The Chinese Typewriter
Page 56
Orality and Literacy (Ong), 40
organizational methods for characters. See retrieval of Chinese characters
Orientalism, 44, 91–92
Oriental Library (Shanghai), 260
Origin and Progress of the Art of Writing, The (Humphrey), 67
Otani Typewriter Company, 205
Palace of Fine Arts, San Francisco, 147
Panama-Pacific International Exposition (1915), 56, 147, 204
Parade of Nations, Olympic, 2–9, 11, 337n6, 338n9 in Beijing Olympics (2008), 2–9, 7t, 94
regulations of, 2
in Tokyo and Seoul Olympics, 3
particles (in Chinese language), 136, 140, 296, 398n62
patent rights, in Communist China
Pauthier, Jean-Pierre Guillaume, 89–103, 151, 154, 326, 351n38, 351n41. See also divisible type
Peking Syllabary, 128
People’s Daily, 290, 297
People’s Liberation Army, 297
People’s Republic of China, 79, 196 campaigns in, 284, 300
“golden age” of typewriting in, 284–286
in Korean War, 279–280
model workers in, 288
natural-language tray bed experiments and, 286–288
Reform era, 79, 286
seizure of Japanese interests, 232
typewriter models in, 195
People’s University, 294
Peter Mitterhofer Schreibmaschinenmuseum, 58–59, 341n8
Philadelphia Centennial Exposition (1876), 24, 55
Philadelphia Commercial Museum, 188, 189
Philadelphia Sesquicentennial International Exposition (1926), 161, 188–190, 192
Philology and Ancient China (Karlgren), 67
Philosophy of History, The (Hegel), 65
phoneticization of Chinese, 8, 13, 264–265 Western dreams of, 183–187
See also zhuyin fuhao
phoneticization of Japanese, 203
phonetics (structural components of Chinese script), 265
piano playing, compared to typewriting, 179
pictography, 68, 320
pinyin, 8, 281, 338n12 in Chinese computer input, 240–241
place names, on typewriter tray bed, 135, 295–296, 306, 396n35
plaintext, 113–116, 318, 355n74
Playing the Building (Byrne), 319
pleremic script, 11–12
point (dian), 5 as fundamental element of characters, 258, 259f
politics of objects, 196, 198–199 kana typewriter and, 203
Popular Science Monthly, 145
predictive text, 319 analog roots of in typewriting, 286–288, 308
“predictive turn,” 308, 309f
Presbyterian Mission Press, 75
prescriptive imperative, 87 in Sheffield’s typewriter, 135–136
primary and secondary transcripts
primers, character, 88, 142
printing industry, Japanese, 201
printing press, 170, 171. See also Linotype; Monotype; movable type
pronunciation of Chinese, 9, 243
propaganda, Chinese Communist, 284, 292
Provençal troubadour poetry, 396n31
“pseudo-radicals” (in MingKwai)
Psychological Warfare Unit, Eighth United States Army in Korea, 280
publishers, Chinese, 154
punctuation, Western, 19 on typewriter tray beds, 366n19, 398n62
Puyi (Kangde emperor), 213, 214
Qi Xuan, 147–159, 148f, 204, 265, 267, 326, 362n76 debates Zhou Houkun, 157–158
design of combinatorial typewriter, 149
reception of typewriter, 154–159
transnational ambitions of, 379n39
See also typewriter models, Chinese: Qi Xuan typewriter
Qian Xuantong, 13, 186, 264, 326 criticism of Chinese typewriter, 190–192
Qianlong emperor, 82, 84
Qing dynasty, 127, 147, 244 printing during, 82
restored in Manchukuo, 213
telegraphy and, 108, 115
QQ, 241
QWERTY keyboard, 238 training regimen on, 179
used in Chinese computing, 9, 238–243, 315, 316, 319
race science, refutation of, 68, 70
racism, 40
“radiating compounds,” 298, 301–302
radicals (structural components of Chinese script), 83, 197, 256, 262, 348n12 in divisible type, 90–100, 99
likened to prefixes, 265
in MingKwai, 267, 271
new character retrieval methods and, 250
reimagined as equivalent of letters, 80, 94–96, 149, 156
with shared orthographic features
size and placement, 91, 92, 157–158
as taxonomic entity, 95–96, 348n11
in telegraphy, 104
used in IMEs, 243
radical-stroke organization system, 82–83, 256, 348n13, 349n19 in Chinese telegraph code, 110
criticisms of, 190, 249, 296, 299
departure from in Mao era, 286, 288, 290, 291, 298, 303, 304
exceptions to in tray beds, 295–296
in movable type, 348n14
reaffirmed by typing reform committee, 302, 303
relaxed in tray beds, 302–303, 397n50
typewriter tray beds using, 143, 212, 307–308
Rama V, King, 45, 49, 55, 341n13, 342n22
Rama VI, King, 49, 341n13, 342n21, 342n22, 342n23
Red Star Typewriter Company, 232
Reed, Martin, 279
reference materials anxiety about in China, 248–249
Chinese, 15, 255, 258, 389n9
made possible by codex form, 178
refugee crisis in northeast China, 219
Remington, Eliphalet, 46
Remington Export Review, 182
Remington News, 59
Remington Rand. See Remington Typewriter Company
Remington Typewriter Company, 28, 36, 42, 44–45, 48, 50, 343n33, 343n36, 343n45 Arabic typewriter and, 345n54
argues for Japanese language reform, 203
arrival in Siam, 51–55, 52f
Chinese Phonetic Typewriter and, 182–183, 185–187, 265
claims of universality by, 9–10
as constitutive of modern technolinguistic consciousness, 31–32, 74
failure to encompass Chinese, 10, 64, 71, 159, 199, 200
feminization of typing and, 177
founding of, 46
globalization of, 55–57, 57f, 60, 123, 182
Lin Yutang and, 272–275, 391n37
purchases Smith Premier company, 51
sale of Japanese kana typewriter, 202–203, 376n23
Rémusat, Abel, 351n39
repatriation of Japanese after Second World War, 230
Republican era character retrieval and reference materials in, 247, 253–256
iconoclasm in, 153, 299
telegraphy in, 110, 115
Resist Japan Association, 218
retrieval of Chinese characters, 15 and “character retrieval problem,” 247–249, 250, 252–253, 255, 258, 260–261
Communist push for proletarian taxonomy in, 299
in computing, 316
ethnographic viewpoint on, 253, 260–263, 270
input and, 280
MingKwai and, 245–246, 247
new experimental methods of, 248, 249, 250–263, 251f, 270, 286
predictive text and, 286
slowness of, 248–249
surrogacy and, 81
in telegraphy, 104
transposed to inscription, 247, 267
in typing school curricula, 179–180
See also Five-Stroke retrieval system; Lin Yutang; Shape-Position retrieval system
revolution of 1911, 79, 147, 185, 213, 244, 371n55
rhetoric, Communist, 286, 291, 292, 299–300 ingested into typist’s body, 304
metacognitive distance from, 294–295
Richardson, Ingrid, 290
Rivista Olivetti,
56
Robbins, Bruce, 23
Rockefeller Foundation, 391n38
Romance of the Three Kingdoms, 86
Romanization of Chinese, 14, 19, 40, 128 as bound to fail, 184–185
call for in Mao era, 279
Romanization of Japanese, 376–377n28
Ryōshin Minami, 201
Sakai Yasujiro, 378n38
Sakurada Tsunehisa, 222
“same script, same race
Sammons, Thomas, 145
Sampson, Geoffrey, 69
San Francisco Chronicle, 137, 276
San Francisco Examiner, 35
Schjellerup, H.C.F.C., 110
Schurmann, Franz, 299–300
Science and Civilization (Needham), 346n77
scroll (textual form), 178
searching. See retrieval of Chinese characters
Second World War, 200, 221, 229–230
Selleck, Tom, 38, 40, 43
semiotics, 317
semiotic sovereignty, 115, 121, 355n74
Semi-Weekly Tribute, 136
Shang dynasty, 71
Shanghai, 109, 110, 145, 157, 216, 226, 244, 260 fall to Japanese forces, 220
Japanese bombing of, 212, 218, 260
typewriter manufacturing in, 161, 230
typing schools in, 174–175
Zhou Houkun in, 159, 165
Shanghai Baptist College and Seminary, 143
Shanghai Calculator and Typewriter Factory, 195, 233
Shanghai Central Stadium, 215
Shanghai Chamber of Commerce, 189, 218
Shanghai Chinese Typewriter Manufacturers Association, 233
Shanghai Machinery Import-Export Company, 233
Shanghai Press, 188
Shape-Position retrieval system, 260–263, 262f. See also Du Dingyou
Sheffield, Devello Z., 123, 126–137, 139, 140, 143, 151, 326, 357n14, 358n20, 359n38, 362n68 Chinese clerks and, 129–130
early version of invention, 127–128
fate of typewriter, 136–137
invention of Chinese typewriter prototype, 132–133
missionary work, 129, 134–136
See also typewriter models, Chinese: Sheffield typewriter
Sheffield, Eleanor, 127
Shen Yunfen, 297–298, 300
Shenbao (periodical), 190, 214, 218, 219, 220
Sheng Yaozhang, 228, 229
Shibao (periodical), 176
shift key, 46–47, 48, 129
shift-keyboard typewriter, 46, 47, 48 dominance of, 44–45, 51, 56–59, 63
encounter with foreign scripts, 59–63, 182
inadequacy of for Chinese, 124
Japanese typewriters and, 202
MingKwai’s similarity to, 245
as typewriter par excellence, 42
See also typewriter, Western; typewriter form, universal
Shimada Minokichi, 205, 326
Shimizu Usaburō, 202
Shinozawa Yūsaku, 209
Sholes, Christopher Latham, 46, 123
Shu Changyu. See Shu Zhendong
Shu Zhendong, 167–169, 171, 229, 247, 326, 365n12, 366n14. See also typewriter models, Chinese: Shu-style typewriter
shuru. See input
“Shu Zhendong Chinese Typewriter, The” (animated film), 170, 171
Siam, 45, 48–55, 342n23
Siamese script, 45, 46, 47, 53–54, 64 changed to fit typewriter, 49
Silicon Valley, 237, 238, 315
Simpsons, The, 321
Singapore, 196, 197, 199
single-shift typewriter. See shift-keyboard typewriter
Sino-Japanese War, First, 244
Sino-Japanese War, Second. See War of Resistance Against Japan
Smith, Arthur W., 345n54
Smith, Lyman C., 47
Smith Premier Typewriter Company, 47–48, 49, 342n23 demise of, 50–51
presence in Bangkok, 50
Snowden, Edward, 399n3
social Darwinism. See evolutionism
Société Asiatique de Paris, 89
Song Mingde, 170–171
Sonic Banana project, 319
Southeast University of Commerce, 215
Soviet Union, 230
space, and spatial recognition of Chinese characters, 262 within divisible type, 99–100, 103, 149
speed of typesetting, using natural-language arrangement, 290–291, 292, 294, 395n26
speed of typing, 27 average, in Mao era, 288
on index typewriter, 343n37
on Qi Xuan typewriter, 154
on Shu-style typewriter, 170, 190
using natural-language tray bed, 286, 288, 298, 311
Western notions of, on Chinese typewriter, 320
on Zhou Houkun typewriter, 165
Spurgin, Richard A., 61
State Department, U.S., 279
Staunton, George, 84–85, 88, 89, 100, 132, 327
Steele, Herbert H., 344n52
Stellman, Louis John, 36, 41, 43
stenography, 317–318
Stickney, Burnham, 204
St. John’s University, 244
St. Louis Globe-Democrat, 36
Strauss Festival Orchestra Vienna, 27
stroke count, materiality of in character slugs, 180
stroke-count organization, 4, 8, 83, 302 mocked by Olympic commentators, 3
stroke ranking, 6
strokes (bihua), 131–132, 243, 256 as elemental unit of script, 94–95
See also eight fundamental strokes
“study sessions,” 284, 285
Suchman, Lucy, 307
Sugimoto Kyōta, 204, 209, 211, 327
Suiyuan province, 220
Sun Yat-sen, 230, 371n55
surrogacy, 79, 121, 316 in Chinese telegraphy, 103–121
definition of, 80–81
MingKwai and, 265, 270
surveillance, 256, 284, 399n3
Sushan, 215
synaesthesia, 261
Syracuse, New York, 47, 48 relationship with Bangkok, 50, 342n23
“Table of 214 Keys and Their Variants” (Tableau des 214 clefs et leurs variants) (Legrand), 92, 93f
Tai, Evelyn (pseudonym), 196–199, 200, 233, 374n2
Tai, Maria (pseudonym), 197–199, 374n2
Taipisuto (magazine), 205, 207, 208f, 222–223
taipuraitā. See typewriter, Japanese
Taiwan, 195–196, 223, 244
Tanakadate Aikitsu, 377n28
Tang Chongli, 171
Tao Minzhi, 233, 384n93
Tao Xingshi, 142
Tap-Key (imaginary inventor), 36–37, 40, 41, 42, 45, 65, 74, 193, 316, 320, 327
taxonomic evenness, 270
Tcherkassov, Baron Paul, 62
Teaching of Words, The (Fukuzawa)
technolinguistic imagination, collapse of, 42–45, 54, 316
technolinguistic realm, 18–23, 72, 339n23 definition of, 17
“technological abyss,” 24, 26, 243
technological fitness, denigration of Chinese according to, 44, 71–72, 346n77
technosomatic complex. See bodies, human
Tekniska Museet, 320
telecommunication, 317, 318
telegraph code books, 81, 104, 113, 355n74 changes to, 117, 120
for Chinese telegraphy, 110, 121
during Nationalist military campaign, 254
telegraph code of 1871, Chinese, 110–121, 111f, 201, 254, 265, 354n66 adjustments to, 116, 354n70
and Chinese as inherently secret language, 114
disadvantages of, 112, 114–115, 355n74
exempted as plaintext, 115
taking “symbolic possession” of
Telegraph-Herald, 185
“telegraph sovereignty
telegraphy, 9 causes sense of crisis in China, 248
Chinese, 24, 25, 74, 80, 103–121, 131, 178, 240, 265
global expansion of, 106, 107–108, 109–110, 114, 354n73
international regulations, 107, 113, 355n74, 356n76
/>
Japanese, 201
Japanese domination of in China, 221–222
MingKwai system and, 279
and non-Western scripts, 108
structural inequality of China within, 114, 116, 121, 355–356n74
telephone, 55
terrain, Chinese language portrayed as, 83, 85, 191–192
Tewksbury, Reverend E.G., 185
textbooks, typing, 180, 301, 303
thimble linking (dingzhen xuxian), 294, 395–396n31
Thirteen Classics, 86
“Three People’s Principles” (Sun Yat-sen), 230
Tianjin, 128, 133, 222, 232, 278 typing reform committee in
Tianjin, Treaty of, 127
Times (London), 320
tinkering, 307
Titsingh, Isaac, 351n39
Today! (journal), 286
Tokugawa period, Japan, 248
Tokyo, firebombing of, 229
tones (in Chinese), 185
Tong Lisheng, 233
Tongji (periodical), 171
Tongzhou, 126, 127, 132
Too Much to Know (Blair), 247–248
Toshiba, 205
Touch Method, 51
training drills. See under tray bed
“transnational culturalism” in East Asia, 209–210, 211
tray bed (typewriter part), 30, 169, 199, 226, 295, 298 absence of in MingKwai, 265, 267
adjacency of characters on, 288–290, 296
Communist terms on, 294–295
democratization of, 300, 304, 308, 398n62
how to rearrange, 305–306
on Japanese-built Chinese typewriters, 212
on Japanese typewriter, 205
memorization of characters on, 178, 197, 211, 305–306, 311
move to standardize, 301–303
with “out-of-the-box” natural-language arrangement, 303