Clockwork Futures

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by Brandy Schillace


  60.Oates, Jonathan. John George Haigh, The Acid-Bath Murderer: A Portrait of a Serial Killer and His Victims. Barnsley, England: Wharncliffe, 2014. (viii)

  61.Ibid. (193)

  62.Somerfield, Stafford. The Complete and Revealing Story of John George Haigh. 1950. Quoted in ibid.

  63.Oates, John George Haigh. (189)

  64.Calamai, Peter. “The Real Sherlock Holmes.” Cosmos. March 14, 2015. Web accessed May 8, 2015.

  NINE: THE SCIENCE OF SHERLOCK

  1.Beattie, J. M. The First English Detectives: The Bow Street Runners and the Policing of London. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, 2012. (1)

  2.Ibid. (2)

  3.Kenealy, Edward Vaughan. The Trial at Bar of Sir Roger C.D. Tichborne, Bart: In the Court [. . .] Vol. 7. Dec. 11, 1873. (157)

  4.Blum, Deborah. The Poisoner’s Handbook: Murder and the Birth of Forensic Medicine in Jazz Age New York. New York: Penguin Publishing Group. Kindle Edition. (1)

  5.McDermid, Val. Forensics. The Anatomy of Crime. London: Wellcome Collection. Profile Books, Ltd. 2014. (88)

  6.Ibid. (90)

  7.Morison, Elting. Men, Machines, and Modern Times. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1966. (125)

  8.McDermid, Val. Forensics. The Anatomy of Crime. London: Wellcome Collection. Profile Books, Ltd. 2014. (90)

  9.Quoted in ibid. (90)

  10.Quoted in ibid. (90)

  11.Ibid. (91)

  12.Ibid. (92)

  13.Ibid. (94)

  14.Doyle, Arthur Conan. A Study in Scarlet. Project Gutenberg. Release date: July 12, 2008 [Ebook #244]. (NP)

  15.Ibid.

  16.Wagner, E. J. The Science of Sherlock Holmes. Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley and Sons, 2006. (8)

  17.Morison, Elting. Men, Machines, and Modern Times. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1966. (68)

  18.Doyle, Arthur Conan. A Study in Scarlet. Project Gutenberg. Release date: July 12, 2008 [Ebook #244]. (NP)

  19.Quoted in Liebow, Ely. Dr. Joe Bell: Model for Sherlock Holmes. Madison, Wisc.: Popular Press. 1982. (2)

  20.Doyle, Arthur Conan. Sign of Four. Project Gutenberg. Release date: March 2, 2011 [Ebook #2097]. (NP)

  21.Burney, Ian, and Neil Pemberton. Murder and the Making of English CSI. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2016. (3)

  22.Ibid. (5)

  23.Ibid. (5)

  24.Ibid. (10)

  25.Ibid. (11)

  26.Burney, Ian, and Neil Pemberton. “Making Space for Criminalistics: Hans Gross and Fin-de-Siècle CSI,” Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Vol. 44, No. 1 (March 2013). (16–25)

  27.Ibid. (16–25)

  28.Berg, Stanton O. “Sherlock Holmes: Father of Scientific Crime and Detection,” Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, Vol. 61, No. 3 (1971).

  29.Quoted in Steenberg, Lindsay. Forensic Science in Contemporary American Culture. (35)

  30.Ibid. (35)

  31.Berg, Stanton O. “Sherlock Holmes: Father of Scientific Crime and Detection.” Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, Vol. 61, No. 3 (1971).

  32.Locard, Edmond. “The Analysis of Dust Traces, Part I,” The American Journal of Police Science, Vol. 1, No. 3 (May–June 1930). (276–298)

  33.Berg, Stanton O. “Sherlock Holmes: Father of Scientific Crime and Detection,” Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, Vol. 61, No. 3 (1971).

  34.McDermid, Val. Forensics: The Anatomy of Crime. London: Wellcome Collection and Profile Books, Ltd., 2014. (67)

  35.Ibid. (67)

  36.Burney, Ian, and Neil Pemberton. Murder and the Making of English CSI. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2016. (91)

  37.Burney, Ian, and Neil Pemberton. Murder and the Making of English CSI. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2016. (65–66)

  38.Savage, quoted in ibid. (66)

  39.Ibid. (81)

  40.Burney, Ian and Neil Pemberton. Murder and the Making of English CSI. Johns Hopkins. 2016, 88.

  41.Liebow, Ely. Dr. Joe Bell: Model for Sherlock Holmes. Madison, Wisc.: Popular Press, 1982. (2)

  42.Jenkins, Henry. Vintage Tomorrows, eds. James Carrott and Brian David Johnson. Sebastopol, Calif.: O’Reilly, 2013. (160)

  43.Doyle, Arthur Conan. The History of Spiritualism V. 1. ReadHowYouWant, Large format ebook, 2008. (2)

  44.Falcone, Arcadia. “The Adventure of the Immortal Detective: Discovering Sherlock Holmes in the Archives.” Cultural Compass. University of Texas Austin. Accessed Dec. 26, 2016.

  45.Winter, Alison. Mesmerism. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998. (3)

  46.Chism, Stephen. “‘The Very Happiest Tiding’: Sir Arthur Conan Doyle’s Correspondence with Arkansas Spiritualists,” Arkansas Historical Quarterly, Vol. 59, No. 3 (Autumn 2000). (299–310)

  47.Seifer, Marc J. Wizard: The Life and Times of Nikola Tesla: Biography of a Genius. Secaucus, N.J.: Citadel Press, 1998. (91)

  48.Ibid. (92)

  49.Tesla, Nikola. My Inventions and Other Writings. Courier Dover Publications, 2016. (57)

  50.Chism, Stephen. “‘The Very Happiest Tiding’: Sir Arthur Conan Doyle’s Correspondence with Arkansas Spiritualists,” Arkansas Historical Quarterly, Vol. 59, No. 3 (Autumn 2000). (299–310)

  51.Interview, Sir Arthur Conan Doyle. Recorded by William Fox, Fox Movietone News, October 1928.

  52.Ibid.

  53.Ibid.

  54.Cervetti, Nancy. S. Weir Mitchell, 1829–1914: Philadelphia’s Literary Physician. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2012. (78)

  55.Tesla, Nikola. My Inventions and Other Writings. Courier Dover Publications, 2016. (58–59)

  56.Lamont, Peter. “Spiritualism and a Mid-Victorian Crisis of Evidence,” The Historical Journal, Vol. 47, No. 4 (2004). (897–920)

  57.Interview, Sir Arthur Conan Doyle. Recorded by William Fox, Fox Movietone News, October 1928.

  58.Ibid.

  59.Doyle, Arthur Conan. “Adventure of the Empty House.” Return of Sherlock Holmes. The Strand Magazine, Vol. 26, October 1903. Project Gutenberg. Release date: February 1995 [Ebook #221]. (NP)

  60.Mitchell, C. Ainsworth, quoted in Current Opinion. Eds. Edward Jewitt Wheeler and Frank Crane. Current Literature Publishing Company, 1911. (280)

  61.Mitchell, C. Ainsworth, quoted in ibid. (280)

  62.McDermid, Val. Forensics. The Anatomy of Crime. London: Wellcome Collection and Profile Books, Ltd., 2014. (290)

  FINISHING THOUGHTS: MAD SCIENCE REPRISE

  1.Morison, Elting. Men, Machines, and Modern Times. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1966. (224)

  2.Ibid. (226)

  3.Jenkins, Henry. Vintage Tomorrows, eds. James Carrott and Brian David Johnson. Sebastopol, Calif.: O’Reilly, 2013. (113)

  4.Bowser, Rachel, and Brian Croxall. Like Clockwork: Steampunk Pasts, Presents, and Futures. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2016. (xxxiv)

  5.Ibid. (xxxvii)

  6.Gibson, William. Interview with Scott Thill. Wired, Sept. 7, 2010. https://www.wired .com/2010/09/william-gibson-interview/.

  ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

  First: To the Dittrick Medical History Center and Museum, James Edmonson, Jennifer Nieves, and Laura Travis, thank you. History owes a deep debt to all museums, everywhere.

  To my colleagues, family, and friends, who lent advice and support, my deep gratitude. To readers of early drafts, and most especially Lance Parkin, I owe you—and you know where I live. To Roger Whitson and to all those who kindly submitted to interview questions, endless thanks. And finally, to Mark, who patiently listened to more drafts with more encouragement than any other human, all my love. Also, you are stuck with me.

  INDEX

  Page numbers listed correspond to the print edition of this book. You can use your device’s search function to locate particular terms in the text.

  A

  Abernethy, John, 87

  accidents, 171, 176, 201, 205–206

  Acerbic Liquescence Atomizer, 206–207

  acid


  carbolic, 200–207

  murder and, 218–226

  nitric, 214

  sulfuric, 208–213, 214

  acid batteries, 213–218

  Adam, Juliette, 195

  Adams, Douglas, 24

  Aerial Female, 76

  Africa, exploration of, 107–112

  agriculture, 219–220

  alchemy, 20, 21, 25, 30, 219

  Aldini, Giovanni, 78–79

  Aldiss, Brian W., xi

  Alexander II, 251

  algorithms, 124, 126

  Alice in Wonderland (Carroll), xv

  alternating current (AC), 146, 157–167

  Althaus, Julius, 216

  Ambassadors, The (Holbein), 6

  amber, 62

  Americas, discovery of, 94

  Analytical Engine, 124–128, 130

  Analytical Society, 120

  anarchy, xx, 181, 185, 192–194, 196–197, 213, 229

  anatomy, 40, 42, 44, 231

  androids, 37–38, 54

  anesthesia, 42, 53, 203

  animal electricity, 70–74, 76–77, 116, 214

  animal magnetism, 152, 214

  Antarctica, 102–106

  anthropology, 100

  antiseptics, 42, 204–207

  applied science, 130–131

  Araki, Hirohiko, 148

  arctic exploration, 104–106

  Arctic Marauder, The, 106

  Aristotle, 3–4, 6, 14

  Armstrong, William George, 131–142, 170, 173, 175, 180–184, 197, 216–218

  Arnold, Matthew, 30

  Around the World in Eighty Days (Verne), 132, 213

  arsenic, 225, 232–233, 235

  artificial intelligence (AI), 45, 54, 141

  artisans, 210

  aseptic medicine, 207

  Aspray, William, 127

  assumptions, 14

  Astell, Mary, 48, 49

  astrarium, 7

  astrological clocks, 26–27

  astronomy, 4, 6–9, 14–15

  atom bomb, 170

  atomism, 33–34

  Aurora Australis, 103–104

  Australia, 103

  authority, 8–9

  “Automaton of Dobello” (Jenkins), xvii

  automatons, xvii, 27, 33–38, 42–47

  B

  Babbage, Charles, 111, 119–128, 140–141, 168, 170

  Bacon, Francis, 60

  Baker, Morrant, 205

  Bakken Museum, 66

  Banks, Sir Joseph, 92, 95, 99–101, 106–108

  Batchelor, Charles, 145, 149

  Batman, 200

  batteries, 61, 77–79, 82, 116, 213–218

  Beeckman, Isaac, 46

  Bell, Alexander Graham, 118

  Bell, Joseph, 239–240, 245

  Berkeley, George, 39

  Bernard, Claude, 203

  Berthelot, Marcellin, xiv, xvi

  Bertucci, Paola, 64, 66

  Bessemer, Henry, 234

  Bessemer steel, 234

  Bible, 19, 92

  Black Plague, 5

  blackness, 105

  Blackwell, Bonnie, 48

  Blake, William, 174

  Blakey, William, 44–46, 48

  Bliss, Willard, 204

  blood, 40–41

  bloodletting, 40–41

  Blum, Deborah, 232

  bodies, 31–40, 44, 45, 54

  Bodle Case, 225

  body electric, 67

  Boulton, Matthew, 60, 84

  bourgeoisie, 181, 186

  Bow Street Runners, 230–231

  Boyle, Robert, 41

  Brahe, Tycho, 7–8, 13–15, 22

  brain, 45, 54

  British Association for the Advancement of Science, 122–123, 130, 131, 173–174

  Browne, W. G., 108, 109

  Brunel, Isambard Kingdom, 137–141, 160

  Buddle, John, 86

  Bulwer-Lytton, Edward, 150, 153–156

  Bunsen, Robert, 214

  Bunsen cell, 214

  Bunts, Frank Emory, 201–202, 207

  Burnett, John, 183, 184–185, 188

  Burney, Fanny, 41, 42

  Burning Man, xii

  Byron, Lord, 80, 123

  C

  calculus, 12, 21–26, 28, 116, 119–120, 202

  Camper, Peter, 50

  cannibalism, 41

  carbolic acid, 201–207

  Carlyle, Thomas, 173–175, 182

  Cartesian dualism, 37

  Cartwright, Edward, 175

  Caruth, Cathy, 259

  Catholic Church, 8–9, 18

  Cavallo, Tiberius, 72

  Cavendish, Henry, 71

  Chadwick, Edwin, 137

  change, resistance to, 129

  chaos, xx, 9, 16, 18, 21, 28–30, 34, 55, 213, 229

  Charles I, 9

  Charles II, 40–41

  Chartist movement, 174, 181, 186

  chemistry, xiv, 20, 30, 219–220, 233

  Chess Player, 46

  Chicago, 144

  Chicago World’s Fair, 166, 218–219

  ChihiraAico, 37, 45

  child labor, 174, 175, 178–179, 191

  childbirth, 47–53, 203–204

  cholera, 136, 144, 225

  circuits, 71, 77

  cities

  industrial, 144

  medieval, 5

  slums, 144, 178

  unsanitary conditions in, 136–137

  Victorian, xvii, 10–11

  civil engineering, 133

  Civil War, 129, 140

  civilization, 4

  Clarke, Samuel, 27–28

  class conflict, 181–182

  Cleveland, 144

  clockpunk, 213

  clocks

  astrological, 26–27

  cuckoo, 33

  clockwork, 6, 10–12

  clockwork universe, 12, 21, 29–30, 36

  coal/coal mines, 59, 83–86, 89, 141, 174–175, 196

  Cochrane, Alfred, 134

  Cold War, 155

  Coleridge, Samuel Taylor, 98, 102, 104

  Collins, Wilkie, 104

  communism, 181–182, 192–193

  Communist Manifesto, The (Marx and Engels), 181, 185–186

  commutator, 157

  computer programs, 124

  computers, 24, 54, 124–125

  computing, 125–128

  conductors, 64, 77

  conflict, 24

  conquistadores, 94

  Conrad, Joseph, 110–111

  consciousness, 82

  consumerist culture, xii

  contaminated water, 136–137

  Cook, Captain, 99–106

  Cooke, William Fothergill, 130–131

  Copernican system, 8–9, 14

  Copernicus, Nicolaus, 8–9, 18

  corpse medicine, 41

  corpuscular theory, 34, 36, 82

  cosmos, 6–9, 80–81. See also universe

  cosplay, 206

  counting, 3

  Cowen, Joseph, 183–184

  Cragside, 201

  crime scene investigation (CSI), 240–246

  Crimean War, 138

  criminals, 211–212, 219, 221–226, 230–231, 243–244

  Cromwell, Oliver, 9

  Crookes, William, 152–153, 248–249

  Crookes tubes, 152–153

  Crosse, Andrew, 130, 225

  Crumbles case, 243–245

  Csicsery-Ronay, Istvan Jr., 115–116

  cuckoo clocks, 33

  Culpeper, Nicholas, 31–32, 39–41, 53

  cupping, 63

  cybernetics, 38

  cyborgs, 45

  D

  da Vinci, Leonardo, 13, 27

  Dalibard, Thomas-Francois, 69

  dams, 217

  Dana, Charles, 166

  dark continent, 61, 107–112

  darkness, xx, 74–75, 92, 111, 229

  Darwin, Charles, 80, 92

  Darwin, Erasmus, 80

  Das Kapital (Marx), 190r />
  Dauphin, The, 97–100

  Davy, Humphry, 62, 78–89, 95, 102, 111, 116–118, 121, 122, 225

  death, xx, 6, 53, 78, 87, 226, 229–230, 233, 249–250

  Declaration of Independence, 4

  deep space, 80

  deep time, 80

  Deists, 29

  Delgado, James P., 106

  Democritus, 33

  Desaguliers, Jean, 64

  Descartes, René, 24, 32–37, 38, 42, 44–46, 54

  detectives, 226, 230–232, 237–246, 253–255

  Devil in the White City (Larson), 219, 221

  d’Holbach, Baron, 38–39

  Dickens, Charles, xvii–xviii, 51, 136, 175, 182, 249

  difference engine, 119–128, 130, 140–141

  Difference Engine, The (Gibson and Sterling), xi, 119, 123, 125, 127, 168–169, 258

  direct current (DC), 133, 146, 157, 160, 163, 167

  Discourse on Method (Descartes), 35

  discovery, 115–116

  diseases, 5, 11–12, 31–32, 94, 136–137, 144

  dislocation, 30

  DNA evidence, 241

  Dobbs, Betty Jo Teeter, 19–20

  Dolnick, Edward, 5, 19, 24, 28

  Dondi, Giovanni de,’ 7

  Donkin, Armorer, 175

  Donne, John, 5

  doubt, 9–10, 26, 28, 35–36

  Downey, Robert Jr., xi, 246

  Doyle, Arthur Conan, 152, 162, 201, 208, 225, 227, 236–240, 244–255

  Drake, Judith, 28, 39, 49, 177

  Drax, 118

  dread, xix, 258

  dreams, 35

  drinking water, 136–137

  dust, 242–243

  dysentery, 136

  E

  earth

  age of, x, 4

  center of, 104

  East India Company, 107

  Eckert, J. Presper, 125

  ecstasy, 22

  Edison, Thomas, 118, 143–149, 154, 159–161, 163–164, 167

  Edison Electric Light Company, 146

  Edmonson, James, 207

  Elce, Erika Behrisch, 106

  electric chairs, 161

  electric house, 132

  electric shock, 71

  electrical generator, 133

  electrical power, 61, 134, 141, 166–167

  electricity, 61–70, 92–93, 118, 196, 214

  alternating current (AC), 146, 157–167

  animal, 70–74, 76–77, 116, 214

  batteries, 213–218

  detective work and, 254–255

  direct current (DC), 133, 146, 157, 160, 163, 167

  Edison and, 118, 143–149, 154, 159–161, 163–164, 167

  experiments with, 76–78

  as life force, 151

 

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