Supreme Commander
Page 39
Woodard, William P. The Allied Occupation of Japan 1945–1952 and Japanese Religions. E. J. Brill (Leiden, Netherlands), 1972.
Yoshida, Shigeru. The Yoshida Memoirs: The Story of Japan in Crisis. Heinemann (UK), 1961.
Index
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Abu Ghraib, 205
Acheson, Dean, xvi, 58–59, 101, 223, 242–43, 254–55, 259, 266, 271, 278, 295
Acton, Lord, 279
Adams, John, 204
Advance to Barbarism (Veale), 210–11
Akihito, Crown Prince of Japan, 79, 118
as emperor, 294
Alexander the Great, 66, 277
Allied Council for Japan (ACJ), 64, 91, 93, 101, 166–67, 169, 176, 251, 281
Allison, John M., 252, 256, 262
Almond, Ned, 101
Alsop, Stewart, 252
Amaterasu (war goddess), 122
American Caesar (Manchester), 295
American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), 220
American Council on Japan, 235–37
American Expeditionary Force
Europe (1918), 4 (see also Forty-Second Infantry)
Siberia (1919–20), 17
American Famine Emergency Committee, 106
anthrax, 178, 181, 183–84, 194, 196–97
antitrust, 231, 235–36
Anti-Trust and Cartels Division, 235–36
Appomattox, 34, 55
Arisue, Seizo, 29–30
Army, Department of, U.S., 143, 229, 243
Army-Navy football game, 14
Arnold, Henry “Hap,” xv, 6
Asahi Shimbun (newspaper), 265
Ashida, Hitoshi, 134, 137
Ashmead, John, 140n
Associated Press, 161
Atcheson, George, 97, 101, 125, 127, 161, 169, 224, 255, 290
Atkinson, Brooks, 225
Atlantic Charter (1941), 72
Atlantic Monthly, 140n
atom bomb, xv–xvi, 3, 10, 13, 24, 28, 45, 48–49, 55, 104, 178, 182, 194, 217–19, 246, 281
atrocities, 33, 72–73, 80–81, 198, 200–206, 295. See also war crimes trials
Auschwitz, 295
Australia, 42, 47, 64, 72, 136, 174, 183, 198, 202, 251
Baba, Kikutaro, 249
Baldwin, Hanson, 275
Baldwin, Karl, 56
Baldwin, Roger, 220
Ball, Macmahon, 279, 281
balloon attacks, 181–82
baseball, 100, 105, 160, 244–48, 282–83
Bataan Death March, 73, 75, 106, 204
Bataan gang, 95, 101
Bay of Pigs fiasco, 259
Beard, Charles A., 151
Beard, Mary, 151
Belisarius, 227
Bertelli, Angelo, 218
biological weapons (BW), 178–97, 212–13, 295–96
Tokyo attack of 1948, 191–93
USSR war crimes trial and, 194–95
Bird, Horace, 38
birth control, 149, 151
Bismarck, Otto von, 65
Bisson, Thomas, 95
Black Dragon Society, 21
black market, 49, 91, 109, 169, 226, 239, 283
Blaik, Earl “Red,” 14, 293
Blyth, Dr. Reginald, 118–21
Bolsheviks, 17, 171
Bonus Army, 5, 7–8, 172
Bowers, Faubion, 69, 73, 78, 220, 286
Bradley, Omar, 7, 162, 260, 275, 279
Bremer, Paul, 70n
Britain, 86–87, 131, 208. See also United Kingdom
British House of Commons, 201
Brooke, Sir Alan, 33
Buddhists, 123
Bulge, Battle of the, 33
Bull Run, Battle of, 14
Buna, Battle of, 13, 28, 100, 163, 278, 287
Bunce, Dr. Arthur, 255
Burma, 63
Bush, George W., 70n, 299
Byrnes, James, xvi, 63, 92–94, 103, 142–43, 166–67, 176
Caesar, Julius, 66, 277
Camp Detrick, Maryland (later Fort Detrick), 182, 184, 189, 196–97, 296
Canada, 42, 198
Castro, Fidel, 250
censorship, 89, 169, 219–20, 246
Cheney, Dick, 280
“Cherry Blossoms at Night” plan, 194, 196
Chiang Kai-shek, 110, 181, 242
China, 17, 42, 72, 81, 181. See also Manchuria; Pingfan, China
biological weapons and, 218, 296 (see also Unit 731)
Communist, 101, 175, 208, 223, 242–43
FEC and, 63–64, 93, 144
Japanese POWs in, 174–75
Korean War and, 259, 260–61, 275
reparations and, 113, 233n, 252
war crimes trials and, 198–99
Choate, Joseph H., Jr., 155–56, 290
cholera, 184, 195–96
Christianity, 123, 225
Christmas, 123
Churchill, Winston, xiii, 28, 33, 181, 184, 201, 272, 281
civilian affairs teams, 94–95
Civilian Conservation Corps, 5
Civil Information and Education Section, 95, 110–11, 118, 153, 219, 257
civil liberties, 113, 115–16, 122, 125, 219–20, 227. See also democracy; freedom of speech; political reform
Civil Rights Act (U.S., 1964), 153
civil service reform, 173
Civil War, 14, 180, 200, 212
Clausewitz, Carl von, 290
Clay, Lucius, 230
Clinton, Hillary, 299
Coalition Provisional Authority (Iraq, 2003), 70n
Cohen, Theodore, 95, 283
Cold War, 221, 288
colonialism, 208, 252
Combined Advisory Committee on Tropical Medicine, Hygiene and Sanitation, 183
command accountability, 200, 205–7
Committee for the Investigation of Constitutional Problems (Matsumoto Committee), 126–27, 135
Committee of Three, 55
Committee to Popularize the Constitution, 141
Communism, 99, 101, 113, 152, 165–66, 225–27, 241–42, 252–56, 260–61, 266, 292
Communist Party of Japan, 143, 152, 166–76, 227, 242, 253, 287, 290
strike threat of 1947, 169–74
Compton, Dr. Karl, 185, 194
Conant, Dr. James, 159
Connally, Tom, 8
constitution, Japan (1951), 86, 95, 113–14, 121, 125–46, 219, 228, 283, 287, 289, 294
Article 1 and 2 (status of emperor), 117, 139, 144–45
Article 9 (renunciation of war), 136, 138, 251, 257, 262–63, 287
Article 14 (nondiscrimination), 152
Article 24 (women’s rights), 152
draft by Japanese, 125–27
draft by SCAP, 127–33, 219
draft finalized and translated, 132–40
FEC and, 141–44
officially adopted, 140–45
constitutional monarchy, 55–56
Corregidor, 12, 26, 33, 44, 204
Cosgrave, Dr. Moore, 39
Craigie, Robert, 213
Cuban Missile Crisis, 250
cultural and religious objects, 89, 110–12, 218, 289. See also religion
Dai Ichi Building, 53, 71, 123, 156–57
Daily Express (London), 202
Darius I, 13, 33
Darwin, Charles, 69
D-Day, 103, 258
demilitarization, 86, 103, 228, 233. See also disarmament; militarism
democracy, 28, 56, 60, 62–63, 78–80, 87–90, 114, 124, 140n, 145, 152, 168–69, 220, 224–26, 228, 234, 238. See also civil liberties; political reform
emperor and, 80, 85, 117, 120
Democratic Party (U.S.), 265
Dempsey, Jack, 51
Derevyanko, Kuzma, 165–67, 169, 174–75, 252
Devers, Jacob, 282
Devil’s Gluttony, The (Morimura and Shimozato), 296
D
ewey, Thomas E., 253, 259
Diet, 111, 125, 131, 134, 139–41, 145, 171, 174, 177, 219, 265
hoarded goods scandal and, 239
Communist seats in, 173
constitution and, 144
women’s rights and, 147–49, 151–52
Dillon Read firm, 234
DiMaggio, Joe, 247–48, 282–83
disarmament, 104–6, 217–18
disease. See biological weapons; medical problems
divorce, 148, 151–53
Dodge, Joseph, 236–37, 240n, 241–43, 290
Dodge Plan, 241–43
dollar-yen exchange rate, 240n
domino theory, 252, 297
Donovan, William “Wild Bill,” 11
Doolittle, Jimmy, xv, 48
Dower, John, 295
Draper, William, 222, 228–30, 232–34, 237, 239, 278
Dulles, John Foster, 242, 251, 253–54, 256, 261–64, 273–74, 285, 287, 290, 297
Dulles Peace Mission, 262–64
Dyke, Ken, 96–97, 118–19, 121
Economic and Scientific Section, 50, 95, 100, 244
economic blockade, 105, 222, 238
economic policy, 20, 50, 90–91, 96, 221–23, 226, 228–43, 292, 297–98
“Economic Recovery of Japan, The” (Draper), 230
education, 20, 79, 86, 121, 123–24, 126, 146, 219, 281
Japanese history of WW II and, 294–95
on new constitution, 141
phonetic vs. kanji Japanese and, 140n
Shinto separated from, 123
women and, 149, 153
Edwards, Corwin, 232
Eichelberger, Robert, 61, 88, 143, 172
arrival in Japan and, 17–18, 28–29, 37, 53
Allied Council and, 251
American Council and, 236
background and personality of, 13–14, 17–18, 100–101
Eisenhower and, 101, 287
peace treaty and, 253
Philippines and, 13, 28–29, 100, 163, 278, 287
relationship with MacArthur, 13–14, 100–101, 161, 163, 236, 278–79, 282, 287
Siberian war and, 18, 100–101
war crimes trials and, 207
West Point and, 14
Eighth Army, 17, 28, 37, 100, 176, 241–42, 261, 273
Eisenhower, Dwight D., 7, 194
death of MacArthur and, 293
Eichelberger and, 101, 287
Korean War and, 259
occupation of Germany and, 87, 236
Philippines and, 279, 286, 291
presidency and, 162, 255, 274
relationship with MacArthur, 34, 78, 101, 162, 279, 286–87, 291
WW II and, 6, 33, 103
elections (Japanese), 219
1946, 124, 127, 140–43, 145, 148–49, 169–70, 174, 177
1947, 173
1949, 176
1950, 176
1952, 176
Eleventh Airborne, 31
Ellerman, Ruth, 141
Embracing Defeat (Dower), 295
Emmerson, John, 103
emperor. See also Hirohito
constitution and status of, 127–28, 131–32, 136, 138–39, 144–45, 228
freedom of speech and, 115
Shinto and divine status of, 116–18
USSR and, 167
English language, 96
Europe first, 223, 236
exports, 237, 239, 242
Far East Air Forces, 13
Far East co-prosperity sphere, 242
Far Eastern Commission (FEC), 63–64, 91, 112, 127, 229, 252, 271
directive of June 19, 1947, 238n
Japanese constitution and, 134, 136, 139, 141–44, 176
Japanese economy and, 233
Kennan and, 227
labor unions and, 174
SCAP chain of command and, 91–94
USSR and, 174–76
Fellers, Bonner, 12, 49, 55, 68–69, 71, 76, 117
feudalism, 28, 88, 90, 108–9, 114, 128, 147–48, 251, 285
Fire Prevention Week, 160
Fitzgerald, F. Scott, 272
food shortages, 31, 49–50, 87, 93, 103, 105–10, 114, 169, 283, 287
Force of Women in History, The (Beard), 151
Force of Women in Japanese History, The (Beard), 151
Ford, Henry, 170
Foreign Affairs, 225
foreign aid, 222
foreign exchange controls, 89
Formosa, 103, 112–13, 254, 264. See also Taiwan
Forrestal, James, 55, 223, 234
Fortune, 162, 235, 237–41
Forty-Second Infantry (“Rainbow Division”), 4, 65, 271
France, 42, 198, 208
Franks, Tommy, 280
freedom of speech, 20, 115, 168–69, 218–19
free market, 20, 96, 230–31
Fuji, Mount, 24, 122–23
Fujinomiya Shrine, 122–23
Fundamental Law of Education (Japan, 1947), 149
G-2 (U.S. Army intelligence), 190
G-12 spy apparatus, 10
gambling, 226
Ganoe, William, 282
Garfield, James, 162n
Garner, Jay, 70n
Gehrig, Lou, 245
General Headquarters (GHQ), 94–95, 97–98, 110–11, 120
“Go Home Quickly!,” 251
Geneva Conventions, 174, 204
Geneva disarmament conference (1930), 136
Geneva Protocol (1925), 179
Germany
Japan vs., 269–70
Nazi, 17, 18, 179, 184–86, 198
postwar, and occupation of, 52, 87, 94, 106, 112, 146, 163, 168, 236
surrender of, 34
Weimar, 137
women’s rights and, 146
WW I and, 4, 17, 55, 65
Gettysburg Address, 39
Gifu City, 22
Goldwyn, Samuel, 297
Golunsky, S. A., 220–21n
Goodman, Grant, 156–57
Gordon, Joseph, 149
Göring, Hermann, 207
government, Japan (see also democracy; Hirohito; Japanese Civil Code; Diet; elections; local government; political reform; women’s rights; and specific individuals and ministries)
constitution and, 129, 132–33
democracy and, 90
employees and, 170–74, 242, 238, 289
Fellers on reform of, 76
laws translated into English, 96
MacArthur and, 65, 72, 86, 89
repatriation and, 104
SCAP and, 91, 94–95
Special Investigation Bureau, 175
Supreme Court, 145, 123
Women’s and Minors’ Bureau, 149–51
zaibatsu and, 231–32
Government Section, 95, 98
Japanese constitution and, 128–32, 141
Gracchi brothers, 110
Grant, Ulysses, 33, 34, 55, 60–61, 162n, 291–92
Grew, Joseph, xvi, 27–28, 55–56, 213, 234, 245
Griffin, Robert, 252, 290
Gulf War (1991), 279–80
Gunther, John, xv, 128
Haber, Fritz, 183
Hadley, Eleanor M., 231, 234–35
Hague Conventions
(1899), 179, 204
(1928), 72
(1929), 207
Halsey, William, Jr. “Bull,” 6, 21, 34, 40, 42–43, 46, 49, 53–55, 78, 155, 162–63, 278, 291
Hamamoto, Masakatsu, 210
Hanford nuclear site, 181–82
Hannibal, 258
Harada, Cappy, 244, 247, 282–83
Harbin Museum, 296
Harriman, Averell, 165, 166
Harrison, Benjamin, 162n
Harrison, William Henry, 162n
Harvard Business Review, 234
Harvard Club of New York City, 234, 235n
Harvard University, 159, 234
Civil Affairs Training School, 85
Law School, 210
Hawaii, 47. See also Pearl Harbor attacks
Hayes, Rutherford, 162n
Hearst, William Randolph, 288
Henderson, Harold, 118–19, 121
Higashikuni, Prince Naruhiko, 82, 147, 206
Hill, Dr. Edward, 196–97
Hilldring, John, 89
Hilton, Conrad, 293
Hirasawa, Sadamichi, 193
Hirohito, emperor of Japan, 219, 282
abdication, possibility of, 74
baseball tour and, 247
biological weapons and, 188, 194–95
constitution and, 132, 144–45
decision not to try or execute, 55, 68, 76, 78, 82, 85
divine status renounced by, 79–80, 116–21
early travels of, 69–70
Fellers and, 68–69, 76
Hiroshima and, 218
involvement of, in war, 71–72
MacArthur and, 13, 20, 85–86, 88, 249, 289–90
MacArthur implements policies through, 78–79, 82, 89
MacArthur’s departure and, 265
MacArthur’s meetings with, 67–79, 161
MacArthur’s photograph with, 67, 69, 74
property and wealth of, 80
public appearances by, 79–80
Shinto and, 116–17
surrender of Japan and, 10, 16–17, 21, 23–24, 30, 46, 139
Truman and, 55
war crimes trials and, 199, 206, 209–10, 212
white horse of, 53–54
Hiroshima, 10, 48n, 49–51, 73, 82, 160, 182n, 194, 218, 295
hoarded goods scandal, 239–40
Hokkaido, 166
homelessness, 50
Homma, Masahara, 26, 199, 204–5, 286
Hong Kong, 266
Honshu Island, 19
Hoover, Blaine, 173
Hoover, Herbert, 5, 8, 102, 106, 162, 258, 283, 293
Huff, Sidney, 29–30, 161
Hugo, Victor, 270–71
Hull, Cordell, 40, 80
human rights, 146, 224
Hurley, Patrick, 7
Hussein, Saddam, 280
Hussey, Alfred, 95, 141, 150
I-400 submarines, 182–83
immigration controls, 219
Imperial General Headquarters, 41–42, 48
Imperial Guard Division, 21
Imperial Institution, 115
Imperial Palace
Communist demonstrations and 171
MacArthur’s motorcade past, 53–54
militarists attack, 30
Inchon landing, 258, 271, 278, 287, 299
income distribution, 91, 126, 146
India, 64, 198, 208
Indonesia, 251
industry, 60, 78, 112–14, 233, 237, 241–42
dissolving of major, 221 (see also zaibatsu)
reparations and, 112–13
U.S. aid and, 237
workers and, 113–14
inflation, 109, 113, 170, 232, 236, 240, 241
infrastructure, 51, 220, 242, 280