Braddock’s road and, 150–51, 157
Connecticut and, 307
Creeks and, 366
Croghan and Montour and, 56, 57
Delawares and, 99, 131, 132
Forbes’ road and, 150–51
forts and, 80, 84
French and Indians and, 63, 100, 120
Indian trade and, 162
Iroquois and, 143, 237, 244
Kanuksusy and, 108
land grants and, 187
Logstown Treaty and, 59
migrations and mixing of peoples and, 51
Montour and, 55
Northwestern Confederacy wars and, 446
Ohio Company and, 47–48, 57
Ohio country and, 45, 49, 61, 65
Ohio Indians and, 97, 157
Onondagas and, 52, 63
scalp bounties and, 131, 177, 272
Scarouady and, 113
Senecas and, 401, 402, 404
Shawnees and, 62, 209, 265
Shingas attacks and, 114
Virginia and, 29, 199, 202, 209, 260, 262
wampum and, 100
Washington and, 114
Washington’s Indian land acquisitions and, 480
Penobscots, 21m, 228, 229–30, 231. See also Treaty of Watertown (1776)
Peorias, 1, 414
Pequots, 218
Perkins, Thomas, 212
Peters, Richard, 100, 293
petroglyphs, 9
Pheasant, the, 196, 197–98
Phelps, Oliver, 402, 564n19
Philadelphia, 281, 337, 405, pl 11
Philadelphia Indian diplomacy. See also Sandusky conference (1793); Treaty of Vincennes; Treaty of Vincennes (1792) Brant and, 408–10, 411–12, 413, 417
British and, 401, 409, 410–13, 414
Cook and, 413
DuCoigne and, 414
Indian disunity and, 405–6, 412–13, 413–14, 416
Indian land and, 416–17, 418
Iroquois and, 1, 407–8
Logstown council fire and, 53
Northwestern Confederacy and, 403, 405–6, 407–8, 412–14
Ohio country and, 52
Pickering and, 398–400, 404–5
Putnam and, 414
Red Jacket and, 416–17
Senecas and, 398–404
war versus negotiation and, 397–98
Washington and, 1–3, 406–8, 411–12, 415, 567n89
Philadelphia meeting (1796), 459–61
Piankashaws, 1, 51, 61, 314, 328, 384, 414, 459. See also Memeskia (Old Briton); Miamis
Pickawillany attack, 61, 72
Pickens, Andrew, 353, 429, 432, 466, 570n39
Pickering, Timothy. See also Sandusky conference (1793) Brant and, 409
Cherokees and, 430
Cornplanter and, 440–41
Iroquois and, 398–400, 404–5, 441–42
Jay Treaty and, 445
Oneidas and, 304
Philadelphia diplomacy and, 2, 406–7
portrait of, pl 10
Quakers and, 455
Senecas and, 398–99, 408
southern Indians and, 430–31
as speculator, 556n60
Treaty of Canandaigua (1794) and, 443
Treaty of Greenville and, 444
Washington’s Indian policy and, 343–45, 406–7
Piedmont area, 21m, 27, 31, 36
Pigeon (Woyi) (Pouting Pigeon), 166
Pinckney, Charles, 434. See also Treaty of San Lorenzo (1795)
Pine Creek meeting, 62
Piominko (Piomingo) (Opoia Mutaha) (Mountain Leader) (Chickasaw), 7, 305, 306, 390, 425–26, 427, 436, 460, 569n24
Pipe (Hobocan) (Hopocan) (Captain Pipe) (Delaware), 263, 267, 268, 271, 276–77, 278. See also Treaties of Fort Harmar (1789); Treaty of Fort Pitt (1778)
pipes, 2, 331
Piqua division of Shawnees, 207, 273
Piscataways, 22, 25
Pisquetomen (Delaware), 153–55, 156, 157, 173, 176
Pitt, William, 139–40, 152
Pittsburgh (Pennsylvania), 159, 162, 262. See also Fort Pitt
plats, 36
Pocahontas, 23, 28
Pond, Peter, 412
Pontiac’s War, 6, 176–77, 179, 180–81, 262, 525n29
Pope, John, 375
population estimates of Indians, 19, 28, 283
Portsmouth (Ohio), 56
Posey, John, 185
Post, Christian Frederick, 153–54, 157, 173, 521n28
Potawatomis, 1, 21m, 72, 112, 160, 414, 443, 459. See also Northwestern Confederacy war; Pickawillany attack; Treaties of Fort Harmar (1789)
Potomac River and Valley agriculture and, 23
Iroquois and, 34
map, 21m
Mount Vernon and, 25
national unity and, 289, 297–98, 298–99
Ohio Company and, 54
Powhatans and, 22
Washington and, 96, 179, 290, 298–300, 479
Washington’s Indian land acquisitions and, 298–99
westward expansion and, 36, 48, 96
Pouchot, Pierre, 161
Pouting Pigeon (Woyi) (Pigeon), 166
Powhatan (Wahunsonacock) (Powhatan), 22–23
Powhatans, 19, 22–25
Pratt, Charles, 205
Preston, David, 513n36
Preston, William, 209
Prince, the. See Kithagusta (Cherokee)
private property and property rights, 23, 380, 454, 458, 471, 472
Proctor, Thomas, 404
promissory notes, 336
Putnam, Rufus, 313, 380, 385, 414, 434, 450
Q
Quakers, 8, 62, 103, 115, 121, 155, 393, 418, 424, 455, 456, 488, 490, 572n104. See also Pemberton, Israel
Quebec, 21m, 181, 221, 222, 280. See also Dorchester, Lord; Haldimand, Governor; Quebec Act
Quebec Act, 211, 212
Quebec meeting (1790), 374
Queen Aliquippa (Seneca), 79, 91, 92, 100
Quequedegatha. See White Eyes (Delaware)
R
race, 12, 28, 464. See also enslaved African Americans; enslaved Indians; Indian identity; mulattoes; white identity
Randolph, Beverly, 366, 418, 420, 429
Randolph, Edmund, 1, 340, 395, 439
Randolph, Peter, 126
Randolph, Peyton, 202
Raphael, Ray, 568n2
Rappahannock River, 22, 31, 34, 40
Rasmusson, Barbara, 530n82
Raven of Chota (Savanukah) (Cherokee), 213, xiii
Raven Warrior of Hiwassee (Cherokee), 142, 143, xiii
Read, Jacob, 302
Red Coat. See McGillivray, William (Chickasaw)
Red Jacket (Sagoyewatha) (“Keeps Them Awake”) (Cowkiller) (Seneca) boundaries and, 416–17
“civilization” and, 456
Cornplanter compared, 402
medal and, 332f, 489–90
Philadelphia diplomacy and, 407
Pickering and, 399–400, 404–5, 441
portrait of, pl 12
Sandusky conference and, 417
Senecas and, 412–13
Shawnees and, 417
Washington and, 7, 406, 408, 416–17
Red King (Chickasaw), 306
Red Pole. See Painted Pole (Messquakenoe) (Shawnee)
Redstone Creek, 54, 199
Reed, Joseph, 247
refugee crisis, 256, 258
religion. See also missionaries; Moravians; Quakers British sailor and, 105
Cornplanter and, 401
Indian identity and, 489
land rights and, 23
Oquaga and, 245
Red Jacket and, 456
Washington and, 10, 287, 341, 458, 544n14
Washington’s Indian policies and, 270, 341–44
westward expansion and, 286–87, 330
Revolutionary War in the West. See also Sullivan, John; Town Destroyer; Van Schaick, Goose British and, 279, 281
Brodhead and, 271–72, 273–74
> Clark and, 272–73
corn and, 251, 278, 280
Crawford and, 265–66
Delawares and, 266–71
Fort Pitt meetings and, 261–65
frontierspeople versus elites, 260–61
Gnadenhütten massacre and, 275–76, 277–79, 278–79
Indian land and, 269, 279, 280
McIntosh and, 266
Oneidas and, 258
Onondagas and, 248–49
Sandusky expedition and, 276–79
smallpox and, 281–82
Washington and, 7, 245–46, 246–47, 249–50, 279, 280
Reynolds, Joshua, 166, pl 2
right of conquest, 34, 48, 99, 300, 316, 327, 330, 484
right of preemption, 181, 212, 325, 334, 405, 407, 564n19, 580n46
right of purchase, 420
Rising Fawn. See Keehteetah (Cherokee); Treaty of Tellico (1798)
Ritchie, Matthew, 449
roads Braddock’s, 46m, 104, 108–9, 110, 150–51, 157, 160, 173
Creek country and, 470
diplomacy and, 412, 417
Forbes’, 46m, 150–51, 157, 160, 173–74
St. Clair’s, 390
Robert Cary and Company, 165, 178
Robertson, James, 425, 426
Robinson, Sr., John, 47
Rochambeau, General, 224
Rock Landing meeting, 361–63
Rogers’s Rangers, 222
Rolfe, John, 23, 28
Ross, James, 478
Ross, John (Cherokee), 468, 487
Round Bottom, 39m, 478
Roy, Marie le, 119
Royal Proclamation of 1763 boundaries and, 186m, 190
British and, 180–85
Dunmore and, 201, 529n43
India opinion and, 205
Peace of Paris and, 293
Trade and Intercourse Act compared, 340, 403
Treaty of Fort Stanwix (1768) and, 191
US and, 293
Virginia and, 212
Washington on, 292
Washington’s Indian land acquisitions and, 187–88, 190, 192, 195, 201, 202, 203–4, 206, 211, 294
Rush, William, 569n24
Russell, William, 266
S
Sagoyewatha. See Red Jacket (Seneca)
Saint-Aubin, Ambroise (Maliseet), 228, 229
Saint-Pierre, Jacques Legardeur de, 75, 76–77, 80–81
Salt Lick Town, 210
Sandusky (Ohio), 51, 275–76, 276–78, 379m, 417–18, 436. See also Wyandots (Wendats)
Sandusky conference (1793), 417–21
Sandusky Wyandots, 443
Saponis, 30, 130
Saratoga (1777), 220, 224, 243
Sargent, Winthrop, 313, 392
Satellihu. See Montour, Andrew
Sauks, 416
Saunt, Claudio, 351
Savanukah. See Raven of Chota (Cherokee)
Sawantanan (Sawatanen). See Vincent, Lewis (Huron)
Sawcunk (Beaver Town) (Shingas’s Town), 160
Sayengeraghta (Sayenqueraghta) (Kayenquarachton) (Kayinguaraghtoh) (Old Smoke) (Vanishing Smoke) (the Seneca King) (Seneca), 257
scalp bounties, 130–31, 163, 177, 261, 272
scalpings Brodhead and, 274
of Crawford, 277
“French and Indian War” and, 218
of Hardin and Trueman, 412
Kentucky militia and, 328
Ottawas and, 79
Sullivan’s campaign and, 251, 254
Washington and, 130–31, 146
Wayne and, 439
Scarouady (Scaroyady) (Monacatootha) (Monacatoocha) (Oneida) Anglo-French rivalry and, 58, 62, 63, 64, 65, 100, 105
background of, 53
Braddock and, 105–6, 108, 110, 113
“Dinwiddie” and, 92
Hamilton and, 131
smallpox and, 152
Tanaghrisson and, 70, 97, 100
Treaty of Logstown and, 57, 91
Washington and, 67, 68, 71, 87, 88, 92
Scarouady’s son, 108, 109
Schuyler, Philip Cayugas and, 535n16
Indians and, 222, 224–25
Iroquois and, 238, 239, 243, 300, 442
G. Johnson and, 217
New York and, 301
Oneidas and, 241, 258
Revolutionary War in the West and, 246, 249
on Sullivan’s campaign, 248
Sullivan’s campaign and, 247
Tuscaroras and, 258
on westward expansion, 291
on white enlistees, 219
Scioto Company, 314, 315, 388
Scioto River and Valley, 51, 56, 126, 204–5, 210
Scolaguta. See Hanging Maw (Cherokee)
Scotch-Irish, 29, 121, 182, 206, 207, 237, 295–96
Scots, 33, 139, 144, 172, 177, 206, 297, 347, 472, 480. See also Scotch-Irish; Stephen, Adam and other Scots
Scott, Charles and his expedition, 379m, 387, 434, 436
Seagrove, James, 375–76, 428, 429
Seminoles, 347, 363, 471, 474, 554n1
Seneca King, the. See Sayengeraghta (Seneca)
Senecas. See also Battle of Oriskany; Cornplanter and other Senecas; Iroquois (Haudenosaunee) and their confederacy; Mingoes; Ohio Indians; Treaty of Fort Stanwix (1784) American Revolution and, 244–45
British and, 263–64
Brodhead and, 272
“civilization” and, 341, 455–56
Cook and, 413
Fort Niagara and, 161
Indian unity and, 318
Iroquois and, 413
land losses of, 488
map, 21m, 46m
migrations and mixing of peoples and, 51
murders of, 398, 404
Oneidas and, 258
Oneidas/Tuscaroras and, 243
peace league and, 30
Philadelphia Indian diplomacy and, 398–404
Revolutionary War in the West and, 249, 250–51, 265
Sullivan’s campaign and, 248, 254, 256
Washington and, 3, 146, 244–45, 246, 406, 489–90
settlers (colonials, farmers, frontiersmen, squatters). See also agriculture; boundaries; frontier defense and Cherokee alliance; land rushes; national security; Northwest Ordinance (1785) and (1787); Revolutionary War in the West; Royal Proclamation of 1763; Swiss, the and other settlers; westward expansion American Revolution and, 237
Aupaumut on, 413
Bouquet and, 174
Braddock’s road and, 151, 173
Cherokees and, 164, 427–28, 526n57
Creeks and, 350, 432
elites and, 26, 194–95, 198–99, 260–61, 280, 334
federal authority versus states’ and, 324, 580n41
forts and, 115, 120
French and Indian allies and, 116
hunters versus, 286
Indians and, 179–80, 260, 452
Iroquois and, 237–38
Kentucky and, 268, 297
Mississippi Land Company and, 179
murder juries and, 565n28
national unity and, 284, 285–86, 288
Northwestern Confederacy war and, 380
plantation economy and, 172
Pontiac’s War and, 180
Rock Landing meeting and, 360
Sandusky conference and, 420
scalpings by, 163–64
Shawnees’ land and, 207
Spain and, 324
speculators and, 37, 172, 202, 212, 309, 427
St. Clair’s defeat and, 393, 396
Treaty of Fort Pitt and, 268
Treaty of Holston and, 425, 430
Treaty of Hopewell and, 430
Treaty of Paris and, 174
Virginia and, 193
Virginia Regiment and, 121
Virginia’s Indian country and, 28
war with Shawnees and, 209
Washington and, 7, 122–23, 178, 198–99, 201, 261, 279, 285–86, 291, 334, 447, 483
Washington’s Indian land acquisitions and, 294
–95, 330
Seven Nations of Canada, 222, 416, 437, 490–91. See also St. Lawrence Indians
Seven Ranges, 309
Seven Years’ War, 90, 124. See also “French and Indian War”; Tanaghrisson’s war
Sevier, John, 299, 339
Shamokin Daniel (Delaware), 154
Shanango River, 51
Shannopin, 5
Shaw, Francis, 230
Shaw, John, 89
Shaw, Leonard, 424, 462–63
Shawnee River, 49
Shawnees. See also Blue Jacket and other Shawnees; Chillicothe division of Shawnees; Fort Pitt meeting (1775); Northwestern Confederacy war; Ohio Indians; Scioto River and Valley; Shawnees’ land; Treaty of Camp Charlotte; Treaty of Fort Finney (1786) American Revolution and, 230
ancient, 9
Anglo-French rivalry and, 65, 72, 73, 116–17, 152
Beaujeu and, 110
Brant and, 409, 417
British and, 173, 175, 311
Brodhead and, 272
R. Butler and, 8, 312
captives and, 118–19
Catawbas and, 72, 126
Cherokees and, 126–27, 128, 213–14
“civilization” and, 575n33
Clark and, 273
Dunmore and, 208–9, 530n82
Forbes and, 153
frontier war and, 124
history/divisions of, 51
Iroquois and, 84, 117–18
Logstown Treaty and, 59
Mahicans and, 413
map, 46m
migration and mixing of peoples and, 43, 44, 460–61
Ohio country and, 50–51, 53
Pennsylvania and, 62, 99, 209, 265
Post and, 154
Red Jacket and, 417
Revolutionary War in the West and, 278
Sandusky conference and, 420
scalpings and, 273
settlers and, 198
Tanaghrisson and, 64, 70, 71, 97, 98
Tanaghrisson’s war and, 92
Treaty of Fort McIntosh and, 310
Treaty of Fort Stanwix (1768) and, 193, 207
Treaty of Lancaster and, 52
Virginia’s Indian country and, 20
wampum and, 71–72
war losses of, 162
war with Virginia (1774) and, 207–11
Washington and, 71–72, 146, 204–5, 310, 459
Washington’s Indian land acquisitions and, 204–5, 210, 211, 264–65
Wayne and, 436
Westos and, 27
Shay’s Rebellion, 288
Shelby, Evan, 246
Shenandoah Valley, 21m, 29, 30, 31, 33–34, 38–40, 39m, 115
Shenango River, 51
Shingas (Delaware) Anglo-French rivalry and, 93
The Indian World of George Washington Page 89
