Liberty: The Lives and Times of Six Women in Revolutionary France

by Moore, Lucy

  Narbonne-Pelet, Mme du see Tallien, Thermidor-Rose-Thérésia

  National Assembly (later Constituent Assembly and Legislative Assembly): meets in Tuileries, xix, 25; Théroigne observes, xxii, 51, 54, 62–3; deputies invited to salons, 24; name changes, 24n; on citizenship, 53; women attend and observe, 70; and Tennis Court Oath, 72; Manon Roland criticizes, 89, 98; dismisses king as irrelevant, 100; and signing of 1791 constitution, 104; election of deputies, 106; Narbonne addresses, 106–7; Palm d’Aelders addresses, 120; and popular demonstration before Tuileries, 127–8; assumes executive power (1792), 129, 132; suspends monarchy, 132; reinstates Brissotin ministry, 140; replaced by National Convention, 148

  National Convention: formed, 132; elections (September 1792), 148; debates punishment for September massacres, 162; considers fate of king, 165–7; votes to indict members, 177; adopts new constitution ( June 1793), 195–6; expels Girondins, 210; Pauline Léon calls for re-election, 230; reaffirms freedom of worship, 258; Représentants in provinces, 264–5; Thérésia Cabarrus’s discourse on women delivered to, 286; and bread riots, 321; approves new constitution (1795), 324, 334–5

  National Guard: Lafayette commands, 33, 39–40

  naturalism, 58–9

  Necker, Jacques: as father of Mme de Staël, xx; dismissed, 3–6; recalled, 6–7; on Mirabeau, 23; sells house to Récamier, 264, 362; on French proscribed list of emigrants, 334; leaves money in France, 334; and French invasion of Switzerland, 352; meets Napoléon, 375

  Nelson, Admiral Horatio, Viscount, 353

  Nile, battle of the (1798), 353

  Noailles, Nathalie de, 69

  Notre Dame, Paris: as Temple of Reason, 256

  nuns: abused and beaten, 78

  Orateur du peuple (journal), 141

  Orléans, Philippe, duc d’ (Philippe-Égalité): owns Palais Royal, 4; popularity, 6; and October women’s march on Versailles, 52; as patron of liberal Club, 71; relations with Mme de Genlis, 76; and succession to Louis XVI, 77; daughter emigrates to London, 104; represented in pack of cards, 122; Tallien denounces, 151; votes for Louis XVI’s execution, 167

  Outram, Dorinda, 218–20, 388

  Ouvrard, Gabriel, 268, 313, 354, 367, 372, 375, 379, 382

  Ozouf, Mona, 30, 121

  Paine, Thomas: Mme de Staël’s acquaintance with, 20; Manon Roland admires, 88; on American independence, 97, 149; collaborates on The Republican, 99; co-authors constitution, 195

  Palais Royal: as political centre, 4–5

  Palm d’Aelders, Etta, 61, 102, 120

  Palmer, Robert, 279

  Pange, François de, 336

  Paris: population and conditions, xxiii, 29–30; food shortages, 34–6, 171, 226, 279–80, 320–1; revolutionary disorder in, 130; Insurrectionary Commune formed (August 1792), 131; threatened by Austria and Prussia, 131, 142; and attack on Tuileries (August 1792), 132–3, 137; September massacres (1792), 142, 147–8, 158–60, 162; radicalization, 190; under the Terror, 287–8; temporary prisons, 289; mortality rates (1794–5), 310; post-Terror life, 314–17; public balls, 317–18, 366; condition of poor in, 320; Mme de Staël’s salon in, 333; prostitutes, 346; see also France

  Paris, Bishop of, 38

  Pasquier, Étienne-Denis, 150

  Patriote Français (publication), 58, 87, 89

  Père Duchesne (newspaper), 30, 75, 105, 124, 163, 171, 211

  Pétion, Jérôme: as deputy in Estates-General, 23; Théroigne’s friendship with, 52, 77, 88; Rolands introduced to, 88; and king’s attempted flight, 99–100; Robespierre visits, 101; as mayor of Paris, 104, 107, 127, 190; attends market porters party, 119; on women in public life, 120; disperses crowd at Tuileries, 128; and Lafayette’s attempt to control Paris, 129; Roland writes to requesting extra security for prisons, 158–9; Manon Roland’s view of, 160; on Rolands’ marriage difficulties, 170; attempts to raise resistance to Robespierre’s regime, 211; flees to Normandy, 222; in hiding with Buzot, 252; suicide, 252; and Sophie Momoro, 257

  Pétion, Mme Jérôme, 222

  Petit Gautier (journal), 124

  Petite Post, 341

  Philippe-Égalité see Orléans, Philippe, duc d’

  Phlipon, Gatien and Marguerite (Mme Roland’s parents), 90–1, 95–6

  Phrygian caps (bonnets rouges), 191, 236–7, 239

  Pinel, Philippe, 387

  Pitt, William, the younger, 234, 309 poissard (slang dialect) and

  poissardes (market women), 30, 37, 41, 200, 225, 237

  Pompadour, Jeanne Antoinette Poisson, marquise de, 13, 346

  prisons: temporary, 289; life in, 292–3; see also individual prisons

  prostitutes: murdered, 143–4; denounced, 234; in Paris, 346–7

  Prudhomme, Louis-Marie, 43–4, 57, 274

  Prussia: declares war on France (1792), 130–1; besieges and captures Verdun, 141–2, 159; army advances into France, 228

  Quiberon, 322–3

  Récamier, Jacques-Rose, 181–5, 313, 358, 364, 382

  Récamier, Juliette (née Bernard): as schoolgirl, xxvi; friendship with Mme de Staël, xxvii, 362–4, 374, 382; background, 181–3; marriage, 181, 183–4, 357–8; attracts admirers, 261–2, 366–7, 386; social success, 357–61, 366, 382; relations with Thérésia Cabarrus, 358–9; qualities and character, 359–60, 386; appearance, 360, 365; entertaining, 364–5; portraits of, 365–6; and Lucien Bonaparte, 361–2, 368; attends masked ball, 373; and Napoléon’s banishment of Mme de Staël, 378; views Napoléon as tyrant, 380; visits England, 380; resists Napoléon’s advances, 381–2, 389; love for Chateaubriand, 382, 386; influence, 385; returns to Paris after Napoléon’s downfall, 386

  Renault, Cécile, 288–9

  Republican, The (journal), 99

  Restif de la Bretonne, Nicolas Edmé, 11

  Reubell, Jean-François, 348

  Revolutionary Tribunal: formed (1793), 172; Danton on, 281; summons prisoners, 293

  Révolutions de Paris, 121–2, 238

  Reynolds, Sir Joshua, 312n

  Riballier, Philibert, 12

  Ribbing, Count Adolf von, 331

  Rivarol, Antoine, 82

  Robert, François, 61, 89, 101

  Robert, Louise, 61, 89, 101

  Robespierre, Augustin, 298

  Robespierre, Maximilien: attends National Assembly, xx-xxi; supposed relations with Thérésia Cabarrus, xx, 81; influenced by Rousseau, 17; political views, 23–4, 161; invited to Necker’s Versailles residence, 24; and women’s march on Versailles, 38; champions universal male suffrage, 53; influence on Théroigne, 55; Thérésia Cabarrus entertains, 72; Rolands meet, 88; and king’s attempted flight, 99; speaks at Jacobin Club, 101; Manon Roland corresponds with, 103, 125–6, 217, 244; honoured, 104; on election of deputies, 106; as public prosecutor, 107; differences with Brissot, 117, 123, 126; opposes war with Austria, 117, 123; on overthrow of king, 130; serves on Insurrectionary Commune in Paris, 131; leads Paris Commune, 139; view of women, 140, 217–18, 285–6, 291; on threat from traitors, 141; accuses Brissot of conspiring with Brunswick, 147; elected to National Convention, 148–9; speeches, 150; dress, 152, 164, 291, 297; Manon Roland’s view of, 160, 244; opposes Mme Roland’s federalist proposals, 161; ruthlessness, 162; dispute with Louvet over personality cult, 164; women support, 164; urges death of Louis XVI, 165; Olympe de Gouges disparages, 166, 254; proclaims the people never wrong, 172; calls for action against corrupt deputies, 174; Pauline Léon supports, 191; exploits Société des Républicaines-Révolutionnaires, 194; serves on Committee of Public Safety, 199; Manon Roland describes in memoirs, 216–17; and war preparations, 228; Républicaines-Révolutionnaires oppose, 229–30, 232; Lacombe warns, 234; accused of inaction, 246; sanctions executions, 253; opposes anticlericalism, 258, 290; justifies Terror, 279, 300; rule and arbitrary power, 279, 289, 296–7; hostility to political rivals, 281; Jullien writes to on Thérésia Cabarrus in Bordeaux, 285; signs warrant for Thérésia Cabarrus’s arrest, 287; bodyguards, 288; assassination attempt on, 289; presides over Festival of the Supreme Being,
290–1; orders Thérésia Cabarrus imprisoned in common cells, 292; paranoia, 296–7; downfall and execution, 297–301, 308, 389; assessed, 299–300; bourgeois morality, 314

  Robinson, Mary, 10

  Rocher, Mercier du, 265

  Roland, Eudora (Manon’s daughter), 97, 169, 174, 176, 205, 215–16

  Roland de la Platière, Jean-Marie: social position, 86; Manon meets and marries, 95–6; post in Amiens, 96; returns to Le Clos, Lyon, 103; and Buzot, 104; moves to Paris, 107; as Minister of Interior, 108, 124, 158, 163; resigns, 126–7, 169; reinstated, 140, 157; elected to National Convention, 149; Tallien attacks, 151; Danton respects, 158; impotence in September massacres, 158–9, 162; warrant for arrest, 159–60, 174–6; qualities, 160; campaign against, 163; on fate of king, 165; fears arrest and death, 169–70, 174; and Manon’s love for Buzot, 170, 174, 220; Pauline Léon’s hostility to, 191; flees Paris on arrest of Manon, 209; outlawed, 244; suicide on hearing of Manon’s death, 252, 256

  Roland, Manon: attends National Assembly, xxiii–iv; and Théroigne, 56; in Fraternal Society of Patriots of Both Sexes, 61–2; on abuse of nuns, 78; anti-monarchist views, 85–6, 100; political involvement, 85–6, 89–90, 125, 218–19, 249, 388; appearance and character, 86–7, 94, 160; on role of women, 88, 93–4, 217–18; coterie, 89–90; criticizes National Assembly, 89, 98; background and education, 90–3, 182; marriage and child, 95–7; view of USA, 97–8; on downfall of king, 100; on Robespierre, 101; corresponds with Buzot and Robespierre, 103–4, 125, 217; leaves Paris for Le Clos (near Lyon), 103–4; returns to Paris, 107–8; on corrupt aristocrats, 108; and husband’s appointment as Minister of Interior, 108, 125, 158–9; on Robespierre’s antipathy to Brissot, 117; on king’s false support for war with Austria, 124; denounces king’s use of veto, 126; and husband’s resignation, 126–7; and threat of Austrian invasion, 130; on September massacres in Paris, 142, 158; hostility to Danton, 157–9; arrogance, 158; Marat insults, 163; interrogated by National Convention, 168; under threat, 169; love for Buzot, 170, 174, 214, 216, 220–1, 244, 251, 256, 267; protests to Convention against arrest of husband, 175–6; arrested and imprisoned, 176–7, 209–11; attitude to daughter, 205; letters from Buzot in prison, 211–12; mocked in Père Duchesne, 211; released, rearrested and imprisoned in Sainte-Pélagie, 212–16, 219–22, 243, 290; studies English, 215; and practice of virtue, 218–19; writing, 219–20; self-revelation, 243–4; attempts suicide, 244, 246; transferred to Conciergerie and interrogated, 248–9; qualities, 249; condemned and executed, 250–2, 254, 385; disparaged, 255; honoured as revolutionary muse, 256; and demotion of female figure of Liberty, 259; longing for rural life, 312; Barras declines invitation to dine, 345; on France awaiting master, 367; and women’s rights, 385; Appel à l’impartiale postérité (Memoirs), 158, 214, 216, 218, 243–4, 255–6

  Romme, Gilbert, 53–4, 149, 195

  Rousseau, Jean-Jacques: on children’s dress, 9; ideas and influence, 11, 17–18, 20, 58; Mme de Staël admires, 16–17; on women, 18–19, 56–7, 85, 88, 93–4, 120; personal life, 19; influence on Manon Roland, 85, 91, 93, 243–4; Thérésia Cabarrus reads, 271; Confessions, 68, 91, 219; Émile, 18, 204; La Nouvelle Héloïse, 14, 17–18, 363; The Social Contract, 17

  Roussel, Pierre-Joseph-Alexis, 202–3, 225

  Roux, Jacques, 200–1, 230–1

  Royalists: in post-Thermidor France, 320, 322–3; Jacobin hostility to, 335; in Directory, 343

  Sade, Donatien Alphonse François, marquis de: Zoloé (attrib.), 375

  Saint-Just, Antoine: urges death of Louis XVI, 165; on programme of Terror, 200; on education of boys and girls, 272, 344; supports Robespierre in repressions, 295–6; Théroigne appeals to from prison, 295; speech interrupted by Tallien, 298; executed, 299

  Sainte-Beuve, Charles-Augustin de, 362

  Sainte-Pélagie prison, Paris, 213–15, 220–2, 243, 290

  Salency, Picardy, 72

  salons: character, 7

  Sanson, Charles-Henri, 247, 253

  Santerre, Antoine, 119–20, 122, 127, 131, 146, 158

  Schama, Simon: Citizens, xxiii, 50, 98–9

  Schlegel, August Wilhelm von, 382

  Sélys, Mme de, 112

  Sénart (revolutionary agent), 386

  Sennett, Richard, 8

  September massacres see Paris

  Sercey, Henriette de, 104

  Seymour, Miranda: The Bugatti Queen, 274n

  Sièyes, Emmanuel Joseph, abbé: friendship with Théroigne, 52; on property and civil status, 53; La Vallette insults, 113; at La Chaumière, 313; alliance with Barras, 368; and Brumaire coup, 369; drafts 1799 constitution, 370; champions women’s rights, 389; What is the Third Estate?, 52

  Simonard, Pierre, 182

  Soboul, Alfred, 229

  Social Circle (club), 61, 89, 102

  Société des Républicaines-Révolutionnaires, 189–91, 193–4, 196, 199, 200–2, 206, 225, 229–31, 233, 236, 239, 254, 385

  Society of the Friends of the Constitution see Jacobin Club

  Society of the Friends of the Law, 53–4, 62

  Society of the Friends of the Negroes, 87

  Staël, Albert de (Germaine-Narbonne’s son), 154

  Staël, Auguste de, 332, 379

  Staël, Éric Magnus de, 14–15, 24, 67, 107, 329, 332–3, 336

  Staël, Germaine de: appearance, dress and character, xix-xx, 8, 13–14, 366; Benjamin Constant and, xx, 331–3, 342; salon and social/intellectual life, 3, 7–8, 10–11, 19–21, 23, 25, 69, 71, 76, 218, 333–4, 378; on causes of French evolution, 5; and father’s dismissal and recall, 6–7; plays game of ‘the Boat’, 10; conversation, 11, 13; on influence and role of women, 12–13, 42, 345; marriage and lovers, 14–15, 67, 106; welcomes revolution, 16; political views, 24–5, 79–80; on royal veto, 25, 34; and women’s march on Versailles, 37; resents discrimination, 49; and Théroigne, 52, 55–6; and Fraternal Society of Patriots of Both Sexes, 61–2; on inappropriate marriages, 68; attends National Assemby, 70; elitist views, 71–2; on emigration, 79; satirized, 79; on Social Circle, 89; admires Rousseau, 93; on misuse of words, 103; in Coppet, Switzerland, 106, 153–4, 329–31, 342, 352, 354; child (Albert) by Narbonne, 107, 137, 153–4; represented in pack of cards, 122; on Brissotin ministry, 124; witnesses king’s last public appearance, 129; aids Narbonne’s escape from revolutionaries, 138–9; plan to save royal family, 139; arranges release of Lally-Tollendal and Jaucourt, 142, 145; detained on attempting to flee, 145–6; succeeds in reaching Switzerland, 147; visits Juniper Hall, Surrey, 154; disavows public activities, 217; influence on Thérésia Cabarrus, 277; on Robespierre, 297; favours Tallien, 308; Narbonne withdraws from, 329–30; returns to Paris (1795), 329, 332–3; helps escaping friends, 330; mother’s death, 332; leaves Paris for Montmorency’s chateau, 335; political involvement, 335, 388; returns to Switzerland (1796), 336; arrives in Paris (May 1797), 343; pregnancy and birth of daughter, 343; intrigues, 344, 349, 354; and Talleyrand’s return from USA, 344; Barras dines with, 348; and Fructidor coup, 349; helps royalist friends after Fructidor, 349–50; adulation of Napoléon, 350–2, 370; and French annexation of Switzerland, 352–3; illicit visits to Paris, 354, 367; friendship with Juliette Récamier, 362–4, 374, 382; and Brumaire coup, 368–9; and Constant’s appointment as tribune, 370; attacked in press, 371; on former lovers, 371; ostracized by society, 372; on Talleyrand’s marriage, 373; and battle of Marengo, 375; Napoléon dislikes, 376; formally exiled from France, 378, 389; demand for women’s rights, 385, 389; influence under restoration, 390–1; secret marriage (1811), 390; travels, 90; withholds support for Napoléon, 390; death, 391; Corinne, 13, 365; Delphine, 363, 371, 378; How Can We Determine What is the Opinion of the Majority of the Nation?, 79; Letters on Jean-Jacques Rousseau, 16, 68, 362; On Germany, 382, 390; On the Influence of Passions on the Happiness of Individuals and Nations, 330; On Literature, 13, 374; Reflections on Peace Addressed to Mr Pitt and to the French, 332; Reflections on the Trial of the Queen, by a Woman, 245

  Stuart, Andrea, 253

  Sul
eau, François, 123, 133

  Suspects, Law of, 231

  Sutherland, Elizabeth, Countess of, 21, 67

  Swiss Guards: murdered, 132

  Switzerland: France annexes, 352

  Tableau de Paris, 340

  Talleyrand-Périgord, Charles Maurice de, marquis (later prince de Benevento): relations with Mme de Staël, 3, 10, 14, 106; helps compose constitution, 25; and Théroigne, 55; celebrates fall of Bastille, 74; on Mme de Genlis, 76; shares mistress with Gouverneur Morris, 80; visits French émigrés in England, 153; Manon Roland corresponds with, 168; returns to France from USA, 343; appointed Foreign Minister, 344; and Thérésia Cabarrus, 346; awareness of intrigues, 348; Barras dines with, 348; on Mme de Staël’s help for friends, 350; gives ball for Joséphine, 351–2; introduces Napoléon to Luxembourg audience, 351; proposes Egyptian expedition to Napoléon, 352; on failure of Directory, 367; alliance with Barras and Sièyes, 368; and Brumaire coup, 369; alliance with Napoléon, 370–1; portrayed in Mme de Staël’s Delphine, 371; marries Catherine Grand, 373

  Tallien, Clémence (Thérésia Cabarrus’s daughter), 372

  Tallien, Jean-Lambert: membership of clubs, 62; relations with Thérésia Cabarrus, 81–2, 150, 265–71, 273, 276–8, 287, 307–8; founds Fraternal Society of the Minimes, 118; and Théroigne, 120; denounces Condorcet, 124; helps Mme de Staël leave Paris, 146–7, 151; elected to National Convention, 149; popular following, 150; political views, 151, 266; defends existing laws, 162; in campaign against Roland, 163; calls for death of Louis XVI, 165; denies impending famine, 172; Mme La Tour du Pin appeals to for help, 172–3, 268–9, 349; as représentant in Bordeaux, 264–5, 268–70, 273–5; background, 266; attacked in street, 269; returns to Paris, 279–80; appeals for moderation, 280–1; elected president of Convention, 281; Robespierre opposes, 281, 296; survives purge of dantonistes, 282; Jullien denounces for liaison with Thérésia Cabarrus, 285; under investigation, 287; protected by bodyguard, 288; meets Thérésia Cabarrus at Fontenay-aux-Roses, 289; and arrest of Thérésia Cabarrus, 291; writes to Robespierre, 296; plots and speaks against Robespierre, 297–8, 300–1; condemns Terror, 300; and Fréron, 305; friendship with Thérésia Cabarrus after release, 307; assassination attempt on, 308; hated by Jacobins, 308; marriage to Thérésia Cabarrus, 310–12, 323–4, 347–8, 353; daughter by Thérésia Cabarrus, 314; avarice, 319; and death sentences on returned emigrants, 322–3; sanctions death of royalists, 323; eloquence, 324; resents adulation of Thérésia, 324; excuses behaviour under Terror, 334; attacked for political views, 335; witnesses Napoléon-Joséphine wedding, 338; leaves France on Egyptian expedition, 353–4, 386; letters from Thérésia Cabarrus in prison, 357; divorce from Thérésia, 377; as consul in Alicante, 379; on Thérésia’s marriage to Chimay, 380