Supreme Commander
Page 40
inoculation program, 107
Inside GHQ (Takemae), 295
intelligence and counterintelligence, 29, 55, 68, 76, 95, 99, 184, 189–90, 192, 196
Intelligence Section, 95, 99, 117
International Criminal Court in The Hague (2002), 205
International Investigation Commission, 106
International Military Tribunal for the Far East (IMTFE), 183, 188–89, 198–200, 206–13, 297. See also war crimes trials
International Symposium on the Crimes of Bacteriological Warfare (China, 2002), 195n
Iowa (U.S. battleship), 39
Iraq War and occupation (2003–11), 70n, 205, 280, 298–99
Ishii, Dr. Shiro, 178, 180, 183, 185–90, 192–97, 212, 292, 295–97
Iwabuchi, Sanji, 201–2
Iwo Jima, Battle of, 194
Jackson, Andrew, 162n
Jackson, Robert H., 212
James, Clayton, 295
Japan
air force, 32
army, 21–23, 76, 103, 219
cabinet, 134–35, 137, 147
Foreign Ministry, 139
Ministry of Culture, 110–11
Ministry of Education, 294–95
Ministry of Finance, 122
Ministry of War, 49
Navy, 47
never invaded, 22
postwar defense perimeter and, 226, 236–37, 243, 251, 254–55, 261–63, 271
Siberian war of 1919–20 and, 17–18
Japan, occupation of. See also MacArthur, Douglas; Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers
Allied Council and, 64, 91, 93, 101, 166–67, 169, 176, 251, 281
American soldiers’ treatment of Japanese people, 87–88, 105
American troop levels, 52, 58–61, 289
baseball and, 244–48
biological weapons and, 60, 82, 106, 132, 139–40, 177–78, 180–81, 183–98, 206, 209–10, 250, 289, 296
civilian affairs teams and, 94–95
Cold War and, 221
Communists and, 143, 152, 166–76, 227, 242, 253, 287, 290
constitution and, 86, 95, 113–14, 117, 121, 125–46, 152, 176, 219, 228, 251, 257, 262–63, 228, 283, 287, 289, 294
cost of, to U.S., 229, 233, 237–38, 243
cultural and religious objects and, 89, 110–12, 218
demilitarization and disarmament and, 86, 103–6, 217–18, 228, 233
democratization and political reforms and, 20, 28, 56, 60, 62–66, 78–80, 86–90, 95–96, 113–15, 122, 124–25, 140n, 145–46, 152, 168–69, 218–20, 224–28, 234, 238
devastation and, xv–xvii, 50–51
economic reforms and, 20, 50, 90–91, 96, 221–23, 226, 228–43, 292, 297–98
educational reforms and, 20, 79, 86, 121, 123–24, 126, 141, 146, 149, 153, 219, 281
elections and voting rights and, 124, 127, 140–43, 145, 148–49, 152, 169–70, 173–74, 176–77, 219
emperor’s status and, 115–18, 127–28, 131–32, 136, 138–39, 144–45, 228
ended, in 1952, 86
FEC and, 63–64, 91–94, 112, 127, 134, 136, 139, 141–44, 174–76, 227, 229, 233, 238n, 252, 271
feudalism and, 28, 88, 90, 108–9, 114, 128, 147–48, 251, 285
fishing and whaling and, 50, 64
flag, 145
food and medical aid and, 31, 49–50, 86–87, 91, 93, 103–11, 114, 169, 283, 287
Hirohito and, 10, 13, 16–17, 20–21, 23–24, 30, 46, 53–55, 67–80, 82, 85–86, 88, 74, 116–21, 132, 144–45, 161, 177, 188, 194–95, 199, 206, 209–10, 212, 218, 249, 289–90
hoarded goods scandal and, 239–40
industry and, 60, 78, 112–14, 221, 233, 237, 241–42
inflation and, 109, 113, 170, 232, 236, 240–41
Initial Post-Surrender Policy on, 20, 59–61, 89, 92, 146, 231–32, 238n
Iraq occupation vs., 280–81, 298–99
Ishii immunity and, 188–93
Japanese memory of, today, 294–95
Japanese translation and, 135, 139–40, 210
JSC 1380/15 policy memo on, 89–91
Kido arrest and, 77
labor-intensive nature of, 85–86
labor rights and, 20, 91, 95–96, 113–14, 121, 126, 142, 146, 149, 152, 169–74, 220, 230, 237, 252, 284, 287–88, 290
land reform and, 91, 96, 108–10, 114, 169, 219–21, 226
length of, 86, 96, 223–24
life expectancy and, 107
living standards and, 112–13, 224, 237
local government and, 89, 94–95, 104, 149, 281
MacArthur on limits of, 96
MacArthur’s arrival and, xvi–xvii, 19–31, 51–54
MacArthur’s authority and, 63, 65
MacArthur’s departure and, 264–66
MacArthur’s leadership, and success of, xiii–xv, 280–92
MacArthur’s plan for, 15–16, 19–20, 49, 86, 88–89
marriage, inheritance, and property reform and, 146–48, 151–53, 218
militarists and, 27–28, 30, 47, 49, 51, 60, 75–76, 79, 82, 86, 88–90, 94, 108–9, 115–16, 121, 149, 219, 221, 229, 231, 233, 238, 240–41, 269–70, 281
Missouri surrender at beginning of, 34–41, 46, 58, 82, 88, 165, 178, 183, 201, 213, 297
NSC 13/2 policy statement on, 228–29, 236
peace treaty and, 86, 175, 223, 226, 229, 238, 250–51, 253, 261, 271, 273–74, 295–96
police and, 20, 191–93, 229, 251, 257, 287
political prisoners and, 20, 113, 142, 168–69
population and immigration and, 85–86
religion and, 115–18, 122–24
renunciation of war and, 136, 251, 257, 262–63, 287
reparations and, 112–13, 168, 229, 231–34, 233n, 242–43, 252, 263
repatriation, 89, 103–4, 175, 196, 238, 249–50, 287
“reverse course” vs. “shift” in, 228–43
SCAP chain of command and, 91–94
State Department and, 52, 55–56, 59, 63–65, 92, 101, 103, 115, 125, 127, 141–42, 144, 163, 176, 190, 201, 223–29, 233n, 260
taxes and, 241–42
trade and, 126, 221–22, 242–43, 274, 292, 297–98
U.S. Army manuals and, 102–3
USSR and, 165–69, 174–76, 195–96
war crimes and, 60, 73, 75, 106, 139–40, 183, 188–213, 221, 286
women’s rights and, 20, 49, 79, 114, 121, 124, 126, 130–31, 141–42, 145–53, 218–20, 228, 284, 288
zaibatsu and, 60, 91, 96, 109, 121, 126, 146, 211, 230–42, 238n, 288, 292
Japan, surrender of, 10–11, 19, 23–24, 48, 55, 72, 73
documents of, 16–17, 35
MacArthur’s speech to Americans after, 43–46
Missouri signing ceremony (September 2, 1945), 32, 34–47, 75
Japan Civil Liberties Union, 220
Japanese Central Bank, 240
Japanese Civil Code, 130–31, 151
Japanese High Command, 18
Japanese Imperial Forces, 41
Japanese language and translation, 96, 135, 139–40, 210
Japanese people, life expectancy of, 107
Japan of Today, The (booklet), 295
JCS 1380/15 (memorandum of November 3, 1945), 89–91, 108, 113, 146, 238n
Johnson, Carmen, 171
Johnson, Hugh, 26
Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS), 85, 128, 163, 187, 251, 253, 271, 290
economy and, 232
Hirohito and, 132
Ishii and war crimes trials and, 187, 190, 192–93, 195, 296
Korean War and, 256, 259, 261, 264
SCAP chain of command and, 92
Justice Department, U.S., 190
Kades, Charles, 95, 97–98, 127, 129, 131–32, 137–38, 147
Kamakura Buddha, 25
kamikaze pilots, 20, 27, 28, 108, 116
Kami (spiritual forces), 116
Kanto Kyogo company, 22
Kase, Toshikazu, 35–37, 39–41, 46, 77
Kato, Masuo, 88
Kau
ffman, James Lee, 222, 231, 234
Kawai, Kazuo, 29, 292
Keeler, Willie, 70
Keenan, Joseph, 161, 200, 205, 207, 209
Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928), 135
Kennan, George F., 173, 201, 222–29, 232–33, 235, 237, 242, 254, 271, 278, 290
Kennedy, John F., 255, 259, 297
Kenney, George, 13, 96, 159, 164, 272
Kern, Harry, 234
Khabarovsk war crimes trial, 250
Kido, Marquis Koichi, 77, 80, 125–26, 213
Kim Il Sung, 177, 260
Kimmel, Husband E., 32
King, Ernest, xv, 6, 162, 278
King George V (British battleship), 39
Kipling, Rudyard, xiv
Konoe, Prince Fumimaro, 125, 147, 176, 212–13
Korea, 100n, 177
reparations and, 112–13
repatriation and, 89, 103
Korean War, 58n, 86, 160, 161, 175, 211, 243, 254–66, 272–75, 299
38th parallel order, 259
Wake Island meeting with Truman on, 259–60, 290–91
Yalu River and Chinese attack, 260–61, 264, 269, 274–75
Kotter, John, 285
Krug, Julius A., 223
Kurile Islands, 165, 255, 256
Kuroki, Commander, 22
Kyoto, 160
Labor Standards Law (Japan, 1947), 149, 152
labor unions and rights, 20, 91, 95–96, 113–14, 121, 126, 142, 146, 149, 152, 220, 230, 237, 284, 287–88, 290
strikes and, 170–74, 176, 252
Ladejinsky, Wolf, 109
land reform, 91, 108–10, 114, 169, 219, 220, 221, 226
Language Arbritration Board, 210
Lansdowne (U.S. destroyer), 37–38
Lauterbach, Richard, 140n
Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties (Japan, 1950), 111
League of Nations Covenant (1919), 135
Leahy, William, xv, 6, 184, 194
Lee, Robert E., 4, 7, 55
Leyte, Battle of, 13, 33
liberals and liberalism, 95–96, 109, 142, 124, 221
Lien, Al, 246
Life magazine, 294
Lilienthal, David E., 184
Lincoln, Abraham, 39, 69, 157, 161
Lippmann, Walter, 288
literacy, 140n
“Living National Treasures,” 111–12
living standards, 112–13, 224, 237
Livy, 154
Local Autonomy Act (Japan, 1946), 149
local government, 89, 94–95, 104, 149, 281
Los Angeles water supply, 181
Loucks, Charles, 184
Luce, Clare Boothe, 99
Luce, Henry, 99
Luzon, Battle of, 13, 159, 184
MacArthur, Arthur IV (son), 42, 160, 205, 294
MacArthur, Arthur, Jr. (father), 4, 22
as military governor of Philippines, 66, 110
MacArthur, Douglas
Acheson and, 271
achievements and legacy of, xiii–xvii, 220, 250–51, 272–92
achievements of, in Two Hundred Days, 102–14
ACJ and, 64–65, 93, 101, 169, 251
administrative skills of, 94, 284–85
advisory groups and oversight of, 63–65, 155
American flag raised in Tokyo by, 53
American soldiers’ treatment of Japanese and, 87
American tutor for crown prince and, 79
announces military government of Japan, 51–52
appointed SCAP by Truman, xiv, 3–11, 277
appointed to command Pacific war, by FDR, 12–13
arrest of Japanese generals and, 82
arrival of, at Atsugi, Japan, xvi–xvii, 19–31
arrival of, in Tokyo, 53–54
assassination attempt on, 164
Atcheson and, 101
atom bomb and, 49, 73
awards, honors, and medals and, 4–6, 22, 32, 54, 54n, 265
background of, before occupation, 4–6
baseball and, 244–48
Bill of Rights directive and, 125
biological weapons and war crimes and, 179, 183–97, 289, 295–96
birth of, 4
bold moves of, and Washington, 287–88
Bonus Army and, 7–8
bureaucracy and, 15–16
Byrne and State Department and, 142–43
Christianity and, 123
Churchill on, xiii, 28
civil liberties and, 220
Cold Warriors oppose reforms of, 221–28, 234–35
command accountability and, 205
Communists and, 168–73, 175–76, 226–27
Communist threat in Asia and, 175, 241–42, 252–53
concern for lives and, 33n, 70
congressional testimony of, 274–75
constitutional reforms and, 86, 113–14, 125–45, 176, 289
cultural preservation and, 110–12
death of, xvii, 293
decisiveness and, 15, 19
delegation by, 96–97, 104–5
democracy in Japan and, 62–63, 124, 234
departure from Japan and accolades to, 175, 265–66
disarmament and, 104–6
Dodge and, 236–37, 242–43
domino theory and, 252–53
Draper and, 232–34, 237, 239
“Dugout Doug” nickname and, 12
Dulles Peace Mission and, 262–64, 273–74
early travels to Japan, in 1905–6, 69
economic policy and, 221–24, 226, 228–44
economic policy and, “shift” vs. “reverse course,” 228–29
educational reform and, 123–24
Eichelberger and, 13–14, 100–101, 161, 163, 236, 278–79, 282, 287
Eisenhower and, 34, 78, 101, 162, 279, 286–87, 291
elections of 1946 and, 142, 145, 169–70
enemies of, 56, 278–79
face-to-face meetings preferred by, 15–16, 158
father and, 22
FDR and, 102
fear of, in Japan, 75
FEC and, 63–64, 92–94, 112, 141–44, 227, 271
food shortages and, 31, 49–50, 105–10
football and, 293–94
Fortune attack on reforms of, 237–41
goals of, and eleven objectives list, 288–89
goals of, and five necessary reforms list, 146
goals of, and mission statement of, 88–89
government workers’ compensation and, 170–71
Grew and, 55–56
Halsey and Japanese swords and, 55
Harvard honorary degree unclaimed by, 159
Hirohito and, 69, 76, 80, 86, 89, 199, 206, 249, 289
Hirohito’s divine status and, 78, 116–21
Hirohito’s meetings with, 67–79, 161
Hirohito’s photograph with, 67, 74
Hirohito’s white horse and, 53–54
history studies by, 14–15, 65–66, 96, 157, 212, 225, 240
hoarded goods scandal and, 239–40
humanitarian aid and, 86, 105–9
idealism of, 291–92
Inchon landing and, 258, 299
independence and insubordination of, 7, 230
Initial Post-Surrender policy and role of, 59–61, 89, 146, 231–32
“I shall return” and, xvi, 3, 6, 33, 71, 75, 220
Japan postwar defense issue and, 243
Japanese flag and, 145
Japanese government holdings list and, 80
Japanese and “boy of twelve” insult by, 269–71
Japanese people’s letters to, 161–62, 164
Japanese POW repatriation and, 174–75, 250
Japanese psychology and, 16, 27–28, 77–78
JCS 1380/15 memo on policy and, 89–92
JFK meeting with, 297
Kennan visit to Japan and, 224–29, 232, 235, 237
Kido arrest and, 76–77
Konoe meeting with, 125
Korean War and, 58n,
161, 254–62, 264–66, 272–73
labor unions and, 113–14
land reform and, 108–9, 169
later life of, after Korea, 293–94
leadership qualities of, 15, 154–55, 276–77, 281–92
legacy of, 270–72
legacy of, forgotten in Japan, 271–72
library of, destroyed, 110, 159
manufacturing and, 112–13
Marquat and, 100
marriage and family and, 155n, 160
Marshall and, 97, 224
memoirs of, 20, 151–52, 293
message to Japanese of May 3, 1948, 249
message to Japanese on New Year’s 1948, 123
militarism purge by, 79, 86
military medicine and, 180
military strategy of, 70
occupation strategy of, 19–20, 49–51, 56–57, 65–66, 86–87, 89, 96, 224, 251, 280–81
office of, 154–58
Okinawa base and, 256
orders disobeyed by, 211
OSS and, 11–12
peace treaty and, 229, 250, 253, 262–63, 271, 273–74
personality of, 7, 11, 155, 160–64, 277–79, 285–87
personality of, and self-control, 285–86
personality of, as hard-headed “softie,” 163–64, 272
Philippines and, 4–6, 8, 10–13, 15, 26, 32–33, 75, 97, 201, 202, 204
Philippines war crimes trials and, 200–206
plane ride to Japan, 9–13
“plight of the conqueror” and, 277–78
policy directives to, 238n
policy shifts and caution of, 235
political prisoners freed by, 168–69
political reforms and, 86–87, 95–96, 171, 221, 227
power of, 62–64, 90–93, 96
precepts of, 14–16
preparation and, 14–15
presidential aspirations of, 162–63, 234
press and, 161, 221
protector role and, 249–66
public opinion and, 162–63
rearmament of Japan resisted by, 251–52
refusal to return to U.S., 159
religion and, 123
remaking of Japan, as goal of, 55–56
reparations and, 112–13, 168, 232–34
repatriation and, 103–4
Russo-Japanese War and, 22–23
SCAP chain of command and, 91–92
SCAP organization chart and team of, 94–101
Shigemitsu meeting on first directives and, 51–53
Shinto and, 115–17
Siberian campaign of 1919–20 and, 17, 100
“sound policy” and, 288
Soviets and, 18
speeches to Japanese, 291
speech to ACJ of April 5, 1946, 64
speech to Americans, on surrender signing, 43–46
speech to Congress, post-firing, 274
speech to Japanese, on surrender signing, 40–41