Making of the Atomic Bomb
Page 122
Oliphant and, 318–19, 324–25, 329–30
Oppenheimer and, 614
Peierls and, 321–25, 329–30, 339, 355, 612
thorium experiments of, 283
Trinity and, 655
uranium research of, 258–65, 269–71, 273, 319–20, 322–23, 610–12
Fromm, Friedrich, 403–4
Fuchida, Mitsuo, 391–92
Fuchs, Klaus, 522, 568
Fukuda, Yukiro, 393
Fukushima family, 712
Fulton, Robert, 313
Fussell, Paul, 736
Galen, 29
Galicia, gas attacks in, 93
Gallipoli, Allied campaign at, 89, 95–97
Galvani, Luigi, 229
gamma radiation, 42, 159–62, 574
Gamow, George:
Bohr and, 198, 269–70
emigration of, 198–99
nuclear model of, 228n
Teller and, 225, 269
thermonuclear reactions and, 370
tunnel-effect equations of, 149–50
Gamow, Rho, 198–99
gaseous-diffusion plants, 368–69, 380–81, 405–6, 485, 487, 489, 492–95, 500, 550, 552–54, 601–2
gas warfare, 90–95, 100–101, 358
Gatling, Richard Jordan, 101–2
Geiger, Hans, 67, 233, 296, 402
alpha scattering studied by, 48–49, 51n
Bethe and, 188, 189
Chadwick and, 156
Rutherford and, 46–49, 158
Geiger counter, 158, 201, 210
Genereaux, Raymond, 604
Geneva Convention, 594
Gentner, Wolfgang, 201, 344
George VI, King of England, 338
George Washington University, 269
German Workers Party, 174–75
Germany, Imperial, 16, 93
Germany, Nazi, 26
anti-Semitism in, 26, 185, 188, 192, 249, 445, 475, 630
atomic bomb development in, 325, 385, 403–5, 406, 411–13, 417, 431–32, 446–47, 511–14, 517, 524, 605–10, 613
atomic secrecy and, 279–82, 290, 293–95, 345, 350
atrocities committed by, 475
British bombing targets in, 469–75, 592–93
concentration camps of, 249, 475, 630
Denmark occupied by, 481–84
Groves’s intelligence gathering in, 605–6, 607–8, 612–13
nuclear chain-reaction research in, 371, 383–86, 609–10
nuclear fission research in, 296, 301, 303, 311–12, 326–27, 329–31, 341, 343–46, 350, 402
Poland invaded by, 309–10
radioactive warfare and, 510–11, 512–13
Scandinavia invaded by, 328–29
Soviet counterattack and, 401–2, 469
Soviet Union invaded by, 367, 501
Stalingrad and, 482
Sudetenland seized by, 244–46
surrender of, 629–30
tactical bombing by, 341
uranium oxide liberated from, 607–9, 612–13
Vemork heavy-water installation and, 455–57
Germany, Weimer Republic of, 17, 22
anti-Semitism in, 17–18, 116, 168–70, 174, 182, 183–85, 188
economy of, 18, 22, 174
Gershwin, George, 566
Giant bomber, 100
Gide, André, 667
Girard, Henri, 521
Glenn L. Martin plant, 582
Goebbels, Joseph, 18, 184
Goethe, Johann von, 55, 166
Goldhaber, Maurice, 244, 246
Goldschmidt, Bertrand, 579, 605
Golovin, Igor, 501
Gomorrah, Operation, 472
Göring, Hermann, 25, 402–3
Gotha bomber, 98–99
Göttingen, 126–27
Goudsmit, Samuel, 524, 606–7, 609
Grant, Ulysses, S., 521
Great Britain:
atrocities committed by, 475, 592–93
German cities targeted by, 469–75, 592–93
nuclear research in, 329–30, 334, 339–41, 350–51, 359–63, 367–69, 371–72, 375, 377–78, 382, 485
strategic bombing campaign of, 469–76
U.S. atomic collaboration with, 357–59, 500, 523–24, 526–27, 537, 543–44, 546, 655
Vemork sabotage operations and, 455–57, 468, 515
Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere, 392
Greenwalt, Crawford:
at CP-1, 439, 442
Hanford piles and, 498, 546, 556–58
Greisen, Kenneth, 668
Grew, Joseph C., 518–20
Grosse, Aristide von, 220, 332–33
Grosz, George, 17
group theory, 187
Groves, Leslie R.:
administration of atomic bomb project and, 424–25, 427–28, 431, 447–49, 453, 476–77, 522–23, 743, 745
on B-29s, 585–86
background of, 425–26
blockbuster program and, 589–90, 591
Bohr and, 523
Bush and, 426–27, 477
Clinton and, 487, 490, 602
Compton and, 503
Conant and, 601, 669
Condon’s conflict with, 468
directive for atomic bomb release drafted by, 691–92
electromagnetic isotope separation and, 489–92, 495, 602
Farrell and, 699
gaseous diffusion and, 492–96, 602
German intelligence gathering and, 605–6, 607–8, 612–13
Hanford piles and, 559–60
Hiroshima atomic bombing and, 734–35
implosion experiments and, 542, 576
Interim Committee and, 630, 633–34, 641–42, 646
Kirkpatrick and, 679–80
Kistiakowsky and, 542
Lawrence and, 448, 491
liquid thermal diffusion and, 552–53
Los Alamos and, 449, 450–51, 453–54, 459–60, 465, 564, 567, 570
George Marshall and, 560, 576, 605, 612–13, 640, 686–87, 743
NRL research and, 551
Oak Ridge and, 427–28, 486, 601
Oppenheimer and, 447–50, 454, 546, 548, 552–53, 571–72, 612, 655, 664, 676, 734–35
Parsons and, 477, 590, 591, 655
pile studies and, 431–32, 434
plutonium production and, 496–97
political implications of atomic bomb and, 633, 638
radioactive warfare and, 511, 512
Stimson and, 640–41
Szilard’s disagreements with, 502–3, 506, 508, 649
Target Committee and, 626–28
Trinity and, 571–72, 654, 656, 658, 661, 663–64, 666, 668–69, 675–76, 686–87, 688
Truman and, 624, 625–26
uranium supplies and, 427, 500, 638, 649
Urey and, 495–96
Vemork sabotage operations and, 455
Guadalcanal, 518–20
Guadalcanal Diary (Tregaskis), 519–20
Guam, 554, 591, 593–94, 597
Guggenheim, Daniel, 185
Guggenheim Aeronautical Laboratory, 185
Guillain, Robert, 588, 590–91, 598–99
Gunn, Ross, 295, 303, 551
Gustaf V. King of Sweden, 483–84
Haakon VII, King of Norway, 328
Haber, Clara Immerwahr, 95
Haber, Fritz, 16, 81, 109, 112, 173
gas-warfare work of, 92–93, 95
Hachiya, Michihiko, 713, 714, 716–17, 724–32, 747
Haeckel, Ernst Heinrich, 55
hafnium, 236
Hafstad, Lawrence R., 271–72, 334
Hagiwara, Tokutaro, 375, 459
Hague Declaration of 1899 Concerning Asphyxiating Gases, 91–93
Hahn, Edith, 250
Hahn, Otto, 78, 263, 312, 352, 402, 603
actinium-lanthanum experiment of, 253–55, 260
Bohr and, 248
Fischer’s collaboration with, 79
gas-warfare work of, 92–93
Hiroshima
atomic bombing and, 735
Meitner and, 23, 45, 79–81, 187, 191, 220–21, 232, 234, 236, 250–51, 253–54, 256, 257, 260–62, 612
Pash and, 609–10
radioactivity studied by, 45, 80–81, 85
Rosbaud and, 253, 256, 261
Strassmann’s collaboration with, 234, 247–48, 251–55, 257–58, 262
Szilard and, 45
uranium research of, 232, 234–35, 247–48, 250–55, 257–58, 260–62, 266
Haigerloch, 609–10
Halban, Hans von, 290, 296, 344–45, 359
Halifax, Edward F. L. Wood, Lord, 526, 528, 538, 620
half-life, 43
Halsey, William F., 517–18
Hamburg, bombing of, 471–75
Hamburg, University of, 147, 190
Hamilton, Sir Ian, 96
Hanford Engineer Works:
chemical separation buildings at, 603–4
construction of, 498–500, 557
plutonium production piles of, 497–500, 548, 557–60, 603–4
Hankow, bombing of, 589
Hansell, Haywood S., Jr., 587–89, 591
Hansen, Hans, 73–74
Harnack, Adolf von, 78–79
Harper’s, 445, 520–21, 693, 696
Harriman, Averell, 621–22, 625–26
Harris, Sir Arthur, 469–72
Harrison, George L.:
Interim Committee and, 628–30
Little Boy’s readiness and, 689, 691
Stimson and, 685–87, 688–89
Trinity and, 685–87, 688
Harrison, Stewart, 446
Harteck, Paul, 296, 343, 402
isotope separation and, 311–12, 326, 329, 345–46
Harvard University, 121–23
Harvey, William, 97
Hashimoto, Mochitsura, 694, 696
Haukelid, Knut, 455–57, 513–17
Heisenberg, Elisabeth, 383–86
Heisenberg, Werner, 126, 132, 206, 208, 263, 402–5
appearance of, 115
Bohr and, 115–16, 129–31, 383–86, 513, 523–24
heavy-water reactors and, 513, 523–24, 609–10
neutron multiplication measurement by, 343–44
nuclear chain-reaction experiments of, 371, 383
nuclear fission and, 311, 326
Pash and, 607, 609–10
Peierls and, 386
quantum theory studied by, 116–17
Schrödinger and, 128–29
Speer and, 404
uncertainty principle of, 130–33, 151, 364
helium, 43, 45, 72
as pile coolant, 411, 497–98
Henry, Thomas, 273
Herschel, Sir William, 118
Hersey, John, 518–19
Hertz, Heinrich, 36–37
Hess, Rudolf, 175
Hevesy, George de, 139, 235–36, 263
awards of, 106
background of, 105, 106, 109–10
Bohr and, 67, 69, 72, 81, 84–85, 110, 115, 225–26, 329
Hilbert, David, 117
Hill, A. V., 334
Hill, R. D., 246
Himmler, Heinrich, 181, 235, 402–3
Hirohito, Emperor, Japanese surrender terms and, 684, 686, 689, 742–46
Hiroshima:
atomic bomb run over, 708–11
as atomic bomb target, 627, 628, 632, 639, 689, 691, 696, 699, 700, 708
casualties in, 714–34
devastation of, 710–11, 714–15, 717–21, 727–30, 732–33
history of, 712, 728
Little Boy detonated on, 710–11, 713–17
map of, 729
mass cremations in, 730–32
military importance of, 712–13
politicians’ reactions to atomic bombing of, 734, 736–37
propagandizing atomic bombing of, 736–37
radiation sickness in, 731–32
scientists’ reactions to atomic bombing of, 734–36
survivors of, 713–33
Hiroshima bomb, see Little Boy
Hiroshima Castle, 712, 718
Hirschfelder, Joseph O., 662
History of Modern Philosophy (Høffding), 61
Hitler, Adolf, 25, 183, 292, 335, 370, 518
Anschluss and, 235, 237, 241–42
anti-Semitism of, 174–76, 181, 184, 475, 482
atomic bomb and, 404–5
Battle of Britain and, 341–42, 470
Bohr on, 524, 532
Chamberlain and, 244–46, 320
Danish occupation and, 482
Goebbels and, 18, 184
Mussolini and, 241–42, 245–46
Polish invasion and, 309–10
Soviet counterattack and, 402
Soviet invasion and, 367
Speer and, 403, 404–5, 418
suicide of, 628
twenty-five points of, 175
H. K. Ferguson, 553
Høffding, Harald, 55, 60–61, 76
Holy Sonnets (Donne), 572
home refrigeration, Einstein and Szilard on, 20–21, 174
Honshu, 641
Hooper, Stanford C., 293–95
Hoover, Gilbert C., 314–16
Hoover, Herbert, 237, 310, 314, 337, 618
Hopkins, Harry L., 337–38, 521
Horgan, Paul, 122, 124
Hornig, Donald, 665, 667–70
Horthy, Nicholas, 15–16, 112–13, 292
Houdaille-Hershey Corporation, 494, 495–96, 552, 554, 601
Houtermans, Fritz, 106, 370–71
Hubbard, Jack M., 658, 663–67, 676–77
Hull, Cordell, 310, 684–86
Hungarian Revolution (1918), 109–11
Hungarian Soviet Republic, 110–13
Hungary, 104–7, 109, 112–13, 185, 292
Hurewicz, Witold, 309
Huxley, Aldous, 468
hydrogen, spectral analysis of, 73
hydrogen bomb, 422
atomic bomb as detonator for, 563–64
atomic bomb compared to, 418–20, 563–64
Conant and, 563, 643
destructive potential of, 563, 643
deuterium as prime explosive in, 563–64
Los Alamos’ development of, 466, 476, 539–40, 543–44, 546, 563
Oppenheimer and, 546, 563–64, 643
political implications of, 564
Teller and, 374–75, 416–18, 539–40, 543, 546, 563
tritium required for, 543–44, 546, 563, 564
Ulam and, 543
uranium and, 371, 375
“Hymne to God My God, in My Sicknesse” (Donne), 572
I-58 submarine, 694, 696
Ibuse, Masuji, 711
Ihne, Ernst von, 79
Imperial Army Fifth Division, Japanese, 712
Imperial Guards, Japanese, 745
Imperial Navy, Japanese, 457, 580
implosion, 542–43, 546–47, 561
diagnostics developed for, 573–74
hydrodynamics of, 544
lenses used for, 545, 549, 575–78, 655, 656–57
shock-wave behavior in, 544–45
implosion bomb, see Fat Man
incendiaries, 596–97, 598–99
Indianapolis, torpedoing of, 693–96, 738
indium, 246–47, 254
Infeld, Leopold, 169–70, 196
Inferno (Dante), 595
“Influence of hydrogenous substances on the radioactivity produced by neutrons—I” (Fermi), 219
information theory, 19
Ingeborg, Princess of Sweden, 483
Institute for Advanced Study, 109, 186, 284, 636
Institute for Theoretical Physics, 114, 165
Interim Committee, 628–29, 637
atomic bomb’s use recommended by, 650–51, 697
industrialists present at, 649–50
Scientific Panel of, 630, 633, 641–49, 696–97
Interior Department, U.S., 100
International Congress of Anthropological and Ethnological Sci
ences (1938), 243
International Physical Congress (1927), 128, 131–32
Interpretation of Radium (Soddy), 44
Iowa State College, 435
Irving, David, 346
Isezaki, 745
isothermal sphere, 671
isotopes, 43, 83
Italian Research Council, 209
Italy, 240–42, 249
Iwo Jima, 593–95
Jahrbuch der Radioaktivität und Elektronik, 172
James, Henry, 53–54, 57
James, William, 60
Japan:
atomic-attack warning proposal and, 647–50, 682, 684, 685–86, 691
atomic-warfare propaganda in, 736–37
atrocities committed by, 475
civilian casualties in, 595, 599–600, 640, 649, 714–34, 740–42
conventional bombing of, 407, 554, 586, 588–92, 595–600, 612, 627, 639–40, 649, 679, 687–88, 734
military policy of, 390, 518–20, 555, 556, 593–95, 597–98, 687–88, 698–99
nuclear research in, 327, 346, 375, 457–59, 580–82, 612
Pearl Harbor attacked by, 389–93
Stimson’s program for, 683–85, 689, 693, 742
surrender terms and proposals for, 684–89, 691, 692–93, 697, 736–37, 742–46
U.S. proposed invasion of, 641, 693–94, 698, 713, 736
Jeans, James, 84, 230
Jeppson, Morris, 705–6, 708
Jette, Eleanor, 569–70
Jette, Eric, 569–70
Jewett, Frank, 336–37, 362–66, 373–74, 386–87
Jews:
in Hungary, 105–7, 109, 111–12, 185
see also anti-Semitism
Joachimsthal mines, 118–19, 120
Jodl, Alfred, 629
Joffe, Abram, 501
Joint Chiefs of Staff, U.S., 588, 589, 641, 686–87
Joliot-Curie, Irène and Frédéric, 327, 344, 427, 505, 606
beryllium radiation research of, 159–64
nuclear fission and, 271, 290, 296
positron research of, 200–201
radioactivity research of, 201–4, 209, 211, 213, 230
uranium research of, 234–35, 247
Joly, Maurice, 183
Jones, R. V., 455, 529–30
Jordan, Pascual, 117, 206
Jornada del Muerto, 652–53, 664, 666, 675, 678, 700
Joseph II, Emperor of Austria, 179
Kaiser Wilhelm Institutes, 16, 20, 23, 25, 45, 78–79, 81, 93, 173, 233–36, 251, 312, 331–32, 343, 345, 402, 607, 610
Kaiser Wilhelm Society, 78–79, 403–4
Kalkar, Fritz, 228n
kamikaze attacks, 597–98
Kapitza, Peter, 165, 216, 501, 528–29
Rutherford and, 38, 164
Kármán, Mór, 105–6
Kármán, Theodore von, 104, 415
background of, 105–7, 109–11, 113
emigration of, 185
Károli, Mihály, 109–10
Kedourie, Elie, 781
Keegan, John, 102
Keitel, Wilhelm, 402–3
Kellex, 494–96