George Washington
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Augusta County 49, 103
Baker, Lieutenant James 114
Ball, Joseph (grandfather) 17
Ball, Joseph (uncle) 29
Ball, Mary see Washington, Mary
Ball, Major William (great-grandfather) 13–14, 15, 17
Baltimore 268, 271, 307
Barbados 32–34
Barras, Admiral 381, 382, 385, 389, 390, 392, 395
Barré, Major Isaac 169, 179
Barton, Rev. Thomas 129, 136, 137, 139, 144
Bastille, storming of the 426
Beaujeu, Daniel de 78
Belvoir 28, 46, 66, 69, 83, 119, 182, 185, 377, 429, 430
Bemis Heights 308, 313, 316
Bennington 303, 308
Bergen 299
Berkeley, Sir William 16
Berkeley County 184
Bermuda 34, 207
Berthier, Louis-Alexandre 376
Biddle, Ensign Edward 150
Birmingham 280
Bishop, Thomas 217
Black Horse 277
Black Watch 171, 248, 311
Bladen, Colonel Martin 28
Blair, John (acting governor of Virginia) 126
Blakeney, Colonel William 22–23
Bland, Humphrey 93–94, 159, 219–20, 319
Blenheim, Battle of 121
Blue Jacket 424, 425
Blue Ridge Mountains 28, 29–30, 86, 99, 173
Board of Trade 37
Board of War 331, 332
Bolingbroke, Henry St. John, Viscount 182
Bonaparte, Napoleon 376, 417, 426
Bonhamtown 299
Boone, Daniel 77
Bordentown 272, 274, 275, 277, 287, 289
Boston 77, 92–93, 159, 203, 271, 346, 347
radicals in 187
siege of 188, 191, 193, 203, 206, 208, 211, 214, 215, 218, 222, 223–25, 229, 232, 252, 385, 401
troops from 197, 230
Boston Gazette 92
Boston Massacre (1770) 181, 223
Boston Tea Party (1773) 181, 184
Bostwick, Elisha 10–11, 223, 279–80
Boswell, James 354
Botetourt, Norborne Berkeley, Lord, lieutenant governor of Virginia 176, 181
Boudinot, Elias 416
bounties 249, 250, 285, 325, 327, 371, 372, 373, 394, 419
bounty lands 174–75, 176, 177–78, 185, 249, 419
Bouquet, Lieutenant Colonel Henri 128, 129, 131–32, 133, 136, 137, 140, 142, 145, 146, 149, 150–51, 152, 158, 172, 261–62, 353, 424
Bouquet’s Camp 150, 151
Bowling Green (New York) 232, 233
Braddock, Major General Edward 85, 89, 91, 103, 106, 123, 125, 128, 134, 136, 163, 169, 178, 195, 217, 222, 398
defeat of 81–82, 83, 84, 101, 113, 141, 158, 172, 176, 183, 422
expedition of 67–82
Braddock’s Road 73, 127, 130, 131, 132, 142–43, 149, 152
Bradstreet, Colonel John 148
Bragg, Private William 327
Brandywine, Battle of 1, 4, 304–7, 314, 316, 320, 361, 408
Brant, Joseph 351, 353–55, 406
Breed’s Hill 197, 223
Briers Creek, Battle of 408
Brigham, Jonathan 198
Bristol 277
Britain
administration of American empire 170
American colonies move toward war with 179–89
American declaration of independence (1776) 232
assault on Canada 112–13
attitude to colonial troops 57–58, 66, 124–25
Braddock’s defeat a watershed in colonial relations 81
Caribbean campaigns 164, 168, 169, 183–84, 339
conflict with France in Ohio Valley 35–36
conquest of Canada 162–63, 164, 166, 167, 169
convict transports from 20
emigration from 13, 15, 19–20
Florida ceded to 170
French and Indian War 49–82, 83–117, 122–53
inciting Indians on western frontier 424
Jacobite rebellions 183
meets costs of provincial forces 123
North American colonies at time of Washington’s birth 18–19
outbreak of rebellion against (1775) 188
outbreak of war with France (1793) 424
pledges cash and arms for colonial defense 64
Pontiac’s War 171–72
proclamation bans settlement west of Appalachians 172–73, 174, 175
relationship with American colonies 102, 134, 168–69, 170, 174
Revolutionary War
abandon Philadelphia 339–40
amnesty offered in exchange for oaths of loyalty 265
chances of rapprochement dwindle 196
end of attempt to deny American independence 410
evacuation of Boston 224, 227
final stages 411–18
Fort Washington 259–61
France enters hostilities with 316, 339
hopes for negotiated settlement 213, 228, 233–35, 241, 245–46, 255, 260
Loyalists continued support for 213
Monmouth Court House 342–45
New York and New Jersey 227–70
Peace of Paris 418
Pennsylvania campaign 297–313, 316–21
political and military support for curbing rebellion 212
Princeton defeat leaves little chance of victory in 296
southern campaign 359–62, 378–79, 380, 386–410
surrender at Yorktown 403–9
trade blockade 212
Trenton-Princeton campaign 272–96
victory at Brooklyn Heights 239–40
war at sea 212, 215, 225, 227, 231, 233, 255, 299, 344, 359, 377, 392, 395, 402
taxation of colonies 170, 179–81, 186, 213, 324
trade interests 19, 36, 181, 186
victory over French in Seven Years’ War 169–70
War of Jenkins’s Ear 21–26
British Army
Americanization of tactics 169
Articles of War 111, 251
blueprint for Continental Army 408
discipline 205
drill regulations 198
impact of defeat at Princeton on 296
Loyalists in 213
manpower (Revolutionary War) 199, 214, 228–29, 235–36, 309, 318, 327
reinforced 212
British Empire 163, 164, 174
Bronx River 256
Brooklyn Heights, Battle of 228, 237, 238, 239–40, 241
Brown, Lieutenant Philip 234
Brunswick (German state) 225, 303
Brunswick (New Jersey) 264, 266, 269, 272, 289, 293, 294, 295, 297, 299, 300, 340
Brunswick, Charles, Prince of 238
Bull, William, lieutenant governor of South Carolina 166
Bullen, Captain 136
Bullitt, Captain Thomas 141, 147
Bunker Hill, Battle of 197, 198, 199, 201, 212, 222, 224, 232, 240, 260, 276
Burd, Colonel James 145
Burgoyne, Major General John 197, 229, 254, 298, 302, 303, 308, 313, 316, 318, 328, 351
Burlington 272
Burlington Gazette 397
Burton, Lieutenant Colonel Ralph 79, 163
Burwell, Carter 68
bush-fighting 72, 85, 100, 140, 167, 220–21
Bushnell, Captain David 418
Bushy Run, Battle of 171–72, 262, 353, 424
Butler, Jane 17
Butler, Colonel John 351, 353
Byrd III, Colonel William 68, 123, 128, 130, 139, 142, 166, 167, 187
Cacapon River 96
Cadwalader, Colonel/Brigadier General John 267, 277, 278, 282, 284, 285, 287, 290, 292, 318–19, 320, 333
Caesar, Julius 165, 196, 231, 424, 428
Callender, Captain John 200–201
Cambridge 199, 204, 212, 217
Camden 380
Battle of 360, 408, 423
Cameron, Private Duncan 79
camisards 140
Campbell, Lieutenant Colonel Archibald 349
Canada
American invasions of 212, 217–18, 221, 229, 333, 348, 362
Americans withdraw from 229, 231
British administration of 170
British assaults on 112, 123, 134, 162–63
British conquest of 162–63, 164, 166, 167, 169
British offensives from 253–54, 271, 272, 297, 298, 307
French settlements in 18, 35
militiamen 59, 74, 78, 102
prisoners of war 235
supply of Indian trade goods from 148
veterans settle in 177
Cape Breton Island 112, 134
Cape François (Haiti) 389
Cape Henry 377, 396
Capes of Delaware 302
capital punishment 143–44, 183, 205, 252, 366
Caribbean 164, 168, 169, 171, 183, 213, 269, 339, 349, 355, 381, 382, 389, 390
Carleton, Sir Guy 212, 254
Carlisle 109, 114, 127
Carlisle, Earl of 339
Cartagena, siege of 23–25, 79, 121, 326
Carter, Landon 94–95, 317
Carter, Ensign Thomas 96
Cary, Robert 165, 174
Cary, Sarah see Fairfax, Sally
Castle William Island 224
Catawbas 69, 104, 114, 125, 136, 167
Catherine the Great, Empress of Russia 229
Cato 138, 218, 336
Cato 182
Cavaliers and Roundheads 13
Chadds Ford 304, 305
Chambly 217
Champlain, Lake 66, 254
Champlain Valley 113, 123, 162, 212, 217
Charles I, King 13, 14, 186
Charles II, King 13, 28
Charles XII, King of Sweden 165, 319
Charleston 120, 126, 166, 230, 267, 359, 390, 393, 396, 401, 407, 408, 418
Charlestown Peninsula 197
Charlotte 361, 378
HMS Charon 402
Chastellux, Major General François Jean le Beauvoir, Chevalier de 381–82, 394, 429
Chatterton Hill 256, 399
Cherokees 69, 110, 114–16, 125–26, 135, 166–68, 171, 208, 354, 422
Chesapeake Bay 15, 19, 20, 28, 69, 302, 375, 377, 383, 384, 388, 389, 390, 392, 393, 394, 395, 411
Chester 392
Chestnut Ridge 149
Chew, Joseph 148
Chew House (Germantown) 310, 312
Chickasaws 43, 167, 168, 424
Chippewas 422
Choctaws 424
Cincinnatus, Lucius Quinctius 4, 421
citizen soldiers 231
Claiborne’s Ferry 71
Clarke, Major Gedney 33
Clermont-Crèvecoeur, Jean François Louis, Comte de 384
Clinton, Major General Henry 197, 230, 231, 271, 313, 314, 315, 338, 372, 374, 377, 382, 385, 395, 399
and Arnold’s treason 363–64, 365–66
evacuation of Philadelphia 339–40, 341
Monmouth Court House 342, 344
New York 238, 239, 240, 246, 247, 301, 303
proposes attacking Boston 347
replaces Howe as commander in chief 336, 340
returns to New York 345, 346, 362
southern campaigns 3, 51–52, 359, 386, 387, 390
tries to force decisive engagement with Washington 350–51
Closen, Baron Ludwig von 376, 384, 390, 391, 392, 393, 394–95, 401, 411
Cocks, Captain William 89
Coercive Acts 181
Coldstream Guards 67
colonies
governors 19
as independent states 229
rivalry between 236
Committees of Observation and Inspection 186
Conciliatory Proposition 213
Concord 188, 191, 196, 217
Concorde (French frigate) 381
Congress
abandons Philadelphia for Baltimore 268, 271
appoints Washington commander in chief of Continental Army 194–95
Articles of Confederation 413
authorizes expansion and reorganization of Continental Army 249–52
and blockade of Hudson 258
British peace proposals to 245
declaration of American independence 232, 233–34
expects New York to be maintained 243
and formation of Continental Army 193–94
grants Washington full power over operation of war 268
increases military establishment 423
issues new Articles of War 251–52
lacks power to tax states to fund war effort 324
moves to York 307
Olive Branch Petition 213
raises a New Army (1798) 427
relationship with Washington 210, 328–33, 334
resolves to invade Canada 212
returns to Philadelphia 307, 372
and status of colonies 229
support for Washington 279
supports attack on Boston 191, 210–12
taxation 423
treatment of officers 334–35
treatment of troops 358, 371, 372–73, 412–15
Washington a delegate at First Continental Congress 186–87
Washington a delegate at Second Continental Congress 188, 191
Washington delivers formal resignation to 420
Connecticut 92, 348, 350, 395
militia 220, 246
troops from 209, 216, 218, 223, 279, 285, 326, 358, 371
Conococheague Creek 127
conscription 325, 328
Constitution, US 420
Continental Army
African American soldiers in 218, 262, 384–85, 397
after Yorktown 410–14
ammunition and supplies 193, 206, 221–22, 314, 323–25, 356–58
Articles of War 251, 333, 335, 358, 418
badges and ribbons 202
bounties 249, 285, 325, 371–72, 373, 394, 419
colonial rivalry in 236
condition and composition of (1781) 384–85, 391, 394, 409–10
Congress authorizes expansion and reorganization of 249–50
contenders for commander in chief 191
disbandment and back pay 412–15, 416–17, 418–19, 420
discipline and training 199, 200–201, 204–6, 218, 221, 251–52, 311, 337–39, 343, 357–58, 373–74, 398, 417–18
following end of Revolutionary War 420–21
foreigners and mercenaries in 315–16, 337
four administrative “Departments” 232
health and disease in 202, 297, 323, 328
manpower 199, 209, 214, 216, 218, 221, 228, 232, 236, 241–42, 249, 252–53, 257, 261–62, 263, 282, 284–85, 286, 287, 309, 317, 318, 325–28, 371, 379–80, 396
military protocol 202
motivation of average soldier in 410
officer corps starts to reflect Washington’s vision 334–36
pensions 335, 380, 428
problem of amateur part-timers in 209, 241–42
recruitment 193, 214, 218, 249, 269, 325–28
reorganization of 214, 218, 249–51, 268, 337–38, 340
resemblance to British Army 398, 409–10
senior officers 199, 201, 319–20
uniform 202–3, 323, 384, 409–10, 427–28
unrest in 358–59, 371–74, 394, 412–18
Washington as commander in chief 2, 3, 4, 50, 156, 191–92, 193, 199–203, 216, 253
Washington seeks reform of officer corps 250–51
Washington’s farewell address to 419
Washington’s vision of 220
winter sufferings of 356–59, 371–72
Continental Light Infantry 403
Contrecoeur, Claude Pierre Pécaudy, sieur de 51, 64
convict transports 20
Conway, Brigadier General/Major General Thomas 329–31, 332–33, 335, 337, 414
Copley, John Singleton 7
corn 160
Cor
nplater, Chief 355
Cornwallis, Major General Charles 230, 239, 262, 264, 266, 304, 342, 411
southern campaign 359, 360, 361, 374, 378–79, 380, 386
surrender 405–7, 408
Trenton-Princeton campaign 286, 287, 288, 289, 291, 295
Yorktown 387–90, 391, 392, 393, 395, 396, 400
Cornwallis, Jemima 286
Coryell’s Ferry 302
councils of war 195, 210, 222, 244, 255, 257, 261, 274, 276, 287, 289, 299, 308, 328–29, 341
Country Party 182
courts-martial 143, 150, 200, 205, 252, 312, 344
Cowpens, Battle of 378, 379, 399
Craik, James 50, 117, 127, 176, 177, 331, 430
Crawford, Captain/Colonel William 175, 176, 412
Cresap, Colonel Thomas 30
Croghan, George 58
Cromot du Bourg, Baron 377, 391, 392
Cromwell, Oliver 13, 186, 196, 268, 417
Cromwell, Oliver (black soldier) 397
Crosswicks 285, 287
Crown Point 66, 162, 215, 254
Cuba 164, 169, 187
Culloden, Battle of 79, 152, 183
Culpepper, John 28
Cumberland, William Augustus, Duke of 65, 67, 113, 219
Cunningham, Captain James 106, 108
Cunningham’s Fort 96
Custis, Daniel Parke 121, 182
Custis, John (Jacky) (step-son) 122, 160, 217
Custis, Martha Dandridge see Washington, Martha
Custis, Martha (“Patsy”) (stepdaughter) 122, 160
Custis, Nelly 217
Dagworthy, Captain John 88–89, 91, 94, 99
Dan River 378–79
Danbury 298, 348
Dandridge, Francis 180
Dandridge, William 121
Davies, Revd Samuel 81
de Grasse, Rear Admiral François Joseph Paul, Comte 381, 382, 383–84, 385, 386, 389, 390, 391–92, 393, 395–96, 411
De Keyser, Ensign Leehaynsious 93
Deane, Silas 337
declaration of American independence (1776) 232
Delaware, troops from 123, 149, 239, 249, 290, 294
Delaware River 92, 265, 266, 270, 271, 272, 273, 275, 276, 277, 278–79, 280, 282, 284, 287, 289, 297, 301, 302, 312, 316, 318, 340, 392
Delawares 3, 36, 39, 40, 58, 73, 135, 148, 161–62, 171, 352, 412, 422
Demeré, Captain Paul 57
Denny, William, Governor of Pennsylvania 135
desertion 143, 144, 216, 241–42, 252
Destouches, Chevalier 375–77
Detroit 161
Dettingen, Battle of 56, 79
Dickinson, John 186
Digby, Vice Admiral Robert 400
Dinwiddie, Robert, lieutenant governor of Virginia 35, 37, 38, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 49, 50, 52, 54, 55, 56, 60, 64, 66, 68, 71, 78, 80, 87, 89, 91, 94, 95, 97, 98, 99, 100, 104, 107, 110–11, 116–17, 157, 159–60, 175, 185, 209, 325
Dismal Swamp 174
Dobbs, Arthur, lieutenant governor of North Carolina 66
Dobbs Ferry 262
Doeg Indians 15