The Boer War

by Martin Bossenbroek

  Meredith, Diamonds, 340–350; Van Niekerk, Kruger se regterhand, 147–148.

  Leyds to the Duke of Mecklenburg, 30–5–1896, in Leyds Collection 31; Roy Mack, ‘The Great Africa Cattle Plague Epidemic of the 1980s’, Tropical Animal Health and Production (1970) 4, 210–219.

  Staats-almanak voor de Zuid-Afrikaansche Republiek (1893) 56, (1897) 39, (1898) 39; Jaarverslagen NZASM, 1895, 1896; FitzPatrick, The Transvaal from Within, 71–72.

  Van Boeschoten to Leyds, 4–6–1896; Leyds to Kempner, 12–7–1896, in Leyds Collection 31; J.H. Breytenbach, Die geskiedenis van die Tweede Vryheidsoorlog in Suid-Afrika, 1899–1902 (Pretoria, 1969), I, 77–89.

  Breytenbach, Die geskiedenis I, 77–89; Van Niekerk, Kruger se regterhand, 148–148; Van Winter, Onder Krugers Hollanders, 258–259.

  Meredith, Diamonds, 348–349.

  Cloete, African Portraits, 339–349; First and Scott, Olive Schreiner, 225–231; Meredith, Diamonds, 354–361.

  Peter J. Cain, Hobson and Imperialism: Radicalism, New Liberalism, and Finance 1887–1938 (Oxford, 2002), 59–63; Meredith, Diamonds, 349.

  Meredith, Diamonds, 349–353; Pakenham, The Boer War, 25–31; Wesseling, Verdeel en heers, 382–385.

  Lippert to Van Boeschoten, 2–6–1896, in Leyds Collection 31; Meredith, Diamonds, 349–353; Van Niekerk, Kruger se regterhand, 145–147.

  Leyds to Moltzer, 16–8–1896; Moltzer to Kruger, 12–9–1896, in Leyds Collection 31.

  Leyds in diary to Louise Leyds, 16–2–1897, 22–2–1897, 22–2–1897, 27–2–1897, 2–3–1897, 5–3–1897, in Leyds Collection 32.

  Chamberlain to Leyds, 10–5–1897; Leyds to Chamberlain, 11–5–1897; Leyds to Van Boeschoten, 21–5–1897; Chamberlain to Sir W. Harcourt, 15–5–1897; Leyds to Chamberlain, 18–5–1897; Chamberlain to Leyds, 22–5–1897, in Leyds Collection 32.

  Leyds in diary to Louise Leyds, 17–3–1897, First draft preface to the Collection 1897, in Leyds Collection 32.

  Leyds to Van Boeschoten, 22–4–1897 and 30–4–1897, in Leyds Collection 32.

  Leyds to Van Boeschoten, 30–4–1897, in Leyds Collection 32; Van Niekerk, Kruger se regterhand, 153–154.

  Van Niekerk, Kruger se regterhand, 134–135.

  Lord Rothschild to Leyds, 10–5–1897; Leyds to Van Boeschoten, 15–5–1897, in Leyds Collection 32.

  Chamberlain to Leyds, 10–5–1897, in Leyds Collection 32.

  Leyds to acting state secretary Van Boeschoten, 21–5–1897, in Leyds Collection 32.

  Leyds to Van Boeschoten, private, 21–5–1897, in Leyds Collection 32.

  Leyds to Van Boeschoten, 2–7–1897, in Leyds Collection 32.

  Chamberlain to Leyds, 22–5–1897, 7–6–1897; Leyds to Van Boeschoten, 21–7–1897; Leyds, First draft preface to the Collection 1897, in Leyds Collection 32.

  Leyds to Chamberlain, 14–6–1897; Leyds to Van Boeschoten, 2–7–1897, in Leyds Collection 32.

  Leyds to the Pretoria government, 25–5–1897; Leyds to the acting state secretary, 28–5–1897; Leyds to the acting state secretary, 3–6–1897, in Leyds Collection 32.

  Leyds to Van Boeschoten, 1–6–1897, in Leyds Collection 32.

  Leyds to the consuls of the ZAR, 27–5–1897; Leyds to Quarles, 27–5–1897; Leyds to Van Boeschoten, 1–6–1897, in Leyds Collection 32; Van Niekerk, Kruger se regterhand, 182–183.

  H. Andreas to Leyds, 10–5–1897; telegram Leyds to government in Pretoria, 14–6–1897, in Leyds Collection 32.

  Leyds to Van Boeschoten, 1–6–1897, in Leyds Collection 32.

  Telegram government in Pretoria to Leyds, 12–6–1897; Leyds to Chamberlain, 14–6–1897, in Leyds Collection 32.

  Chamberlain to Leyds, 17–6–1897, in Leyds Collection 32.

  Leyds to Van Boeschoten, 2–7–1897, in Leyds Collection 32.

  Leyds to Van Boeschoten, 15–7–1897, in Leyds Collection 32; Van Niekerk, Kruger se regterhand, 162–164.

  Leyds to government in Pretoria, 3–8–1897; Montagu White to Leyds, 5–8–1897, in Leyds Collection 32.

  Leyds in diary to Louise Leyds, 27–2–1898, in Leyds Collection 35.

  NZASM’s tariff reductions, compiled by the foreign affairs ministry in Pretoria for the Transvaal consul in Frankfurt, 17–11–1898, in Leyds Collection 34; Van Niekerk, Kruger se regterhand, 135–137.

  Leyds to Louise Leyds, 24–3–98, in Leyds Collection 35.

  W.J. Leyds, Eenige correspondentie uit 1899 (The Hague, 1919), 200–206; Van Niekerk, Kruger se regterhand, 165–167.

  Leyds in diary to Louise Leyds, 8–3–1898, 12–3–1898, 5–4–1898, 10–4–1898, 14– 4–1898, in Leyds Collection 35; Van Niekerk, Kruger se regterhand, 191–195.

  Van Niekerk, Kruger se regterhand, 183, 194.

  John Darwin, The Empire Project: The Rise and Fall of the British World-System 1830–1970 (Cambridge, 2009), 234–235; Meredith, Diamonds, 365–373; Wesseling, Verdeel en heers, 387–389.

  Meredith, Diamonds, 374–375; W. Basil Worsfold, Lord Milner’s Work in South Africa (London, 1906), 107–114.

  Darwin, The Empire Project, 236–238, 243–245; Meredith, Diamonds, 378–385.

  Leyds, Eenige correspondentie, 1–2; Van Niekerk, Kruger se regterhand, 184–185, 202–203.

  Leyds, memorandum ‘Voor de intimi’, 1898; Leyds to his brother Reinier, 9–7–1898; Leyds to Reitz, 26–8–98; Leyds to Grobler, 14–10–1898, in Leyds Collection 35; Leyds, Eenige correspondentie, 231–235; Van Niekerk, Kruger se regterhand, 195– 2000.

  Leyds to Reitz, 8–7–1898; Leyds to Reitz, 19–8–1898; Leyds to Reitz, 4–11–1898, in Leyds Collection 35; Van Niekerk, Kruger se regterhand, 205–210.

  Leyds, memorandum ‘Voor de intimi’, 1898; Leyds to Reitz, 16–12–1898 (twice); Leyds to his mother, 16–12–1898, in Leyds Collection 35; Van Niekerk, Kruger se regterhand, 198–102.

  Van Niekerk, Kruger se regterhand, 155–157.

  Van Niekerk, Kruger se regterhand, 199.

  Wesseling, Verdeel en heers, 391–392; Wilson, International Impact, 28–30, 146–148.

  Wesseling, Verdeel en heers, 301–322; Wilson, International Impact, 72–75.

  Smuts to Leyds, 30–4–1899, and Grobler to Leyds, 30–4–1899, in Leyds Collection 36; Leyds, Eenige correspondentie, ix, 1, 11–13, 198–200; Darwin, The Empire Project, 238–241; Meredith, Diamonds, 387–399; Van Niekerk, Kruger se regterhand, 168– 170; Pakenham, The Boer War, 52–56; Wesseling, Verdeel en heers, 392–396.

  Leyds, Eenige correspondentie, vi, 2–8, 200–211.

  Staats-almanak voor de Zuid-Afrikaansche Republiek (1899), 36, 51, 53.

  Darwin, The Empire Project, 238–238; Leyds, Eenige Correspondentie, 38–43; Darwin, The Empire Project, 389–409; Meredith, Diamonds, 389–409; Pakenham, The Boer War, 46–70; Wesseling, Verdeel en heers, 396–399.

  Leyds, Eenige correspondentie, 2–3, 200–211.

  FitzPatrick, The Transvaal from Within, passim; Leyds, Eenige correspondentie, 222– 225; Pakenham, The Boer War, 71–88.

  Leyds, Eenige correspondentie, 112–115; Meredith, Diamonds, 409–415; Pakenham, The Boer War, 89–92.

  Meredith, Diamonds, 409–415; Pakenham, The Boer War, 92–94.

  Meredith, Diamonds, 402.

  W.K. Hancock and Jean van der Poel, eds., Selections from the Smuts Papers: Volume I, June 1886—May 1902 (Cambridge, 1966), 313–322; Pakenham, The Boer War, 102; S.B. Spies and Gail Nattrass, eds., Jan Smuts: Memoirs of the Boer War (Johannesburg, 1994), 24.

  The pamphlet was first published under the name of state secretary F.W. Reitz. See F.W. Reitz, Een eeuw van onrecht, 2nd impression (Dordrecht, 1900), passim.

  Leyds to P.G.W. Grobler, 17–8–1899, and Leyds to F.V. Engelenburg, 18–8–1899, in Leyds, Eenige correspondentie, 106–109; Van Niekerk, Kruger se regterhand, 172.

  Leyds, Eenige correspondentie, 2–3, 31–32, 200–211.

  Ibid., 16–19, 158–159.

  Ibid., 109–112, 118–123, 126–130, 150, 155–158, 175.


  Ibid., 79, 81, 171.

  Ibid., 30; Wilson, International Impact, 66–68.

  Bossenbroek, Holland, 256–257; Van Koppen, Geuzen, 150–161.

  Leyds, Eenige correspondentie, 25–26, 33, 216–218.

  Leyds, Eenige correspondentie, 60–66, 83–85.

  Ibid., 83–89, 132–149, 165–166, 172–173.

  Ibid., 172–173, 179, 185–186; Leyds to Lippert, 10–10–1899, in Leyds Collection, 36; cf. J.P. de Valk and M. van Faassen, eds., Dagboeken en aantekeningen van Willem Hendrik de Beaufort 1874–1918 (The Hague, 1993), 1, 34–49, 67–68.

  Part II: Like a boys’ adventure story

  Winston S. Churchill, My Early Life, 1874–1904; with an Introduction by William Manchester (New York, 1996), 74–230; Roy Jenkins, Churchill (London, 2002), 22–50; Brian Roberts, Churchills in Africa (London, 1970); Celia Sandys, Churchill: Wanted Dead or Alive (London, 2005), 9–20.

  Winston S. Churchill, The Boer War: London to Ladysmith via Pretoria and Ian Hamilton’s March (London, 2002), 1–2; Churchill, My Early Life, 230–235; Omissi and Thompson, Impact, 100–105; Pakenham, Boer War, 113; Roberts, Churchills, 139; Sandys, Churchill, 21–23.

  See p. 119.

  Churchill, My Early Life, 230–235; Pieter G. Cloete, The Anglo-Boer War: A Chronology (Pretoria, 2000), 34–35; Nasson, War, 88–90; Pakenham, Boer War, 71, 76, 93, 96–98, 103, 107, 110–113; Wesseling, Verdeel en heers, 399–402.

  Churchill, My Early Life, 230–233; Roberts, Churchills, 138–139; Sandys, Churchill, 10–18.

  Jenkins, Churchill, 51; Roberts, Churchills, 138–139; Sandys, Churchill, 13, 16, 22.

  Churchill, Boer War, 1–6; Churchill, My Early Life, 234–238; Jenkins, Churchill, 51; Pakenham, Boer War, 156–157; Roberts, Churchills, 138–10; Sandys, Churchill, 22–26.

  J.E.H. Grobler, The War Reporter: The Anglo-Boer War through the Eyes of the Burghers (Johannesburg, 2011), 1–10; Pakenham, Boer War, 157–160.

  Churchill, Boer War, 7–12; Churchill, My Early Life, 239–240; Pakenham, Boer War, 166; Roberts, Churchills, 140–141; Sandys, Churchill, 22–26.

  Hancock and Van der Poel, Selections, 313–322.

  Leopold Scholtz, Waarom die Boere die oorlog verloor het (Pretoria, 1999), 28–45.

  Breytenbach, Geskiedenis I, 26–31,75–76, 105–106, 153–155; Cloete, Anglo-Boer War, 48; Grobler, War Reporter, 2; Hancock and Van der Poel, Selections, 562; Pretorius, Historical Dictionary, 204–205, 445–447; Sandberg, Twintig jaren, 228; Schutte, Boerenoorlog, 40; Scholtz, Waarom, 28–43; Wesseling, Verdeel en heers, 400–404.

  Breytenbach, Geskiedenis I, 26–31, 75–76, 105–106, 146–178; Cloete, Anglo-Boer War, 39, 48, 339–340; Nasson, War, 74–84; Pakenham, Boer War, 125–127; Pretorius, Historical Dictionary, 445–446.

  Breytenbach, Geskiedenis I, 141–146; Pakenham, Boer War, 125–127; Pretorius, Historical Dictionary, 448–449; Wesseling, Verdeel en heers, 399–400.

  See above, pp. 12–13.

  Churchill, Boer War, 13–21; Churchill, My Early Life, 240–243; Roberts, Churchills, 140–142; Sandys, Churchill, 28–31.

  Breytenbach, Geskiedenis I, 237–263; Cloete, Anglo-Boer War, 44–45; Grobler, War Reporter, 7; Pakenham, Boer War, 133–141; Pretorius, Historical Dictionary, 137–138, 220–221; Scholtz, Waarom, 47–55.

  Breytenbach, Geskiedenis I, 62–68; Hans Jannasch, Onder Boeren, Britten en Bantoes (Amsterdam, 1942), 190–207; J.W. Meijer, Dr H.J. Coster, 1865–1899 (Pretoria, 1883), passim; Pretorius, Historical Dictionary, 108, 480–481; Sandberg, Twintig jaren, 215–227; G.J. Schutte, ed., Beste ouders. Brieven uit de Transvaal van Karel van den Berg 1896–1900 (Amsterdam, 1999), 5–31; G. Vissering, Een Hollander in Zuid-Afrika (Amsterdam, 1900), 5–31.

  Churchill, Boer War, 22–34; Churchill, My Early Life, 243–244; Jenkins, Churchill, 52; Roberts, Churchills, 52; Sandys, Churchill, 30–31.

  Churchill, Boer War, 24, 35–36; Churchill, My Early Life, 243–244; Jenkins, Churchill, 52; Roberts, Churchills, 162–166; Sandys, Churchill, 43–46.

  Churchill, Boer War, 22–26; Churchill, My Early Life, 243; Roberts, Churchills, 162–164; Sandys, Churchill, 32–34, 37–43.

  Breytenbach, Geskiedenis I, 303–342; Cloete, Anglo-Boer War, 448–49; Grobler, War Reporter, 9; Pakenham, Boer War, 142–155; Pretorius, Historical Dictionary, 231–236, 490–491; Scholtz, Waarom, 47–55; M.C.E. van Schoor, Christiaan Rudolph de Wet. Krygsman en volksman (Pretoria, 2007), 68–69.

  Churchill, Boer War, 26–27, 31–34; Sandys, Churchill, 32–33, 39–41.

  Churchill, Boer War, 36–44; Churchill, My Early Life, 244–253; Jenkins, Churchill, 53; Roberts, Churchills, 166–169; Sandys, Churchill, 47–55.

  Churchill, Boer War, 45–79; Churchill, My Early Life, 253–262; Jenkins, Churchill, 53–55; Roberts, Churchills, 169–180; Sandys, Churchill, 58–59; Frederick Woods, ed., Young Winston’s Wars: The Original Despatches of Winston S. Churchill, War Correspondent 1897–1900 (London, 1972), 173–179.

  Churchill, Boer War, 43–79; Cloete, Anglo-Boer War, 46–65; Grobler, War Reporter, 11–19; Pretorius, Historical Dictionary, 116–117; Roberts, Churchills, 173, 202–203.

  W.J. Leyds, Tweede verzameling (correspondentie 1899–1900) (’s-Gravenhage, 1930), I, xii–xiii, 78, 175–178; L.E. van Niekerk, Dr. W.J. Leyds as gesant van die Zuid-Afrikaansche Republiek (Pretoria, 1980), 143–179, 230–256; Wilson, International Impact, 43–64.

  Leyds, Tweede verzameling I, xi; II, 57–59; Ulrich Kröll, Die internationale Buren-Agitation 1899–1902 (Munster, 1973), 67–122, 197–206; Van Niekerk, Leyds as gesant, 144–148, 230–256; Wilson, International Impact, 25–42, 65–78.

  Bossenbroek, Holland, 252–253; Kuitenbrouwer, War of Words, 129–164; Leyds, Tweede verzameling I, 81–82.

  Bossenbroek, Holland, 351 and passim; Leyds, Tweede verzameling I, xi–xii, 69–70, 126–134, 142, 207–209, 223–224.

  Leyds, Tweede verzameling I, 183–184; Van Niekerk, Leyds as gesant, 288.

  Leyds, Tweede verzameling I, ix–x, 94–98, 160–161, 176, 186–187; Van Niekerk, Leyds as gesant, 286–287; Wilson, International Impact, 197–122.

  First and Scott, Olive Schreiner, 236–238; Leyds, Tweede verzameling I, 140–141, 156–157; Pretorius, Historical Dictionary, 430–431; William T. Stead, Shall I Slay My Brother Boer? An Appeal to the Conscience of Britain (London, 1899), 61–63 and passim.

  Bernard Porter, The Absent-Minded Imperialists: Empire, Society, and Culture in Britain (Oxford, 2004), 176–180; Roberts, Churchills, 174–175.

  Churchill, Boer War, 77–83; Churchill, My Early Life, 261–271; Jenkins, Churchill, 55–60; Roberts, Churchills, 204–210; Sandys, Churchill, 89–98; Andrew Thompson, ‘Imperial Propaganda during the South African War’, in Cuthbertson, Writing, 303– 328.

  Churchill, Boer War, 88–91; Churchill, My Early Life, 271–286; Jackie Grobler, ed., The War Diary of Johanna Brandt (Pretoria, 2007), 37–38; Jenkins, Churchill, 56–61; Roberts, Churchills, 208–215, 235–242; Sandys, Churchill, 99–125.

  In memoriam NZASM, 97–107; De Jong et al., NZASM 100, 223–231; Van Winter, Onder Krugers Hollanders I, 270–271; II, 337–347.

  Breytenbach, Geskiedenis I, 127–130; Diana Cammack, The Rand at War, 1899–1902: The Witwatersrand and the Anglo-Boer War (London, 1990), 38–82; In memoriam NZASM, 105–106.

  Cammack, Rand, 50–54, 83–100; Warwick, Black People, 127–137.

  Jenkins, Churchill, 60–61; Roberts, Churchills, 235–241; Sandys, Churchill, 99–115.

  Churchill, My Early Life, 288–295; Jenkins, Churchill, 61–62; Roberts, Churchills, 247–254; Sandys, Churchill, 142–143.

  Churchill, Boer War, 91–95; Churchill, My Early Life, 295–300; Jenkins, Churchill, 61–62; Roberts, Churchills, 247–254; Sandys, Churchill, 131–140, 142–143.

  Breytenbach, Geskiedenis I, 364–366; Nasson, War, 124, 132–134; Pakenham, Boer War, 160–165; Pretorius, Historical Dictionary, 62–64.

  Breytenbach, I, 396–399, II, 99–166; Cloe
te, Anglo-Boer War, 59–69; Grobler, War Reporter, 15, 17, 22; Nasson, War, 135–138, 143–147; Pakenham, Boer War, 188–206; Pretorius, Historical Dictionary, 32, 164, 285–288, 259–262.

  Breytenbach, Geskiedenis I, 296–225; Cloete, Anglo-Boer War, 66; Grobler, War Reporter, 14–21; Nasson, War, 139–142; Pakenham, Boer War, 214–215; Pretorius, Historical Dictionary, 434–436.

  Breytenbach, Geskiedenis I, 226–337; Cloete, Anglo-Boer War, 57–58; Grobler, War Reporter, 57–58, 60, 70–73; Nasson, War, 147–153; Pakenham, Boer War, 215–218, 224–241; Pretorius, Historical Dictionary, 90–92, 493–494.

  Roberts, Churchills, 216–234; Sandys, Churchill, 28–29.

  Breytenbach, Geskiedenis I, 286–394, 411–413, 459–461; Nasson, War, 11–116; Pretorius, Historical Dictionary, 255–258; Warwick, Black People, 28–38.

  See Part I, p. 25.

  Breytenbach, Geskiedenis II, 392–404; Cloete, Anglo-Boer War, 41, 46–47, 50–52, 54–56, 60, 62; Grobler, War Reporter, 6–7, 12, 14–15, 19; Nasson, War, 116–122; Pakenham, Boer War, 181–190; Pretorius, Historical Dictionary, 212–214; Warwick, Black People, 129–130.

  Breytenbach, Geskiedenis II, 333–349; Nasson, War, 106–110; Pakenham, Boer War, 238–241; Pretorius, Historical Dictionary, 236–238.

  Churchill, Boer War, 95–105; Churchill, My Early Life, 301–306; Jenkins, Churchill, 61–62; Sandys, Churchill, 138–148.

  Churchill, Boer War, 135–138; Churchill, My Early Life, 305–306, 311–312; Cloete, Anglo-Boer War, 86–89; Grobler, War Reporter, 34–35; Pakenham, Boer War, 284–304; Roberts, Churchill, 280–281; Sandys, Churchill, 158, 162–163.

  Breytenbach, Geskiedenis III, 1–61; Cloete, Anglo-Boer War, 75, 79–81; Grobler, War Reporter, 25–30; Pretorius, Historical Dictionary, 117, 210, 256, 332–335.

  Churchill, Boer War, 106–112.

  See above, pp. 19–20.

  Breytenbach, Geskiedenis III, 62–106; Churchill, Boer War, 112–126; Cloete, Anglo-Boer War, 82–86; Grobler, War Reporter, 31–33; Nasson, War, 154–155; Pakenham, Boer War, 277–284; Pretorius, Historical Dictionary, 486–487.

  Breytenbach, Geskiedenis III, 113–167; Churchill, Boer War, 127–131; Churchill, My Early Life, 307–308; Cloete, Anglo-Boer War, 82–86; Sandys, Churchill, 149–154.