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The Red Flag: A History of Communism

Page 93

by Priestland, David


  commitment to the collective, 446

  debt crises, 524–5

  multi-party elections, 543–4

  opinions on socialism in 1980s, 511

  Orange Alternative, 542–3

  Poznań riots, 333

  reforms in, 333–4

  Solidarity, 525

  white- and blue-collar workers, 517

  worker–intelligensia alliance, 518–19

  worker protests, 431

  pop music, 448–50

  Popular Front

  Bulgaria, 213

  in Central and Eastern Europe, 211–19

  crises of, 199–200

  Czechoslovakia, 213, 215–16

  Czechs, 209–10

  destruction of, 225–7

  France, 192–3

  governments, 184–5

  Hungary, 213, 215–16

  against Nazism, 207–8

  Soviet policy towards, 191–2

  Stalin as supporter of, 210

  Togliatti as supporter, 208–9

  Yugoslavia, 213, 218–19

  Port Arthur, 77

  Portugal, Carnation Revolution, 475–6

  Potemkin, Leonid, 167–8

  poverty in the USSR, 276–7

  Poznań riots, 333

  Prague Spring, 425–8

  Prieur de la Côte-d-Or, Claude-Antoine, 11

  Proletkults, 98

  proletarianization, 144–5

  Prometheanism, xxi–xxiv

  protochronism, 404

  Proudhon, Pierre Joseph, 21

  Provisional Government, Russia, 82–3

  Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA), 465

  Pudovkin, Vsevolod, 61–2, 133

  purges, 144–5

  in 1930s, 149

  Eastern Europe, 289–90

  ethnic, during Second World War, 207

  rectification in China, 259–61

  Putin, Vladimir, 560–61

  Pye, Lucien, 264

  Pyrev, Ivan, 174–5

  Qazbegi, Aleksandr, 136

  radical Marxism, xxiv–xxv

  Reagan, Ronald

  change in approach to USSR from 1984, 536

  meeting with Gorbachev 1986, 501–2

  political position, 528

  use of guerrilla warfare, 528–31

  rectification as purge in China, 259–61

  Red Army

  founding of, 95

  during Second World War, 205

  Red Army Faction (RAF), 465

  Red Brigades, 466

  Red Cavalry (Babel), 88–9

  Red Cyclists, 47, 48

  Red Dawn (film), 527

  Red Flag, The (song) (Connell), 51

  religion

  campaigns against, 152

  in Eastern Europe, 414

  and Marxism, 45

  see also Catholic Church

  religious sects, Social Democrats compared to, 143–4

  Repentance (Abuladze), 532–3

  revisionism, Bernstein, 55–7

  revolution(s)

  across Europe in 1847, 34

  image of, 62

  River Elegy (documentary series), 554–5

  Road to Revolution (Ho Chi Minh), 241–2

  Robeson, Paul, 197

  Robespierre, Maximilien, 7, 12–14

  rock music, 448–50

  Romania

  1989 compared to previous revolutionary years, 546

  banks, investment by, 433

  break with USSR, 406

  collapse of Ceauşescu regime, 545–6

  debt crises, 524

  ethnic nationalism, 407–8

  Khrushchev’s USSR seen as imperialist, 404–5

  modern attitudes of peasants, 445

  and nationalism, 406

  Popular Front, 215

  ‘Romanian Protochronism’ (Papu), 404

  Romanticism, wartime, 110

  Romulo, Carlos, 374

  Rostow, Walt, 385, 401

  Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 5–7

  Roy, M. N., 237–8

  Russia

  1905 revolution, 57

  ancien régime at end of 19th C, 64–5

  author’s impressions 1984 and 1987, xvii–ix

  Bloody Sunday, 78

  Bolsheviks as lesser evil than Whites, 97

  coronation of Tsar Nicholas II, 63

  failure of neo-liberalism in, 560–61

  fall of Port Arthur, 77

  famine of 1891, 71

  February revolution, 82–3

  founding of Red Army, 95

  ‘Going to the People’ movement 1874, 70

  hostility to capitalism, 563

  impact of First World War, 81

  inefficiency and corruption after revolution, 98

  Kronstadt rebellion, 99

  language of class struggle, 83–4

  Marxism, revolutionaries’ attraction to, 71–2

  massacre on Khodynka Field, 63–4

  New Economic Policy, 99–100, 140, 141–3, 145, 146

  ‘People’s Will’, 70

  popular worldview in 1917, 84–5

  Proletkults, 98

  Provisional Government, 82–3

  radical student culture in 19th C, 69–70, 73

  reform compromises in 19th C, 65

  relevance of Kautskian Marxism to, 73

  secret police - Cheka, 95

  seizure of power by Bolsheviks, 87–8

  socialist terrorism in 19th C, 70–71

  songs and symbols, conflict over, 82

  soviets, 78

  spying during and after First World War, 95

  tall buildings of the Stalinist regime, 273–5

  unrest in 1921, 99

  war communism, 95–9, 99

  workers’ democracy and class struggle, 90–92

  working class in the 19th C, 65–6

  see also Union of Soviet Socialist Republic (USSR)

  Saige, Guillaume-Joseph, 6

  Saint-Simon, Henri de, Comte, 18, 22–3, 29

  Sandinistas, 499–500, 530

  sans-culottes, 1–2, 7, 8, 9, 10

  Sartre, Jean-Paul, 292–3

  Savio, Mario, 455, 458

  science and national pride in USSR, 281

  Scott, John, 150, 169, 170, 178

  Second International, 52–3

  Second World War

  centre-left consensus in Europe following, 210

  Communists in Europe following, 210

  liberalization in USSR during, 206–7

  mistrust of professional elites by USSR, 204–5

  nationalist feeling in USSR, 206

  problems faced by USSR after, 277–8

  problems with centralized Soviet system, 204

  Soviet contribution to, 204

  Soviet soldiers encounters with capitalism, 211

  Western support for USSR during, 205–6

  secret police, Russian, 95

  Secret Speech, 328–30, 351

  Selassie, Haile, 481–2

  ‘self-criticism’

  for Chinese students in Moscow, 246–7

  by managers, 149–50

  self-reliance philosophy in North Korea, 410

  September 11 attacks, xvi, 570

  Shapovalov, A. I., 66

  Shining Path, 566–7

  Shmelev, Nikolai, 418

  Short Course, 183, 296–7

  Siegfried, André, 130

  silk-workers uprising in Lyon, 32–3

  Singer, Daniel, 464

  Slovenia, 551

  Smedley, Agnes, 251

  Smirnov, Georgii, 538

  Social Contract, The (Rousseau), 5

  Social Democratic Party (SPD) of Germany

  Communist policy against, 186

  dominant in Second International, 53

  limits to influence of, 52

  as Marxist party, 46

  culture in, 50–51

  reasons workers joined, 48–51

  as reformist party, 54–5


  women, attitudes to, 50

  women in, 52

  Social Democrats

  Communist policy against, 186

  compared to religious sects, 143–4

  impact of First World War on, 105

  meetings in Switzerland 1915 and 1916, 104

  new policy towards during Stalinist regime, 191–2

  during First World War, 106

  ‘social work’ in the USSR, 437

  socialism

  conversions to, 47–8

  differing visions of, 44–5

  utopian, 20–22

  Socialist Workers’ Party of the United States, 202

  Solidarity in Poland, 525

  Solzhenitsyn, Aleksandr, 347, 538

  Song Liying, 507

  South Africa, 398, 473, 479–80

  South/South-Eastern Europe, 216–17

  South Wales, miners in, 128

  South Yemen, 472, 547

  Soviet patriotism, 159–61

  Soviet system, 142

  Soviet Union – A New Civilization, The (Webb and Webb), 196

  soviets, 78

  Spain

  civil war, 194–5

  Eurocommunism, 497

  at Paris exposition 1937, 183–4

  Popular Front crisis, 200–201

  Popular Front in, 193–5

  Sparta, 5, 6

  Spartakus (Brecht), 103–4

  sputnik satellite, 344–5

  squares in the Communist world, 275

  Stakhanov, Alexei, 176–7

  Stakhanovite movement, 177, 306

  Stalin, Iosif (Ioseb Djugashvili)

  Asia, approach towards, 232–3

  birth, 135

  changes on death of, 316–17

  compared to Lenin, 138–9

  compared to Mao Zedong, 250

  compared to Sergei Eisenstein, 134

  death of, 322

  dinners at dacha, 290–91

  early character, 136–7

  education, 135–6

  father, 136

  geopolitics, interest in, 139

  ‘Great Break’ 146–7

  heroic epics as influence, 136

  joins the Bolsheviks, 137

  Khrushchev’s denunciation of, 328–30

  Koba, as role model for, 136

  leadership cult of, 162–3

  Mao Zedong’s visit in 1949, 294–6

  mutual loathing of Trotsky, 140

  paternalism of, 162–5

  Popular Fronts in Eastern Europe, 211–13

  as relishing war, 139–40

  split with Trotsky, 199

  as supporter of Popular Fronts, 210

  work with Lenin before 1917, 138

  Stalinist regime in USSR

  ancien régime features of, 164–5

  anti-Semitism, 282–3, 289

  campaigns against religion, 152

  ceremonial tribunes and squares, 275

  consumption, age of, 162

  culturedness, 161–2

  denunciation of bourgeois specialists, 149

  economic utopianism, 148, 155–6

  embourgeoisement of culture, 283–4

  emergence of High Stalinism, 181

  exploitation of peasants, 151–5

  factory conditions after Second World War, 279–80

  Gulag system, 172–3, 278–9

  ideological campaigns after Second World War, 280–83

  intelligentsia, 168–9

  mobilization strategies, 150–51

  nationalism, policy towards in 1930s, 159–61

  nature in mid-1930s, 158

  new policy towards Social Democracy in 1935, 191–2

  peasants hostility to, 171–2

  popular militarism of, 149

  purges, 207

  refashioning of Communism in 1930s, 158

  science and national pride in, 281

  and Spanish civil war, 194–5

  tall buildings of, 273–5

  Terror of 1936–8, 175–80, 181

  wages late 1920s and early 1930s, 156

  worker incentives, 149

  working-class criticism of, 170–71

  Stanislaw, Joseph, 557

  Stasi secret police, 512–13

  State and Revolution (Lenin), 85–6

  Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (SALT), 450

  Structural Adjustment Loans, 526

  students

  radicalization of, 459–60

  rebellions of 1960s, 452–3, 456–7, 463–4, 467

  Students for a Democratic Society (SDS), 459–60

  Sukarno, 373, 374, 400

  surveillance during and after the First World War, 95

  Świda-Ziemba, Hanna, 307

  symbols and songs, conflict over, 82

  syndicalist movement, 58

  Szakolczai, Árpád, 433–4, 441–2

  tall buildings of the Stalinist regime, 273–5

  Tatlin, Vladimir, 101–2

  Taylor, Frederick W., 93

  Terror (French Revolution), 13–14

  Terror of 1936–8, 175–80, 181

  terrorism in the 1960s and 1970s, 464–6

  Thaw, The (Ehrenburg), 341

  ‘Third Period’, beginnings of, 131

  Third Wave (Toffler), 507

  Third Way, 559

  Third World Communists

  China’s influence on, 376

  radicalization of leaders, 469–70

  Soviet aid to, 375–6

  tension between left nationalists and Communists, 377

  united front parties, 399–400

  USSR’s disillusion with, 496

  Thistle, Linda, 452

  Thorez, Maurice, 192–3, 337

  Tian’anmen Square protests and massacre, 502, 553–5

  Tiflis seminary, 135–6

  Tito, Josip Broz, 217–19

  monarchical style of, 320–21

  relations with USSR, 332–3

  Tkachev, Petr, 70–71

  ‘To Those Born Later’ (Brecht), 570

  Toffler, Alvin, 507

  Togliatti, Palmiro, 208–9, 293, 337

  Torres, Camilo, 468

  totalitarianism, Islamism as, xvi

  tribunes and squares of the USSR, 275

 

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