The Untold History of the United States
Page 108
sterilizations, forced, 80–81
Stern Gang, 219
Stettinus, Edward, 102, 120, 122
Stevenson, Adlai, 247, 281, 282, 284, 288, 321
Stiglitz, Joseph, 530, 533, 558, 590, 614
Stimson, Henry, xxxi, 96, 103, 105, 111, 113, 119, 122, 143–46, 152, 158–160–64, 165, 175, 178, 184
Stockhold International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI), 289
stock market:
1920s boom of, 48
1929 crash of, 48
1987 collapse of, 462
Stone, I. F., 232, 278
Stone, Oliver, 336
Strategic Air Command (SAC), 227, 229, 241, 254, 286, 303, 383, 418
during Cuban Missile Crisis, 309, 311
Emergency War Plan of, 257
Strategic Air Forces in the Pacific, U.S., 176
Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (SALT), 379–80
Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty II (SALT II), 404–5, 404, 407, 413–14, 415–16
Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START), 445, 482, 483
Strategic Command, U.S., 534–35
Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI; Star Wars), 396, 442–43, 447–49, 448, 451–55, 462, 576
Strategic Rocket Forces, Soviet, 443
strategic weapons, 449, 451
offensive, 463
Strauss, Lewis, 270–71, 283
strikes, xviii–xix, 33–34, 35, 52
national textile, 57, 58
railroad, xix, xxi
in Venezuela, 39
Student Army Training Corps (SATC), 12
students, in protest movements, 335, 336, 338, 356, 357, 364, 369–71
Students for a Democratic Society (SDS), 335
submarine-launched ballistic missiles (SLBMs), 379
submarines:
nuclear, 286–87, 302, 416, 540, 541
Soviet, 309
Sudan, 217, 523, 536
as future target, 523, 526
Suez Canal, 105, 189, 217, 259, 282, 408
Suez Crisis, 282, 414
Suharto, 350, 351, 352–53, 395–96
Sukarno, 347–52, 351
Sullivan and Cromwell, 82, 122, 254, 263
Sultan, Bandar bin, Saudi Crown Prince, 475, 488
Sulzberger, Arthur Hays, 262, 265
Sulzberger, C. L., 125–26
Summers, Lawrence, 484–85, 552, 554–55
Summit of the Americas, 603–4
Sunnis, 528, 532–33, 534, 598
Sun Oil Company, 63
Supreme Court, U.S., 80, 347, 511, 565
Citizens United in, 558
FDR’s court-packing plan for, 62
Pentagon Papers ruling of, 385
2000 election decision in, 494
Supreme Soviet’s Committee on Defense and Security Issues of, 420
Supreme Ukrainian Liberation Council (UHVR), 214
surveillance, xii, 549, 551, 565
drone, 572, 576
Survival, Evasion, Resistance, and Escape (SERE) program, 508
Suskind, Ron, 495–96, 513, 532, 554
Suzuki, Kantaro, 147, 173
Sweden, 287, 547
Switzerland, 82, 499–500, 549
Sydney Morning Herald (Australia), 612
Sykes-Picot Agreement, 26
Syria, 219, 477, 507, 518, 536, 600, 601–2, 613
as future target, 522, 523, 526
systems analysis, 383
Szilard, Leo, 132–33, 135–36, 136, 160–61, 178, 180, 230, 272, 300
tactical nuclear weapons, 466, 482
Taft, William Howard, 1, 39
Taguba, Antonio, 510–11
Taiwan, 223, 238, 251, 328, 430, 456, 606, 609
Taliban, 486–90, 501, 503, 506–7, 534, 573, 577, 578
in Afghanistan, 486–90, 501, 503, 506–7, 534, 535, 571, 580, 581, 583–84, 588–89, 591, 594, 597
9/11 and, 501
Pakistan and, 535, 571
women and, 580
Tanforan, Calif., 153
Tanzania, 490
Taraki, Nur Muhammad, 412–13
Tarawa, 145
TASS, 445
taxes, 557
G. W. Bush’s cuts for the wealthy, 506, 545, 546, 559
income, 68, 254
in Iraq, 530–31
middle-class, 484
Reagan’s contradictory statements about, 445
Reagan’s cuts for the wealthy, 438, 462
war and, 505
on wealthy, 61
on working class, 63
Taylor, Glen, 192, 221
Taylor, Maxwell, 295, 305, 315, 367
Taylor, Telford, 173, 174
Tea Party, xiv
Tehran, 110, 116, 455
Teicher, Howard, 439
telecommunications, 551
Teller, Edward, 134–35, 229, 275, 284, 364
Tenet, George, 497–98, 502, 511, 514, 519, 528, 542
Tennessee:
bank holiday in, 47
Crusader White Shirts in, 53
Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA), 196
terrorism, terrorists, 506, 528, 534, 535
domestic, 488
G. W. Bush’s war on, 504–5
national brainwashing on, 544
potential targets for, 505
state, 472
Tet Offensive, 316, 339, 341
Texaco Oil Company, 84
Texas, University of, 553
Thach, Nguyen Co, 365–66
Thailand, 100, 266, 304, 328, 338, 389, 576
Thatcher, Margaret, 434
Thieu, Nguyen Van, 332, 333, 358–59, 387, 393–94
third world, 257–58, 464
halt in economic growth of, 425–26
Soviet withdrawal from, 467–68
Thomas, Helen, 531–32
Three Russian Girls, 106
Three Soldiers (Dos Passos), 41
Thurmond, Strom, 221
Tibbets, Paul, 157, 166–67, 167
Time, 50, 52, 55, 101, 122, 140, 223, 240, 242, 258, 300, 341, 373–74, 387, 524, 613
Tito, Josip Broz, 208–9, 257
Toge, Sankichi, 169–70
Tojo, Hideki, 138
Tokyo, 147, 161, 356, 488
bombing of, 157–59, 158, 303
Tokyo war criminal trials, 215
Toledo, Ohio, general strike in, 57, 58
Tora Bora, 507
torture, 507–11, 511, 514, 549, 600
in Argentina and Chile, 424
in CIA “black site” facilities, 504, 507–10
G. W. Bush administration and, 499–500, 561, 568
in Pakistan, 429
psychological, 507–8
Toyama, 158
Toyoda, Soemu, 147, 175
trade unions, 4, 58–59, 138
Trading with the Enemy Act, 81
Trans-Pacific Partnership, 610–11
Transparency International, 533, 583
Treasury Department, U.S., 70–71, 530, 551–53
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, 28
Treaty of London, 31–32
Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security (AMPO), 380–81
Treblinka, 127
Trident submarines, 416
Trilateral Commission, 401–3, 464, 490, 491
Triple Entente, see Allies
Trotsky, Leon, 9, 26, 28, 34
Troubled Asset Relief Plan (TARP), 553
Truman, Bess, 126, 151, 162
Truman, Harry, 53, 96, 121, 140, 158, 161, 190, 191, 194, 199, 211, 213, 223, 225, 237, 247, 254, 259, 262, 392, 635n, 640n
administration of, 224, 244
aggressive attitude of, 123–25, 141, 146–47, 163, 196, 200, 246, 248
background of, 140–42
Britain favored by, 184, 187
Churchill’s “iron curtain” speech and, 191–94, 191
H. Wallace’s firing by, 202–5
as H. Wallace’s replacement, 140, 142–43
inter
ventionist foreign policy of, 207–9, 207
on Israel-Palestine, 218
Korean War and, 236–41, 243–44, 246
loyalty checks required by, 212
loyalty-security program of, 231
MacArthur fired by, 242–44, 243
in 1948 elections, 220–22
nuclear warfare and, 143–44, 158, 160–66, 171–72, 175–80, 185, 196–97, 228, 230–31, 256
at Potsdam, 161–66, 165, 171
racism and anti-Semitism of, 141, 151, 217, 218
response to Berlin blockade by, 220
rightward shift of, 186, 194
succession to presidency of, 117–19, 119, 143
wartime policy of, 120–29, 144–48
Truman, John “Peanuts,” 140, 163
Truman Doctrine, 207, 207
Tugwell, Rexford Guy, 48, 63, 69
Tunisia, 265, 305, 563, 613
Turkey, 4, 67–68, 189, 190, 206, 207, 208, 216, 474–75, 555, 601, 602
Iraq war opposed in, 524
U.S. IRBMs in, 302, 306–7, 308, 310
Turkish Straits, 189
Turkmenistan, 488, 591
Turley, Jonathan, 561–62, 565
Turner, Stansfield, 397, 403, 405
U-2 reconnaissance planes, 276, 279, 306, 307, 309–11
Ubico, Jorge, 260–61
U-boats, German, 5–6, 68
Ukraine, 28, 97, 214, 450, 537–38
Ukrainian National Organization, 214
UN Conference on Disarmament, 542
UN Convention Against Torture, 500, 508
unemployment, xxii, 45, 57, 61, 406, 614
African-American, 59
European, 188
unilateralism, 494, 496, 497, 549
United Arab Emirates, 506, 583, 586
United Fruit Company, xxviii, xxix, xxx, 82, 254, 262–65, 279, 291
United Nations, 114, 120, 121–22, 124, 201, 234, 241, 252, 265, 320, 321, 329, 389, 394, 404, 408, 420, 424, 434, 464, 477, 480–81, 489, 538, 569, 575, 583, 589
Assistance Mission of, in Afghanistan, 594
China and, 236, 313
Disarmament Commission of, 330
drug control agency of, 594
Eisenhower’s “Atoms for Peace” speech in, 256
Electoral Complaints Commission of, 585
Gender-Related Development Index of, 580
General Assembly of, 218, 280, 376, 436
Gorbachev’s address to, 463–64, 465, 466, 467
Iraq’s use of chemical weapons brought before, 440
Korean War and, 236–37, 250–51
nuclear regulation plan in, 196–98
Palestine and, 218, 601
Powell’s UN Iraq War speech in, 519–20
Resolution 1441 of, 517
Resolution of, on the Prevention of an Outer Space Arms Race, 542
sanctions on Iraq by, 475
Security Council of, 236–37, 240, 346, 472, 476, 478, 491, 516, 517, 520–21, 532, 601
weapons inspectors of, 491, 515–17, 520, 532
United Nations Charter, 346, 384
United Railways of Central America, 254
United States:
aerial warfare by, 24, 157–59
Allied sympathies of, 5
arms manufacturers in, 439
ascendance in wake of World War I, 38
business interests of, 254, 263, 352–53, 356, 372, 376–77
casualties of, 87, 106, 138, 145, 244, 245
chemical warfare research in, 20–26
Cold War and, 180, 204–26
declining prestige of, 241–42, 256–58, 271, 289, 293, 304, 319, 349, 403, 510, 524, 544–45, 549, 600, 603–4
as defender of status quo, xxvii
economic collapse in, 462, 549, 605, 613, 615
economic hegemony of, 112–13, 114–15
economy of, 54, 61, 62, 123, 182, 418, 610
economy sanctions against Japan by, 90
eugenics in, 80–81
expansionist impulse in, xv–xvi
financial crisis of 1998 in, 549, 552, 554
future role of, 526
as global hegemon, xi, 355, 482, 490, 566, 604
immigration legislation in, 88, 151, 156, 217
imperialism of, xii–xxxiii, xxiii, 38–41, 101, 172, 222, 240, 275, 295, 377, 434, 500, 550
income inequality in, 545–47, 549, 554–56
industrial production in, 4, 182
isolationism in, 36, 38, 41, 83, 94
Korean War and remilitarization of, 246–47
lend-lease program and, 189–90
military interventions by, xxx, 29–30, 209
military strength of, 115
neutrality in World War I of, 5–7
as oil supplier, 4, 38–39, 83, 100, 189
peacetime European military alliance of, 220, 222
Pearl Harbor attack and, 82, 98–100, 100, 101, 106, 131, 150–52
possible Soviet nuclear war with, 273, 298, 415
rightward drift in, 399
sexual attitudes in, 16–18
social justice index of, 555–56
space program of, 277
Spanish-American war volunteers from, 84
trade deficit of, 392
world economy dominated by, 38
in World War II, 98–129
United States Information Agency, 272
United States Rubber Company, 350
Unocal, 488–90
uranium, 133, 134, 143, 161, 203, 410, 478, 519, 535, 593
Urey, Harold, 160, 223
Uruguay, 378, 604
USAID, 345, 484, 487
U.S. Army Counterintelligence Corps, 214
U.S. Conference of Mayors, 591–92
U.S. Information Agency, 285, 350
Utrik, 270–71
Uzbekistan, 544
Vance, Cyrus, 403, 404, 406, 407, 414–15, 418–19, 419
Vandenberg, Arthur, 65, 69–70, 75, 77, 94, 206
Vandenberg, Hoyt, 241–42
Vandenburg Air Force Base, 308–9
Vanderlip, Frank A., 54, 73–74
Van Zandt, James, 64
venereal disease, 16–17, 17
Venezuela, 38–39, 40, 391, 457, 603, 604
Vera Cruz, 2, 3
Vienna, 23, 80
J. F. Kennedy–Khrushchev summit in, 295–97, 297
Viet Cong, 329, 330, 367, 369
Viet Minh, 267–68
Vietnam, North, 250, 315, 327, 328, 329, 334, 335, 339, 340, 358, 360, 362, 366, 367, 370, 382, 384, 386–87, 390, 392–94, 404
Vietnam, South, 268–69, 294, 305, 306, 327, 328, 330, 333, 338, 358, 360, 361, 367, 370, 386–87, 392–94, 404
Vietnam, Vietnam War, 32, 33, 208, 238, 240, 266–70, 290, 296, 304–5, 348, 374, 380, 384–86, 392, 402, 434, 436, 456, 481, 523, 570, 576, 577–78, 606, 612
antiwar movement and, 335, 336, 338, 340–41, 341, 357, 364, 369–70, 371, 384–85
Cambodia invaded by, 389, 467
Carter on, 401, 403–4, 416
chemical warfare in, 306, 330–32, 331, 440
combat avoided by later war enthusiasts, 523–24
death toll in, 387
defense cooperation with U.S. by, 607
end of war in, 387, 392–94, 395
J. F. Kennedy’s plan to pull out of, 314–16, 323, 326–27
Johnson and, 326–35, 338–41, 343, 346, 353–54, 356, 358
My Lai massacre in, 367–70, 369
Nixon and, 358, 360–66, 368, 370, 379, 382, 384–89, 394, 404
Paris peace talks and, 359, 387, 394
Rolling Thunder in, 329
U.S. withdrawal from, 382, 387, 392
Vietnam syndrome, 434, 480, 481
Vietnam Veterans of America, 395
Vietnam Veterans of America Foundation, 395
Villaraigosa, Antonio, 591–92
Virginia, forced sterilizations in, 80–81
Volcker, Paul, 403, 553�
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von Braun, Wernher, 215, 277
Voting Rights Act, 383
wage and price controls, 383, 401
Waiting for the Barbarians (Coetzee), xiii
Walker, William H., 22–23
Wallace, George, 356
Wallace, Henry A., xi, 63, 90–93, 101, 112, 117, 119, 121, 128, 134, 180, 193, 202, 217, 318, 377, 447, 550
as anticolonialist, 138, 180, 194, 204
antinuclear position of, 184–88, 194, 196, 199–204
Century of the Common Man and, xi, 101, 181
Korean war and retirement of, 251–52
Madison Square Garden speech of, 200–202, 204
removed from 1944 ticket of, 138–40, 142–43