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Liberty: The Lives and Times of Six Women in Revolutionary France

Page 47

by Moore, Lucy


  Elliott, Grace Dalrymple, 214, 253, 337

  emigrants see France

  England see Britain

  enragés, 190, 200–2, 229, 231

  Estates-General: Necker urges Louis XVI to summon, 4; deputies meet, 23; becomes National Assembly, 24n

  Évrard, Simone, 173, 197

  Fabre d’Églantine, Philippe-François-Nazaire, 141, 158, 237

  Favre, Pierre, 295

  Feast of Reason, 257

  Federation Day, 73–5, 121

  Female Revolutionary, The, 255

  Fersen, Count Axel von, 56

  Festival of the Law, 121

  Festival of Liberty, 121

  Festival of Reason: in Paris, 256–9; in Bordeaux, 269

  Festival of the Supreme Being, 121, 290–1

  festivals, 121

  Feuillants, 106–7, 117

  Flauhaut, Adéle de, 10, 15, 153; Adéle de Sénange, 153

  Fleury (Manon Roland’s maid), 248

  Fontenay, Hortense de, 339

  Fontenay, Jean-Jacques Devin, marquis de: marriage to Thérésia, 67–70; divorced, 151; leaves France, 263, 278–9, 385

  Fontenay, Théodore de, 69, 263–4, 266, 307, 339

  Fontenay, Thérésia, marquise de see Cabarrus, Thérésia food shortages, 29, 34–5, 171, 226–7, 273, 278–9, 309, 320–1

  Foster, Lady Elizabeth, 380 Fouché, Joseph, 258, 265, 296–7, 299, 308, 344, 368, 371, 381

  Fouquier-Tinville, Antoine, 172

  Fournier, Claude (‘l’Américain’), 36, 41, 127, 147

  Fox, Charles, 332

  Fox, Henry, 366, 378

  France: supports USA in War of Independence, 20; class divisions, 29–30; poor harvest and food shortage (1789), 29, 34; emigration from, 78–9, 104, 151, 153; constitution signed (September 1791), 104; declares war on Austria (April 1792), 123–4; egalitarianism in, 129; monarchy suspended, 132, 138; declared republic (1792), 149; revolutionary reforms under republic, 149–50; revolutionary dress and manners, 151–2; military successes, 164, 309; invades Holland and declares war on Britain, 171; enemies invade, 228; former kings exhumed and given common burial, 245; famine (1793–4), 273, 309; severe winter (1794), 309–10, 317; emigrants return, 322–3, 347; new constitution (1795), 324, 334–5; military setbacks against Britain and allies, 367; see also Paris

  Francis II, Emperor of Austria, 129

  Fraternal Society of Patriots of Both Sexes, 60–2, 70, 81, 321

  freemasonry, 20, 71

  French Revolution: begins, 5, 29; class appeal, 19–20; anticlericalism, 30; women in, 32–3, 35–7, 43; and violence, 98–9; festivals, 121

  Frenelle (Thérésia Cabarrus’s maid), 264, 276

  Frénilly, Auguste François, marquis de, 78, 287, 310, 338

  Fréron, Stanislas, 141, 296, 305, 307–10, 313

  Fructidor, 348–9

  Furet, François, 162, 299, 324

  Fusil, Louise, 75

  Gage, Mme de, 273

  Gazette de France, 334

  Genlis, Félicité de: on effect of fashion changes, 60; attends National Assembly, 70; political interests and views, 71, 75–8; visits Salency, 72; wears brooch celebrating fall of Bastille, 74; on David’s drawing of Tennis Court Oath, 75; class loyalty, 76; qualities and character, 76–7; salon and social life, 76–8; on Social Circle, 89; emigrates, 104; in exile in Berlin, 153; influence on Thérésia Cabarrus, 277; relations with Napoléon, 376–7

  Genlis, Pamela de, 104

  Geoffrin, Marie Thérése Rodet, 10

  Gérando, Joseph-Marie de, 371

  Gérard, François, 366

  Gibbon, Edmund, 16

  Gillray, James, 340

  Girondins (earlier Brissotin group): Manon Roland supports, 87, 161; meet at Mme Dodun’s, 107; ministry, 124–5, 140; in National Convention, 149, 162; favour women’s rights, 150, 166, 193; dress, 152; leaders arrested, 59; moderate policies, 161; Robespierre persecutes, 162; on September massacres, 162; decline, 170–1; and price-fixing, 172; unsuccessfully indict Marat, 173; popular demands for arrest of, 175–6; militant women oppose, 193–4; expelled from Convention, 210; fugitives outlawed, 244; tried and condemned, 246–7

  Godineau, Dominique, 190, 195

  Goncourt, Edmond & Jules de, 7

  Gorsas, Antoine-Joseph, 193

  Gouges, Olympe de: low reputation, 55, 57; in Fraternal Society of Patriots of Both Sexes, 61; in Festival of the Law, 122; offers to defend Louis XV, 166, 193; urges power and rights for women, 203, 388; challenges Robespierre, 217; executed, 254; disparaged, 255; Déclaration des droits de la femme et de la citoyenne, 104–5

  Govin, Citoyenne, 231

  Grand, Catherine (later Mme Talleyrand), 129, 373

  Grandchamp, Sophie, 108, 169, 246–7, 250

  Grandpré, Citoyen (prison inspector), 209–10, 215

  Greuze, Jean-Baptiste, 11

  Grimm, Friedrich Melchior, baron von, 16

  Guérin, Citoyenne, 235–6

  Guérin (spy), 288

  Guillois, Dr, 254

  guillotine: victims, 140, 293; as symbol and cult, 252–4; in Bordeaux, 264, 272

  Gustavus III, King of Sweden, 14, 106 Gutwirth, Madelyn, 22, 144

  Hamelin, Fortunée, 313, 315, 359, 364, 369, 372

  Harmond, Louise-Émilie-Charlotte, 347

  Hébert, Jacques, 105, 171, 281

  Henri IV, King of France: statue, 73

  Hérault de Séchelles, Marie-Jean, 59

  Hippolyte (coiffeur), 315

  Holland: France invades, 171

  Houssaye, Arséne, 150, 359

  Hue, François, 151

  Hufton, Olwen, 322

  Intrigues of Mme de Staël, The (play), 79

  Isabey, Jean-Baptiste, 315

  Jacobin Club (Society of the Friends of the Constitution): origins, 24; resistance to women, 44, 62; de Fontenay attends, 70; members, 88; Manon Roland and, 89; petition against king, 101; Théroigne addresses, 117–18; Dr Moore visits, 139; women in, 139–40; imprisons Roux, 231; dispute with Rose Lacombe, 232–4; and relationship between Tallien and Thérésia Cabarrus, 307; closed by Thermidorians, 309

  Jacobins: and proposed war with Austria, 117; refuse admittance to women, 171; repressed, 183; disparage Charlotte Corday, 198–9, 255; Manon Roland and, 218; hatred of Tallien, 308; deported by Thermidorians, 320; hostility to royalists, 335

  Jaucourt, François de, 142, 145

  Jaurés, Jean, 388

  Jefferson, Thomas: visits Mme de Staël, 3, 20; on women’s ideas, 12

  Jemappe, battle of (1792), 164

  Jews: discrimination condemned, 53

  Joseph (Thérésia Cabarrus’s servant), 264

  Joséphine, Empress of Napoléon I (Rose de Beauharnais): attends National Assembly, 70; held in prison, 294, 301; friendship with Thérésia Cabarrus, 307, 314, 340, 363; attends Thérésia Cabarrus’s wedding, 310; relations with Hoche, 313; dress, 317, 366; and Barras, 325, 338, 344; Napoléon meets and courts, 326, 337; marriage to Napoléon, 338; joins Napoléon on campaign in Italy, 339–40; letters from Napoléon, 339; celebrity, 341; femininity, 345; Talleyrand gives ball for, 351; invites Juliette Récamier, 358; and Brumaire coup, 369–70; banned from seeing Thérésia, 372; moves into Tuileries, 373–4; portrayed in Zoloé, 374; divorce from Napoléon, 379

  Journal de la Cour et de la Ville, 80

  Journal général, 113, 122

  Jullien, Marc-Antoine, 282, 285

  Jullien, Rosalie: attends and reports on National Assembly meetings, 70, 128; on disturbances and violence in Paris, 103, 133; enjoys Festival of Liberty, 121; and Roland’s letter of resignation to king, 127; interest in politics, 130; sympathy for king, 130; on French response to Prussian invasion, 148; admires Tallien, 150; praises Robespierre, 164

  Juniper Hall, Surrey, 153–4

  Junot, Jean-Andoche, 336, 340

  Kaunitz, Anton von, Prince, 113–14, 116

  Laclos, Choderlos de: Les Liaisons Dangereuses, 77

  Lacombe, Claire (
or Rose), 132, 189–90, 201–3, 225, 229–34, 239

  Lacretelle, Charles de, 305, 306, 319, 323, 335, 350

  Lafayette, Marie Joseph Paul du Motier, marquis de: friendship with Mme de Staël, xx, 20, 390; with Washington in America, 20; as constitutional monarchist, 23, 33; helps compose constitution, 25; as commander of National Guard, 33; on Marie-Antoinette’s cold reception of deputations of women, 33; Pauline Léon’s hostility to, 33, 41, 101, 189; and food supply in Paris, 34; women denounce, 35–6; in Versailles with National Guard, 39, 41; escorts royal family to Paris, 40; celebrates fall of Bastille, 74; orders martial law and Champs de Mars shooting, 101–2; defeated in October 1791 mayoral election, 104; leads Feuillants, 107; and proposed war with Austria, 117; Robespierre attacks, 124; attempts to control events in Paris, 128–9; and Mme de Staël’s plan to save royal family, 139; imprisoned in Austria, 140

  La Force (Paris prison), 290–1, 311

  Lafurie, Mme (of Saint-Sever), 43

  Lage de Volude, Mme, 276–8

  Lajer-Burcharth, Ewa, 318

  Lally-Tollendal, Trophime-Gérard de, 142, 145

  Lamarche (executed forger), 251

  Lamartine, Alphonse de, 49, 57, 256

  Lamballe, Marie-Thérése, princesse de, 143–4, 290

  Lameth brothers, 23–5, 62, 80

  Lameth, Alexandre de, 71, 81, 107, 117

  Lameth, Charles de, 71

  Lameth, marquise de, 70

  Lameth, Mme Charles de (‘Dondon’), 71, 80–1, 122, 268, 277

  Lameth, Théodore de, 153

  Lamothe, Étienne de, 263

  Lanthenas, François, 87

  La Révelliére, Louis, 348

  La Tour du Pin, Lucy de: on French anglophilia, 22; on status of women, 68; describes Thérésia Cabarrus, 69; watches National Assembly meetings, 70; maid advised to dress down, 151; on Paris life after king’s execution, 168; breast-feeds baby in Bordeaux, 205; on popular fear in Bordeaux, 226; and Thérésia Cabarrus in Bordeaux, 265–6, 272–3, 278–9; appeals to Tallien, 268–9, 272–3, 349; and Bordeaux représentants’ luxuries, 274; Thérésia secures passport for, 275; leaves for America, 279; with Talleyrand in USA, 343; returns to France from USA and visits Thérésia, 347–8; trapped by Fructidor coup, 349

  Launay, Bernard René, marquis de, 49n

  Laval, Pauline de, 73

  La Vallette, chevalier Maynard de, 113, 116, 230

  Lebas, Joseph, 299

  Lebrun, Charles, 370

  Leclerc, Théophile, 201–2, 230–2, 239, 294

  Lecocq (Manon Roland’s cook), 248

  Lecointre, Citoyenne, 194

  Legendre, Louis, 127–8

  Lenormant, Amélie, 359, 361

  Léon, Pauline: attends National Assembly, xxv; social status and background, xxv, 31, 71, 90; mistrusts Lafayette, 33, 41, 101, 189; and October women’s march on Versailles, 41–2; presents petition to National Assembly, 44; in Fraternal Society of Patriots of Both Sexes, 61, 71, 81; attends Cordeliers’ Club, 71; feminism, 89, 118; public activities, 90, 190–1, 202, 388; protests at king’s attempted flight, 99; arrested after Champs de Mars massacre, 101–2, 173; membership of Minimes, 119; in demonstration before Tuileries, 127; marches to fight at Tuileries, 132; signs petition for Louis XVI’s death, 166; forms Société des Rétienne de, 263 Lanthenas, François, 87 La Révelliére, Louis, 348 La Tour du Pin, Lucy de: on French anglophilia, 22; on status of women, 68; describes Thérésia Cabarrus, 69; watches National Assembly meetings, 70; maid advised to dress down, 151; on Paris life after king’s execution, 168; breast-feeds baby in Bordeaux, 205; on popular fear in Bordeaux, 226; and Thérésia Cabarrus in Bordeaux, 265–6, 272–3, 278–9; appeals to Tallien, 268–9, ´publicaines-Révolutionnaires, 189–90; praises 1793 convention, 196; resists domesticity, 205; enforces wearing of tricolour cockades, 225; opposes Jacobins and Robespierre, 229–30; breach with Rose Lacombe, 230; marries Leclerc, 230, 239, 294; gives up activism for domestic life, 239, 385; later arrest and imprisonment (1794), 294; released after Robespierre’s death, 301; and women rioters, 321; and women’s rights, 385

  Leopold II, Emperor of Austria: and arrest of Théroigne, 112–13, 116

  Lepeletier, Félix, 80, 167, 266, 276

  Lepeletier, Michel, 167, 199, 271

  Le Rebours, Marie-Angélique: Advice to Mothers Who Wish to Nurse Their Infants, 205

  Levasseur, René, 305, 308

  Leveson Gower, Lord Granville (later 1st Earl Granville), 129, 341

  Liberty: iconography, 259, 291, 345

  Locke, John, 271

  Louis XV, King of France: Diderot satirizes, 56

  Louis XVI, King of France: dismisses Necker, 3–4; popular hostility to, 5; working women petition, 31–2, 38; holds banquet for Flanders regiment, 34–5; and reformed constitution, 34; agrees to sign Declaration of Rights of Man, 39; marriage relations, 56; celebrates anniversary of fall of Bastille, 73; as David’s patron, 75; attempted flight and return to Paris, 99–101; signs constitution and Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen, 104, 388; relations with Brissotins, 124; bodyguard disbanded, 126; dismisses Brissotin ministry, 126–7; employs veto, 126, 128; Manon Roland denounces, 126; popular demonstration against in Tuileries, 128; and National Assembly’s assumption of power, 129; calls for overthrow of, 130; loses throne, 132, 138; imprisoned in Temple (Paris), 139; regalia melted down, 149; fate discussed in National Convention, 165–7; condemned and executed, 166–8, 183, 249

  Louis XVIII, King of France, 390

  Louis Joseph Xavier François, Dauphin (Louis XVI’s son), 227

  Louis-Philippe, King of France, 70

  Louvet, Jean-Baptiste, 164, 175, 211, 285, 313

  Luxembourg prison, Paris, 215, 292–3

  Lyon: unrest in, 227–8; Fouché’s repressions in, 258, 265; women petition against bloodshed, 275

  Macaulay, Catherine, 87

  Maillard, Mlle (singer), 259

  Maillard, Stanislas, 36–8

  Maillebois, comte, 112

  Manuel, Louis-Pierre, 11, 142, 146

  Marat, Jean-Paul: attacks ruling classes, 34; attacks Jacobins, 62; on need for violence, 98, 141; Pauline Léon reads newspaper, 102; in National Convention, 149; opposes Girondins, 159, 162; in campaign against Roland, 163; criticizes Dumouriez, 164; Olympe de Gouges attacks, 166, 254; appearance and style, 172–3; radicalism and cult, 172–3; Pauline Léon supports, 191; defends Théroigne from assault, 193; stabbed to death by Charlotte Corday, 196–9; view of women, 218

  Marcourt, 111

  Maréchal, Sylvain: The Last Judgement of the Kings (play), 245–6

  Marengo, battle of (1800), 375 Marie-Antoinette, Queen of Louis XVI: dress, 9; visits Rousseau’s grave, 17; receives deputations of women, 33; welcomes guards’ banquet, 35; crowds attack in Versailles, 39–40; Austrians defend, 52; marriage relations, 56; reputation for debauchery, 56; and celebration of fall of Bastille, 74; attempted flight and return to Paris, 99–100; despises Lafayette, 104, 129; and French war with Austria, 124; abused in Tuileries, 128; imprisoned in Temple (Paris), 139; refuses Mme de Staël’s rescue offer, 139; and murder of princesse de Lamballe, 143; portrayed as unmotherly, 205; executed, 245, 254; disparaged, 254–5

  Marie-Christine, Archduchess of Austria (Leopold II’s sister), 116 marriage: and infidelity, 68–9

  ‘Marseillaise’ (song), 130

  Mathiez, Albert, 388

  Mercier, Louis-Sébastien, 20, 73, 144, 168, 226, 257, 300, 307, 345

  Mercure National (journal), 61

  Mére Duchesne (satire), 105

  Méricourt, Théroigne de see Théroigne de Méricourt, Anne-Josèphe

  Metternich, Prince Clemens Lothar Wenzel (earlier Count Metternich-Winneburg), 113, 381

  Michelet, Jules, 256, 387

  Mignon, Mlle (clavichord teacher), 248

  Mirabeau, Honoré-Gabriel Riquetti, comte de, 23, 55, 62, 71–2, 81, 165

  Momoro, Antoine, 257–8, 281

  Momoro, Sophie, 256–8

&n
bsp; Monge, Gaspard, 140

  Monic, Femme, 202–3

  Moniteur (newspaper), 189

  Moniteur Universel, 255

  Montagnards (group), 149, 161–2, 166, 193, 195, 199

  Montesquieu, Charles Louis de Secondat, baron de, 22

  Montmorency, Adrien de, 382

  Montmorency, Mathieu de: in de Staël circle, 20, 390–1; political views, 23; in Club of the Rights of Man, 71; admires Pauline de Laval, 73; in hiding, 137; with Narbonne in exile, 153; witnesses Louis XVI’s execution and flees, 168; Mme de Staël rescues from France, 330; Mme de Staël stays at chateau, 335; friendship with Juliette Récamier, 382

  Montmorin, Mme de, 23

  Moore, Dr John: visits and comments on revolutionary France, 131, 133, 137, 139–40, 147–8, 151; on Danton, 158; admires Roland, 163; on Robespierre, 164–5

  Moreau, General Jean, 377, 380

  Morris, Gouverneur, 3, 9, 15–16, 20–1, 36, 80, 313

  Mounier, Jean-Joseph, 38

  Munroe, James, 313

  Murat, Caroline (Napoléon’s sister), 381 muscadins (jeunesse dorée), 305–6, 309–10, 320

  Napoléon I (Bonaparte), Emperor of the French: tutored by Talma, 59; friendship with Barras, 325; and Thérésia Cabarrus, 325–6, 386; meets and courts Rose de Beauharnais (Joséphine), 326, 337; suppresses Paris rebels (1795), 336; marriage to Joséphine, 338; campaign in Italy, 339–40, 342; jealousy, 339; supports Barras in coup, 349; effect on Mme de Staël, 350–2, 370; returns to Paris from Italy, 350; expedition to Egypt, 352–3, 366, 368; ambition to lead France, 367; returns from Egypt and becomes First Consul in Brumaire coup, 368–70; bans Joséphine from seeing Thérésia Cabarrus, 372; borrows from Ouvrard, 372, 375; excludes merveilleuses from society, 372–3; occupies Tuileries apartments, 373–4; portrayed in Zoloé, 374; dominance after Marengo victory, 375; dislikes Mme de Staël, 376; view of women, 376–7, 379, 385; banishes Mme de Staël, 378–9; voted consul for life, 378; Civil Code, 379; declared emperor, 379; divorce from Joséphine, 379; Juliette Récamier resists advances, 381; bans Juliette Récamier’s return to Paris, 382; refuses help to bankrupt Jacques Récamier, 382; despotism, 389; defeat and downfall, 390

  Narbonne, Louis, comte de: relations with Mme de Staël, 14–16, 76, 79, 106, 154; commands National Guard in Besançon, 34; appointed Minister for War, 106; dismissed, 107; fathers child with Mme de Staël, 107, 154; survives attack on Tuileries, 137; flees France for England, 138–9; and Mme de Staël’s escape from Paris, 153; Manon Roland accused of corresponding with, 168; ends relationship with Mme de Staël, 329–30; affair with Montmorency’s mother, 331; joins Napoléon, 371

 

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