritroso: A Beirut l’Olivetti vince in arabo e in francese.” Rivista Olivetti 5 (November 1950): 52–53.

  “Le macchine Olivetti scrivono in tutte le lingue.” Notizie Olivetti 55 (March 1958): 1–4.

  “Notizie dall’estero (News from abroad).” Notizie Olivetti 36 (April 1956): 13–15.

  “Notizie dall’estero (News from abroad).” Notizie Olivetti 38 (June 1956): 14–16.

  “La Olivetti nei mercati del Medio Oriente: Incontro con gli Arabi.” Notizie Olivetti 11 (November 1953): 8–9.

  “La Olivetti nel mondo.” Notizie Olivetti 21 (November 1954): 3.

  “Radio Olivetti.” Rivista Olivetti 4 (April 1950): 78–101.

  “Un po’ d’Europa nel cuore dell’Africa: il Congo (A Little Bit of Europe in the Heart of Africa: the Congo).” Notizie Olivetti 32 (December 1955): 6–8.

  Other Languages

  Marakueff, Aleksandr Vladimirovitch. Chinese Typewriter (Kitaisckaya pishutcaya mashina). Memoirs of the Far Eastern State University (Vladivostok) 1 (1932).

  Index

  Page numbers followed by the letter “f” refer to figures illustrating the text. Page numbers followed by the letter “t” refer to tables. Page numbers containing the letter “n” refer to endnotes, with the number of the note following.

  “abject form

  abolition of characters, in Korea and Japan, 201–202

  abolition of Chinese characters, 15, 22, 44 as “easy iconoclasm,” 14, 26

  lack of typewriter as argument for, 124