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The Red Flag: A History of Communism

Page 94

by Priestland, David


  Tricontinental Conference, 469

  Trotsky, Leon

  conflict with radical Marxists, 98

  criticism of NEP, 142

  Fourth International, 201–2

  military methods extended in peacetime, 98

  mutual loathing of Stalin, 140

  Red Army founding, 95

  socialism as far away in 1921, 123

  split with Stalin, 199

  and war communism, 96

  ‘True Story of Ah Q, The’ (Lu Xun), 244

  Truquin, Norbert, 32

  Tsipko, Aleksandr, 515, 538

  Tuma, Hama, 480–81

  Tuominen, Arvo, 171–2

  Ulbricht, Walter, 108–9, 331, 421–2

  Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR)

  Afghanistan, 496, 530–31, 548

  Albania’s break with, 408–9

  allocation of capital as problem, 417–18

  ancien régime features of, 164–5

  anti-imperialism under Khruschev, 375–6

  anti-Semitism, 282–3, 289

  atheism in, 345

  attempted coup 1991, 549

  ceremonial tribunes and squares, 275

  changes on death of Stalin, 316–17

  combining discipline with dynamism, 275–6

  Comecon, 405, 406

  Communist attitudes towards in 1980s, 509–10

  compared to Korea, 302–3

  consequences of invasion of Czechoslovakia, 429

  consumption, 162, 416–19

  Cuban Missile Crisis, 349

  culturedness in 1930s, 161–2

  decline in relations with US, 498–9

  and the destruction of Indonesian party, 401

  disillusion with Third World Communists, 496

  dissidence, responses to, 511–12

  economic reforms, 421, 422

  embourgeoisement of culture, 283–4

  emergence of new class, 166–7

  end of Communist party in, 550

  Ethiopia’s affinity with, 481

  Eurocommunism, response to, 497

  factory conditions after Second World War, 279–80

  failure of Popular Fronts, responsibility for, 213–14

  fear of expansion by, 500

  foreign policy after Stalin’s death, 324, 325

  Gulag system, 172–3, 278–9

  hierarchies, 158, 167

  hostility to capitalism, 563–4

  hybrid approach towards Asia, 238–9

  ideological campaigns after Second World War, 280–83

  ideological division based on education, 513–14

  as imperialists, 214, 273–5, 288–9

  inclusiveness in mid-1930s, 158

  industrialization, benefits from during Second World War, 205

  inequalities in, 274–5

  intelligentsia, 168–9

  invasion of Czechoslovakia, 403–4, 428

  leadership changes following Stalin, 323–30

  liberal reform signals to Eastern Europe, 543

  liberalization during Second World War, 206–7

  links with Cuba, 384

  Mao Zedong’s visit in 1949, 294–6

  and the Marshall Plan, 224–5, 227

  media themes of attack by, 527

  modernity in, 343–5

  and nationalism, 159–61, 206, 548

  new policy towards Social Democracy, 191–2

  Novocherkassk strike, 346–7

  oil-price increase 1973, impact of, 432

  pact with Germany 1939, 203

  at Paris exposition 1937, 182–4

  paternalism in 1970s and 1980s, 436–7

  peasants’ hostility to Soviet regime, 171–2

  poverty in, 276–7

  prestige in the West in 1930s, 195–9

  problems faced after Second World War, 277–8

  problems in at Stalin’s death, 322–3

  relations with China, 296–7

  relationship between workers and officials, 346

  repression, ethnic, during Second World War, 207

  science and national pride, 281

  Second World War, 204–5

  seen as imperialist in Eastern Europe, 288–9

  seen as successful in the West, 1930s, 187–8

  ‘social work’, 437

  soldiers’ encounters with capitalism, 211, 277–8

  space program, 344–5

  and Spanish civil war, 194–5

  support for during Second World War, 205–6

  tall buildings of, 273–5

  Terror of 1936–8, 175–80, 181

  Third World allies as liability, 547

  visitors to in 1930s, 196–8

  wages late 1920s and early 1930s, 156

  workers’ wages, 431

  working-class criticism of the regime in 1930s, 170–71

  and Yugoslavia, 218–19

  see also Brezhnev, Leonid; Gorbachev, Mikhail; Russia; Stalin, Iosif (Ioseb Djugashvili)

  ‘united front’ policy, 123–4

  United Opposition, 145–6

  United States

  change from idealism to realpolitik, 378–9

  change in approach to USSR from 1984, 536

  changes since early 1970s, 502–3

  deterioration in relations with USSR, 498–9

  discrimination against Communists, 230

  economic crisis 1979, 522–3

  encouragement of guerrilla warfare, 528–31

  exaggeration of Communist threat, impact of, 378

  gendarme strategy, 473–45

  and impact of Stalin’s death, 325–6

  interventions in Middle East, 379

  interventions in the Third World, 379–80

  Marshall Plan, 223–5, 227

  Marxism in, 45

  Mississippi Summer, 454–5

  mistrust of Third World nationalism, 377

  Mosinee, staged Communist overthrow of, 227–8

  Mujahedin, support for, 530–31

  neo-colonialism in Cuba, 382

  neo-conservatives, 520–22

  neo-liberalism, 521

  partial defeat in Vietnam War, 461–2

  Popular Front in, 192

  reaction to sputnik satellite, 344–5

  response to Cuban revolution, 384

  Socialist Workers’ Party of, 202

  subversion campaign in Guatemala, 380–81

  and Third World united fronts, 399–400

  Trotskyism in, 202

  as underdog, 527–8

  use of high interest rates to attract capital, 523

  wages in Hungary compared to, 438–9

  universities

  impact of Cultural Revolution in China, 362

  purges in USSR, 144–5

  University of the Toilers of the East, Moscow, 246–7

  utopian socialism, 20–22

  Valmy, Battle of, 11

  Venezuela, 391

  Vietnam

  following the Chinese example, 269–70

  fusion of Confucius and Marx, 242

  and US imperialism, 379–80

  Vietnam War, 459–63

  Volkonskaia, Sofia, Princess, 91

  wages

  in Hungary compared to US, 438–9

  late 1920s and early 1930s, 156

  worker’s, 431

  war communism, 95–9, 99

  We (Zamiatin), 94

  Weathermen, 465

  Webb, Beatrice and Sidney, 196

  Weitling, William, 19

  West Bengal, 472

  Westphalen, Baron Ludwig von, 24

  What is to be Done? From Tales of New People (Chernyshevskii), 66–9, 71, 75

  Whites in civil war, 97, 98

  Wilson, Woodrow, 235

  women

  attitudes towards in SPD, 50

  employment of, 307

  Stalinist policies towards in the USSR, 171

  workers

  attitudes of in 1930s USSR, 169 />
  criticism of Soviet regime in 1930s, 170–71

  educational opportunities, 169–70

  increased radicalism in early 20th C, 57–8

  mobilized in Cultural Revolution, 362–3

  reactions to second industrial revolution, 42–3

  reasons for joining SPD, 48–51

  relations with managers, 438–41, 442–3

  relationship with officials, 346

  unrest in Italy and France, 466–7

  wages, 431

  working class in 19th century Russia, 65–6

  Wu Hung, 300–301

  Wu Yu, 240

  Wugong village, China, 309–11

  Yan’an, China, 256–7, 258–9

  Yawning Heights, The (Zinoviev), 440–41

  Yeltsin, Boris, 549

  Yergin, Daniel, 557

  Yugoslavia

  American aid to, impact of, 320

  break-up and war, 550–52

  debt crises, 524

  governance models after Second World War, 318

  Hoxha’s visit to, 408

  impact of economic reforms, 423–4

  mixture of markets and socialism, 320–21

  NEP-style policies, 318–19

  Popular Front, 213, 218–19

  reforms of 1950s, 318

  relations with USSR, 332–3

  repression in, 319

  Tito’s background, 217–18

  use of voluntary workers, 319

  and the USSR, 218–19

  Żakowski, Jacek, 519

  Zamiatin, Evgenii, 94

  Zapatista Liberation National Army (EZLN), 568–9

  Zarafshan, N. R., 539

  Zhou Enlai, 374

  Zinoviev, Alexander, 437, 440–41

  Zinoviev, Gregorii, 142, 176

  Zola, Émile, 43–4

  Zoshchenko, Mikhail, 280

 

 

 


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