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Liberty: The Lives and Times of Six Women in Revolutionary France

Page 49

by Moore, Lucy


  Tallien, Thérésia see Cabarrus, Thérésia

  Tallien, Thermidor-Rose-Thérésia (later Laure de Narbonne-Pelet), 67–8, 314, 386

  Talma, François-Joseph, 58–9, 75, 280, 313, 381

  Talma, Julie, 107, 313

  Target, Guy-Jean, 72

  Taschereau Fargues, Paul Auguste, 288, 291

  Tenducci, Ferdinand-Justin, 48

  Tennis Court Oath (1789), 24n, 72, 75

  Terror, the: justifications for, 98, 161, 279–80; begins, 184–5, 200, 230; and cult of guillotine, 253; and executions, 293; Tallien condemns, 300; reaction against excesses, 324

  Tessé, Mme de (comtesse), 21

  Thé, Le (journal), 318

  theatre: social prejudice against, 58–9; survives revolution, 152

  Theremin, Louis, 345

  Thermidor and Thermidorians, 295, 299–300, 305, 308–9, 312, 320

  Théroigne de Méricourt, Anne-Josèphe: observes National Assembly, xxii, 51, 54, 62–3, 70; social status, xxv–vi, 55–7, 90, 92; activism, 47, 388; background and career, 47–9; dress and appearance, 49, 51, 54–5, 59–60, 73, 140; opposes discrimination against women, 49–50, 54, 62–3; and October women’s march on Versailles, 51, 70; Austrians arrest and interrogate, 52, 112–16; friends and associates, 52–3, 55; revolutionary ideas and activities, 54–5, 57, 60, 67; popular image, 55, 57; in Fraternal Society of Patriots of Both Sexes, 61, 70; leaves Paris, 62–3, 111; public activities, 90, 119; released and returns to Paris, 116–17; favours war with Austria, 117–19, 124; proposes bringing women into public life, 119–20; organizes Festival of Liberty, 120–1; represented in pack of cards, 122; satirized and attacked in press, 122–3; in demonstration before Tuileries, 127; addresses crowd and fights in assault on Tuileries, 132–3, 140; attends Jacobin Club, 140; attacked and beaten as enemy of revolution, 192–3, 225, 295; challenges Robespierre, 217; arrests and imprisonment, 294–5; mental decline and confinement, 295, 301, 387; and women’s rights, 385; death and reputation, 387–8

  Théroigne de Méricourt, Joseph, 295

  Théroigne et Populus (play), 55

  Thibaudeau, Antoine, 318–19, 323, 333, 335

  Tocqueville, Alexis de: on position of women, xxiii; on revolution, 98; on Girondins, 161; on post-Terror fashion, 314; on public balls, 317; on rule of Directory, 341–2

  Tomalin, Claire, 255

  Toulon: captured by British, 228; recaptured by revolutionary army, 270

  Tours, 265

  Tourzel, Louise Elizabeth, marquise (later duchesse) de, 40, 144

  Tribun du Peuple, 346

  Tribunate, 370

  tricolour cockade: wearing of, 129, 225–6, 229, 234–6

  tricoteuses, 252

  United States of America: supported by France in War of Independence, 20; status of women in, 22, 97; Brissot admires, 87; Tom Paine on, 97, 149; Lafayette in, 200; Mme La Tour du Pin leaves for, 279

  Vadier, Marc Guillaume, 288

  Valmy, battle of (1792), 149

  Varennes, 100

  Varlet, Jean, 201

  Vendée, la: rebellion in, 171, 227

  Verdun: besieged and captured by Prussians, 141, 159

  Vergniaud, Pierre, 158, 171, 175, 177, 198, 210, 219, 247

  Versailles: October women march on, 36–42, 51–2, 70

  Victoire, Mme (Louis XVI’s aunt), 79

  Vieux Cordelier (journal), 280

  Vigée-Lebrun, Élisabeth, 9, 29, 76, 377

  Villiers, Pierre, 387

  Voltaire, François Marie Arouet: in salons, 16; Manon Roland reads, 93; Brutus, 58, 75

  Walpole, Horace, 18 Warens, Françoise Louise Eléonore de la Tour, 69

  Washington, George, 12, 20, 87, 97

  Wellington, Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of, 386, 390

  White Terror, 320

  Williams, Helen Maria: on French anglophilia, 22; on activist women, 32, 73, 194; on National Assembly meetings, 70; on slang, 70; on Federation Day, 74–5; on hypocrisy of nobles, 76; on Manon Roland, 87; on fall of royal family, 99; on revolutionary dress, 151–2; on Roland’s resignation, 169; arrested and imprisoned, 210, 289; Barère visits, 210; visits Manon Roland in prison, 215; destroys Manon Roland’s papers, 219, 255; on trial of Marie-Antoinette, 245; on Brissot’s awaiting execution, 247; on execution of Manon Roland, 252; friendship with Manon Roland and Mary Wollstonecraft, 255; on the Terror, 280; on Danton, 281; on victims of execution, 281–2; on death of Robespierre, 300; on post-Terror life, 306; on Directory, 342; on denial of women’s rights, 388–9

  Wollstonecraft, Mary: attends National Assembly, 70; influenced by Rousseau, 18; defends working women in France, 40; as unmarried mother, 55; on French manners, 152; watches Louis XVI on way to execution, 167; edits Manon Roland’s memoirs, 255–6; praises Tallien, 300; A Vindication of the Rights of Women, 9 women: position of, xxiii; in salons, 7–8; dress and manners, 8–10, 151, 191, 315, 366; as arbiters of ideas and style, 11–12, 42; misogyny amd discrimination against, 13, 44, 50, 62–3, 123, 344–6; Rousseau on, 18–19, 56–7, 85, 88, 93–4, 120; Condorcet on, 21–2; in USA, 22, 97; working-class and market, 30–2, 200, 225, 235–7; participate in revolution, 31; petition king for rights, 31–2; support revolution, 32–3, 43; role, 34; demand bread, 35, 227; march on Versailles (October 1789), 35–42, 51–2, 70; men dress as, 40–1, 52, 78, 366; demand for rights, 43–4, 104–5, 388–90; form clubs and groups, 43, 60, 71, 189; and revolutionary anti-corruption, 56; citizenship question, 57, 61, 104; fashion industries decline, 59–60; and celebration of fall of Bastille, 74; demand money, 78; Théroigne proposes as fighting soldiers, 118; proposals to bring into public life, 119–20; in revolutionary festivals, 121–2; in Jacobin Club, 139–40; as victims in prison massacres, 143–4; participate in massacres and atrocities, 144; granted civil rights under new republic, 150; support Robespierre, 164; denied access to Jacobin meeting-rooms, 171; protest at food shortages, 171–2, 320–1; Marat appeals to, 173; active militants, 190–4, 201–3, 236–7, 321, 388; rights denied in 1793 constitution, 195; disillusion with revolution, 200–1, 227–8; exalted as mothers, 204–5; Jacobins counteract influence of, 204; Robespierre on, 217, 285–6, 291; and immorality in ancien régime, 218; and wearing of tricolour cockade, 225–6, 234–6; in Lyon civil war, 227–8; and wearing of Phrygian cap (bonnets rouges), 236–7, 239; prevented from involvement in public life, 237–8, 321–2; as spectators at executions, 252; executed, 254; celebrate Festival of Reason, 256, 258–9; as embodiments of virtues, 259; Thérésia Cabarrus’s discourse on, 285–6; in Festival of Supreme Being, 291; prisoners, 294; serve in army, 295; post-Thermidor dress and manners, 314–17; instigate violence and riots, 321–2; and prostitution, 346–7; romantic friendships, 363; Napoléon’s attitude to, 376–7; under Napoléon’s civil code, 379, 385

  Wordsworth, William, 74

  Ysabeau, Claude, 264–5, 269–70, 273–5, 278, 280, 282, 285

  About the Author

  LUCY MOORE is the author and editor of several books, including the critically acclaimed Maharanis. She was voted one of the top twenty young writers in Britain by The Independent and has hosted programs on the BBC. She lives in London.

  Visit www.AuthorTracker.com for exclusive information on your favorite HarperCollins author.

  Credits

  Cover design by Gregg Kulick

  Cover illustration: Bibi by Seymour Joseph Guy © Christie’s Images

  Copyright

  Images not available for electronic edition.

  LIBERTY. Copyright © 2006 by Lucy Moore. All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. By payment of the required fees, you have been granted the non-exclusive, non-transferable right to access and read the text of this e-book on-screen. No part of this text may be reproduced, transmitted, down-loaded, decompiled, reverse engineered, or stored in or introduced into any information storage and retrieval system, in any form or by any means, whether electronic or mechanical, now known or hereinafter invented, without the expre
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  EPub Edition © MAY 2008 ISBN: 9780061881947

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  * The Estates-General had changed its name to the ‘National Assembly’ on 17 June 1789, three days before the Tennis Court Oath in which the deputies swore to remain in session until France had a constitution; over the next three years it would become, successively, the Constituent Assembly and the Legislative Assembly. As contemporaries usually did, in the main I have referred to it as the National Assembly.

  * Her French accusers said Théroigne de Méricourt had boasted of forming this club.

  * Thérésia’s account of her birth is just one example of this tendency: she claimed to have been born in Madrid at a grand ball given by the French ambassador, altough records show she was actually born in Carabancel, just outside Madrid.

  * Porcia Catonis was a Roman matron who committed suicide by swallowing hot coals when her husband Brutus was defeated in battle by Marc Anthony; Mucius Scaevola put his hand into a fire to demonstrate his patriotism. The implication is that women could also be patriots.

  * Similar feelings of resentment arose in German-occupied Paris during the Second World War. ‘In years when an egg was a magnificent luxury,’ writes Miranda Seymour in The Bugatti Queen (London, 2004), ‘food was increasingly associated with the idea of power. The German alone had regular access to good food in Paris; while their hosts starved, they ate like victors.’

  * In 1785 Sir Joshua Reynolds bought Bernini’s fountain of Neptune holding a trident with a Triton at his feet, originally made for the Villa Negroni; he considered it the finest work of its type.

  Table of Contents

  Cover

  Title Page

  Dedication

  Epigraph

  Contents

  Introduction

  Chapter 1

  Chapter 2

  Chapter 3

  Chapter 4

  Chapter 5

  Chapter 6

  Chapter 7

  Chapter 8

  Chapter 9

  Chapter 10

  Chapter 11

  Chapter 12

  Chapter 13

  Chapter 14

  Chapter 15

  Chapter 16

  Chapter 17

  Chapter 18

  Chapter 19

  Notes

  Bibliography

  Words and Phrases

  Acknowledgments

  Searchable Terms

  About the Author

  Credits

  Copyright

  About the Publisher

 

 

 


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