Making of the Atomic Bomb
Page 123
Kelvin, Lord, see Thomson, William
Kennedy, Joseph W., 353, 355, 674
Kierkegaard, Søren, 60–61, 63–64, 75, 76–77, 131
Kimmel, Husband E., 390–92
King Joseph Institute of Technology, 15
Kirk, Paul, 409
Kirkpatrick, Elmer, 679–80, 701
Kistiakowsky, George B.:
Alvarez and, 574–75
background of, 376–77
Compton and, 382, 387
Conant and, 358, 376–77, 542, 661–62
Groves and, 542
high-explosive castings of, 577, 656–57
implosion studies and, 542, 545, 547, 549, 574–77, 612
lens formulation and, 545, 549, 655, 656–57
Los Alamos and, 542–43, 545, 547, 565–67
military aspects of nuclear fission and, 377, 382, 387
Neddermeyer and, 542–43, 545, 547
Neumann and, 542
Oppenheimer and, 542, 547, 576, 661–62, 675
Parsons and, 542–43, 547, 549, 576
Trinity and, 655, 656–63, 667, 669, 675
Kitchener, Horatio Herbert, Lord, 96
Klaproth, Martin H., 118, 355
Klein, Oskar, 54, 57–58, 131
Knuth, Gus, 433
Kobe, firebombing of, 592, 600
Koestler, Arthur, 110–11
Kohman, Truman, 413
Kokura Arsenal:
as atomic bomb target, 628, 632, 689, 691, 700, 739
attempted atomic bomb run over, 740
scheduling atomic bombing of, 737–38
Konopinski, Emil, 416–17, 420
Kopp, Father, 716
Kowarski, Lew, 290, 296, 344–45
Koyama, Dr., 716
Kristallnacht, 249
Kuhnwald, Gottfried, 192–93, 195–96
Kumagaya, 745
Kun, Béla, 15–16, 110
Kungälv, 256–57
Kurchatov, Igor, 327, 500–502
Kuribayashi, Tadamichi, 594, 595
Kurti, Nicholas, 340
Kyoto, as atomic bomb target, 632, 639, 640–41, 647, 686
Kyoto, University of, 375, 459
Kyushu, 641, 713
Lady Godiva, 610
Lamb, Willis E., Jr., 267
Landsdale, John, Jr., 508, 583–84
Stassfurt mission of, 607–9, 612–13
lanthanum, 235, 247
Laplace, Pierre Simon de, 130
Larsen, Alf, 513–17
Lateran Councils (1179, 1215), 177
Laue, Max von, 16, 189, 236, 250, 329, 609, 735
Houtermans and, 370–71
Szilard and, 17, 19–20
on X-ray crystallography, 17, 19, 82
Lauritsen, Charles C., 144, 368, 446
Lavender, Robert A., 506, 507–8
Law for the Restoration of the Career Civil Service (1933), 26, 185, 188, 192
Lawrence, Ernest O., 21, 351–52, 776–77
arms race and, 643–44
background of, 143–45
Bush’s conflicts with, 361–62, 373, 378, 387
calutrons of, see racetracks
Compton and, 374–76, 381–83, 388, 399–400
cyclotrons and particle acceleration studied by, 145–48, 165, 240, 259, 349, 360, 487
electromagnetic isotope separation and, 360, 373, 388, 405–6, 448, 487–91, 500, 600, 602
Groves and, 448, 491
Interim Committee and, 630, 643, 648, 696
military aspects of nuclear fission and, 360–62, 366–67, 373–75, 377–78, 381–83
Oliphant and, 360, 373, 377
Oppenheimer and, 143, 146–47, 149, 151, 381–82, 444–47
plutonium’s fissibility and, 366–68, 388
political implications of atomic bomb and, 643
Trinity and, 656, 668–69, 672
Lawrence, John, 151, 240
Lawrence, William L., 706
Lee, Robert E., 521
LeMay, Curtis E., 589
Arnold and, 597, 599, 687
background of, 586–87
bombing strategy of, 586, 587, 595–96, 600, 627, 639–40, 649, 679–80, 687
Iwo Jima and, 593–94, 595
Little Boy’s combat delivery and, 701
Norstad and, 591–92, 597, 600
Tibbets and, 680
Tokyo bombings and, 595–98, 599–600
Lenard, Philipp, 47, 170
Lenin, V. I., 15
Lenz, M., 239
Leucippus, 29
Lewis, Isaac, 101
Lewis, Robert, 586, 700
Enola Gay and, 703–4
with Little Boy strike crew, 705–8, 710–11
Lewis, W. K., 376, 465, 476, 553
Libby, Leona Woods Marshall, 422–23, 425–26
Herbert Anderson and, 428, 437
Fermi and, 231–32, 363, 428, 436, 499, 568
Hanford piles and, 499, 556–57, 604
Los Alamos and, 568
plutonium described by, 659–60
Liebow, Averill A., 714–15, 719–30, 732, 734
Liebowitz, Benjamin, 194, 289
Life, 698–99
Lifton, Robert J., 715, 717, 720, 723, 728, 730, 732–33
light, characteristics of, 70–71, 128, 363–64
Lindbergh, Charles, 307, 312, 330
Lindemann, Frederick A. (Lord Cherwell), 339, 359, 455
Bohr and, 484, 529–30, 538
Churchill and, 223, 246, 320, 371–72, 469–70, 529–30, 537–38
Los Alamos visited by, 546
military aspects of nuclear fission and, 371–72
on strategic vs. area bombing, 469–71, 586
Szilard and, 222–25, 236, 246
Little Boy (uranium gun), 541, 549, 561, 590
assembling of, 706, 708
blast wave from, 716, 718–19
critical mass for, 601, 610–11, 614, 631, 651
description of, 701–2
explosive yield of, 631, 643, 709, 711
firestorm caused by, 719–27
fusing components of, 701–3
heat generated by, 714–15, 717–19
jettisoning of, 631
light flash of, 713–14, 716
Pacific shipping arrangements for, 655, 662, 678, 692, 693
Parsons and, 477–78, 549, 576–78
readiness of, 689, 691, 699
Little Boy, combat delivery of:
casualties produced by, 714–34
crews briefed for, 700–710
to Hiroshima, 710–11, 713–17
Lewis’ narration of, 706–8, 710
loading for, 701, 703
results of, 713–37
strike crew for, 704–11
weather as factor in, 699–700, 701, 704–5, 708
Livingston, M. Stanley, 148
Lloyd George, David:
Smuts and, 99–100
Weizmann and, 88–90
Locker-Lampson, Oliver S., 195
Lodge, Sir Oliver, 84
London, strategic bombing of, 99–100, 341–43, 470
Loomis, Alfred, 351, 361, 367
Los Alamos, 121, 449
British mission to, 523–24, 527, 543–44, 546
Chemistry and Metallurgy Division of, 569–70
construction of, 451–52, 459–60, 476
Critical Assemblies group of, 610
Cyclotron Program of, 566
Delivery Group of, 582, 585
Experimental Physics Division of, 549
fires at, 569–70
Fuller Lodge of, 459, 565, 569
Fuze Development group of, 565
gambling at, 566
G Division of, 573–74, 577, 580, 610
Governing Board of, 540, 541, 543–44
gun research at, 541–42
history of, 450–51
hobbies enjoyed at, 567–68
hydrogen bomb development at, 466, 476, 539–40, 543–44, 546, 56
3
as instant community, 453
laboratory work planning at, 465–68, 538–40
Ordnance Division of, 477, 549, 573, 576–77
plutonium crisis at, 548, 553
prostitution at, 566–67
radiation poisoning at, 569
review committee of, 476
scientific staff of, 454, 460, 464–66, 476, 479–80, 538–39, 549, 561–73, 578, 580, 610–12, 652
security arrangements for, 453–55, 460, 464, 468, 566–67, 570–71
Serber’s orientation lectures at, 460–65
social life at, 565–67
T Building of, 460
Tech Area of, 460, 479, 565, 569, 613
Theoretical Physics Division of, 460, 538–40, 543–46, 566, 570
Town Council of, 566–67
X Division of, 576–77
Los Alamos Primer, 460, 462–63, 466, 578
Lo Sordo, Antonino, 209, 241
Louis I, King of France and Germany, 177
Lovett, Robert, 650
Lübeck, 470–71
Ludwig, Carl, 54–55
Luftwaffe, 342
MacArthur, Douglas, 390, 407, 554, 588, 641, 686–87
McDaniel, Boyce, 660
McDonald Ranch, David, 653, 659, 664
McGill University, 42, 45, 47, 80
machine guns, 101–2
McKibben, Joseph, 665, 667, 669, 672
McMillan, Edwin M., 353, 355
gun research of, 541
implosion experimentation and, 478–79
Los Alamos and, 450, 460, 541, 567
Neddermeyer and, 478–79
nuclear fission experiments of, 348–50, 351
Trinity and, 668, 674
McMillan, Elsie, 567, 657
Madach, Imre, 107–8
“magnetic detector of electrical waves and some of its applications, A” (Rutherford), 37
Mahabharata, 662–63
Manchester, University of, 31, 46–48, 66–69, 82, 86, 155–56
Manchester, William, 519, 594, 595
Manchester Guardian, 88, 89
Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society, 50
Mandl, Otto, 24–25, 26
Manhattan Project, 449, 451, 584
Abelson and, 551–52
compartmentalization of, 502–3, 508
Goldschmidt’s description of, 605
radioactive warfare and, 510–11
Szilard’s challenge to, 502–10
Truman and, 614, 617–18, 624
Manifesto della Razza (1938), 242
Manley, John H., 449
Los Alamos and, 451–53, 459, 465
Neddermeyer and, 467
Marconi, Guglielmo, 37
Marianas campaign, 554
Marine Corps, U.S., 554–56, 594–95
Marsden, Ernest, 67
alpha scattering studied by, 48–50, 51n, 135–36
Rutherford and, 38–39, 135–36
Marshack, Jacob, 192
Marshall, George C., 378, 390, 428, 620
atomic bomb’s international control and, 646
atomic bomb’s use supported by, 687–88, 691
Bohr and, 535
Groves and, 560, 576, 605, 612–13, 640, 686–87, 743
Interim Committee and, 642, 646–47
Japanese surrender sought by, 736–37
proposed Japanese invasion and, 641
radioactive warfare and, 511, 512–13
Stimson and, 618, 640–41, 642
Truman and, 622
Marshall, James C., 412, 424, 490
Marshall, John:
Fermi and, 428, 499, 557–58
Hanford piles and, 557–58
pile studies and, 401, 428–29, 434, 436–37
Martinez, Maria, 569
Marx, Karl, 446
Masefield, John, 97, 103
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Radiation Laboratory at, 415–16, 452
mass-spectrograph, 139–41, 215–16, 487, 494, 602 U235 and, 285, 297–98, 313
matter, theory of, 40
Matthias, Franklin T., 604
MAUD Committee, 329–31, 340–41, 350, 362, 367, 371, 373–74, 501, 652
atomic bomb report of, 368–69, 377, 382, 386, 605
Maxim, Hiram Stevens, 101
Maxwell, James Clerk, 30, 39, 50, 65
“mechanism of nuclear fission, The” (Bohr and Wheeler), 311, 319, 323
Meiji Emperor of Japan, 712
Mein Kampf (Hitler), 23, 175–76, 183, 184
Meitner, Lise, 54, 200, 208, 228
background of, 233–36
Chadwick and, 159, 233
Einstein and, 80, 259–60
emigration of, 235–36, 250
Fischer and, 80
Frisch and, 233–34, 257–65, 286, 318, 612
Hahn and, 23, 45, 79–81, 187, 191, 220–21, 232, 234, 236, 250–51, 253–54, 256, 257, 260–62, 612
Maud Committee and, 340–41
on nuclear fission, 258–65, 269–71, 273, 286
Planck and, 79, 80, 250
Szilard and, 25, 187
uranium research of, 232, 234–35, 248, 258–64
meltdown, 432–33
Melvill, Thomas, 72
“Memorandum on the properties of a radioactive ‘super-bomb’ ” (Frisch and Peierls), 324–25
Mendelssohn, Kurt, 197
Menuhin, Yehudi, 17
Meyer, R.C., 272–73, 289–90
Michigan, University of, 266
Miës van der Rohe, Ludwig, 17
Military Policy Committee, U.S., 424, 449, 477, 491, 500, 553, 626
Millikan, Helen, 428
Millikan, Robert A., 97, 366, 428
Minnesota, University of, 332
Mishima, Yukio, 743–44, 746
Mitchell, Billy, 591
Miyuki Bridge, 724
Møller, Poul Martin, 58–61, 131
Molotov, Vyacheslav, 199, 622–23, 736
Monod, Jacques, 13
Monsanto Chemical Company, 579
Moon, P. B., 195, 329–30, 339, 522
Mõri, Terumoto, 712
Morrison, Philip, 165, 274–75, 445
on Tinian, 681
Trinity and, 659, 668–69, 673, 678, 710
Moseley, Henry, Jr. (Harry), 123, 153, 156
Bohr and, 82–85
military service of, 86, 96–97
X-ray spectra studied by, 81–84
Moseley, Henry, Sr. (father), 82
Most Secret Operation Order No. 173, 471–72
Mount Wilson Observatory, 186
Munich, University of, 30, 129
Munich crisis (1938), 244–46
Muroc Army Air Force Base, Calif., 582
Murphree, Eger V., 388, 553
Musashi aircraft engine factory, 588–89
Musée d’Histoire Naturelle, 41
Musil, Robert, 110
Mussolini, Benito, 128, 208, 240–42, 245–46, 482
mustard gas, 94, 100
Mutsuhito, Meiji Emperor of Japan, 712
Nabokov, Vladimir, 17
Nagaoka, Hantaro, 50–51, 458
Nagasaki:
atomic bombing of, 740
atomic bomb leaflets dropped on, 737
as atomic bomb target, 628, 689, 691, 700, 739–40
casualties in, 740–42
devastation of, 742
map of, 741
Tibbet’s role in atomic bombing of, 737–39
torpedo factory in, 393, 739
Nagasaki bomb, see Fat Man
Nagoya, fire raids on, 591, 600
Napoleon I, Emperor of France, 313, 401–2
National Academy of Sciences (NAS), 362–64, 368–69, 373
atomic bomb reports of, 365, 376, 382, 386–87, 405
National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics, 365
National Bureau of Standards, U.S., 314, 338, 466
National Defense Research Council (NDRC), 336–38,
351, 357, 359–61, 365–69, 372, 374, 376–78, 394, 396, 505, 542
Nature, 23, 164, 202, 208–9, 213, 216, 221, 227, 230–31, 262, 264–66, 269, 273, 296, 405
Naturwissenschaften, 236, 248, 253–54, 260, 266, 270
Naval Boiler and Turbine Laboratory, U.S., 551
Naval Research Laboratory (NRL), U.S., 380, 507, 549–51
Naval Technological Research Institute, Japanese, 457–58
Navy, U.S., 594–95, 597–98, 737
Navy Bureau of Ordnance, U.S., 552
Navy Department, U.S., 294–95, 300–301, 303, 390
Nazi Party, 175, 482–83
Neddermeyer, Seth:
Alvarez and, 547
implosion experiments of, 478–80, 540, 541–45, 547, 573
Kistiakowsky and, 542–43, 545, 547
lens formulation and, 545
Los Alamos and, 478–80, 540, 542–45, 547
McMillan and, 478–79
Manley and, 467
Neumann and, 479–80, 540
Oppenheimer and, 467, 547
ordnance and, 466–67, 478–80
Parsons and, 478, 479, 542–43
Nelson, Donald, 427
Nelson, Richard R., 704
Nelson College, 36
neptunium, 350, 351, 353–54
Nernst, Walther, 222
Netherlands, 341
Neumann, John von:
background of, 105, 106–9, 111–13, 126
Bethe and, 575
emigration of, 187, 196
implosion theory and, 479–80, 540, 541–42, 544–45
Kistiakowsky and, 542
lens formulations by, 545, 575–76
Los Alamos and, 479–80, 540, 541, 544–45, 566
Neddermeyer and, 479–80, 540
Target Committee and, 626, 628
Teller and, 480
Ulam and, 107, 112–13, 543–44
Wigner and, 108–9, 196
Neumann, Max von, 105, 111–12
neutrinos, 233
“Neutron capture and nuclear constitution” (Bohr), 227–28
neutron multiplication experiments, 343–44
“Neutron production and absorption in uranium” (Anderson, Fermi, and Szilard), 300
neutrons, 24, 27
Chadwick’s research on, 23, 153–58, 160–67, 578, 668
nuclear bombardment with, 208–13, 216–20, 226–27, 231, 349
nuclear capture of, 226–27, 282–83, 286–87
Rutherford’s research on, 153–58, 162, 164
Szilard on, 28, 300
uranium’s release of, 280–81, 288–93, 298, 300, 343–44
New Deal, 525, 619
Newton, Isaac, 29–30, 39, 65, 168, 230
New York Times, 273, 297, 706
New Zealand, University of, 36
Next of Kin, 429
Nicholas I, Czar of Russia, 179
Nichols, Kenneth D., 429, 490, 548, 610
Groves and, 426–27
Nicholson, J. W., 72
Nielsen, J. Rud, 64
Nier, Alfred O. C., 285, 297–98, 347
gaseous-diffusion plants and, 494, 602