America's Secret Jihad: The Hidden History of Religious Terrorism in the United States

by Stuart Wexler

  33.Select Committee on Assassinations of the U.S. House of Representatives, “Findings on MLK Assassination,” National Archives, accessed April 16, 2015, www.archives.gov/research/jfk/select-committee-report/part-2a.html#.

  34.Waldron, Legacy of Secrecy, 510–11, 545.

  35.Tarrants, Conversion, 59–60.

  36.FBI, “Teletype from Jackson To New Orleans” (April 10, 1968), Jackson Field Office MURKIN file 157-9586, CD-ROM 59161160, 147–149.

  37.“James Earl Ray: Selected Chronology.”

  38.Jeffrey Cohen and David Lifton, “A Man He Calls Raoul,” New Times, April 1, 1977, Harold Weisberg Archive, Hood College, accessed April 16, 2015, http://jfk.hood.edu/Collection/Weisberg%20Subject%20Index%20Files/C%20Disk/Cohen%20Jeff/Item%2006.pdf.

  39.Faulkner, “Murdering Civil Rights.” Larson, who was Bowers’s business partner at Sambo, was a senior officer in the military reserve. But we do not know if he made the call or if he had a connection to Alabama. The timing of the call still cries out for an explanation.

  40.House Select Committee on Assassinations, “Final Report,” Mary Ferrell Foundation, accessed April 16, 2015, www.maryferrell.org/mffweb/archive/viewer/showDoc.do?mode=searchResult&absPageId=69366.

  41.Federal Bureau of Investigation, “Urgent Teletype from Dallas Field Office to Director, Memphis and Jackson,” April 23, 1968, MURKIN 44-38861-1836.

  42.Martin Luther King Jr., “I’ve Been to the Mountaintop,” Martin Luther King Jr. Research and Education Institute, accessed April 16, 2015, http://mlkkpp01.stanford.edu/index.php/encyclopedia/documentsentry/ive_been_to_the_mountaintop/.

  CHAPTER 9

  1.MLK: The Assassination Tapes, television documentary (Washington, DC: Smithsonian Channel, 2012).

  2.Michael Honey, “King’s Last Crusade,” History News Network, George Mason University, accessed April 16, 2015, http://historynewsnetwork.org/article/37087.

  3.Wexler and Hancock, Awful Grace of God, 307–309.

  4.Betty Nyagoni, “Washington (D.C) Riot of 1968,” in The Encyclopedia of American Race Riots, vol. 2, ed. Walter C. Rucker and James N. Upton (Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing Group, 2007), 683–85.

  5.Michael Honey, Going Down Jericho Road: The Memphis Strike, Martin Luther King, Jr.’s Last Campaign (New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 2007), 445–46.

  6.Carol Dietrich, “King, Martin Luther Jr., Assassination of (1968),” in The Encyclopedia of American Race Riots, vol. 2, eds. Walter C. Rucker and James N. Upton (Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing Group, 2007), 341.

  7.Federal Bureau of Investigation, “Jesse B. Stoner,” April–May 1968, 157-3082, Jackson Field Office.

  8.Wesley Swift, “4-24-68 Bible Study Q&A,” Wesley Swift Library, accessed April 16, 2015, http://swift.christogenea.org/content/04-24-68-bible-study-qa.

  9.Federal Bureau of Investigation, “Urgent Teletype from Dallas Field Office to Director, Memphis and Jackson,” April 23, 1968, MURKIN 44-38861-1836.

  10.Federal Bureau of Investigation, “Airtel from SAC, Newark to Director (Attn: FBI Identification Division), 11 Jun 1968,” Harold Weisberg Archive, Hood College, accessed March 29, 2013, http://jfk.hood.edu/Collection/Weisberg%20Subject%20Index%20Files/F%20Disk/Fetters%20Marjorie%20Possible%20PCI/Item%2002.pdf.

  11.Melanson, Martin Luther King Assassination, 137.

  12.Federal Bureau of Investigation, “Teletype from Charlotte to Director, Memphis, New Haven and Jackson,” April 7, 1968, MURKIN. Interestingly, the Minuteman in question, a former White Knight (name redacted), suggested the White Knights as strong suspects in the MLK assassination.

  13.House Select Committee on Assassinations, “Final Report.”

  14.Wexler and Hancock, Awful Grace of God, 283–85.

  15.Waldron, Legacy of Secrecy, 604.

  16.Federal Bureau of Investigation, “King Assassination Documents—FBI Central Headquarters File, Section 72,” Mary Ferrell Foundation, accessed September 15, 2010, www.maryferrell.org/mffweb/archive/viewer/showDoc.do?mode=searchResult&absPageId=1132538.

  17.House Select Committee on Assassinations, “Final Report.”

  18.Dan Christensen, “FBI Ignored Its Miami Informer,” Miami Magazine, October 17, 1976, 37–38, Cuban Information Archives, http://cuban-exile.com/doc_l01-1225/doc0114.html.

  19.Ibid.

  20.Ibid.

  21.Federal Bureau of Investigation, “King Assassination Documents—FBI Central Headquarters File, Section 68,” accessed April 17, 2015, Mary Ferrell Foundation, www.maryferrell.org/mffweb/archive/viewer/showDoc.do?mode=searchResult&absPageId=1131536.

  22.Federal Bureau of Investigation, “BH 44-1740, Airtel: SAC Birmingham to Director,” report by Special Agents Robert Barrett and William Saucier, April 8, 1968.

  23.Jim Ingram, interview with the author, June 20, 2009.

  24.Federal Bureau of Investigation, “BH 44-1740, Airtel: SAC Birmingham to Director,” report by Special Agents Patrick J. Moynihan and Neil P. Shanahan, April 16, 1968.

  25.Gerard Robinson, interview with the author, October 2, 2011.

  26.Federal Bureau of Investigation, “Memorandum from SA Richard F. Kilcourse to SAC Los Angeles,” April 23, 1968, 62-5101.

  27.Justice Department correspondence with the author, November 9, 2009.

  28.Federal Bureau of Investigation, “Admin Folder J1: HSCA Administrative Folder, HSC-A Tickler Volume I,” accessed April 17, 2015, Mary Ferrell Foundation, www.maryferrell.org/mffweb/archive/viewer/showDoc.do?docId=9975&relPageId=49. This fourth page references a bureau teletype from November 1976 saying that no King-related records should be destroyed.

  29.Jerry Mitchell, interview with the author, September 25, 2014.

  30.Justice Department correspondence with the author November 9, 2009.

  31.FBI, “Re: Alleged Offer of $100,000.”

  32.Chester Higgens, “Hair-Raising Experience: ‘Kidnap’ Try of King, Sr. Foiled; Add More Police Protection,” Jet, May 2, 1968, http://books.google.com/books?id=UTgDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA14&d-q=hair-raising+experience+kidnap+king&hl=en&sa=X&ei=9BpjUb_NDJC30QHYtYCQDw&ved=0CDEQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=hair-raising%20experience%20kidnap%20king&f=false.

  33.Federal Bureau of Investigation, “Latent Fingerprint Section Work Sheet, Answer to SAC, Atlanta, Named Suspect: Floyd Eugene Ayers,” April 7, 1968. The request was made at 10:17 PM.

  CHAPTER 10

  1.National States Rights Party, “FOIA: NSRP—Chicago 16,” Internet Archive, 155, accessed April 17, 2015, https://archive.org/stream/foia_NSRP-Chicago-16/NSRP-Chicago-16#page/n153/mode/2up/search/kids.

  2.National States Rights Party, “FOIA: NSRP—Chicago 16,” Internet Archive, 127, accessed April 17, 2015, https://archive.org/stream/foia_NSRP-Chicago-16/NSRP-Chicago-l6#page/nl27/mode/2up/search/smoke.

  3.National States Rights Party, “FOIA: NSRP—Chicago 16,” Internet Archive, 114, accessed April 17, 2015, https://archive.org/stream/foia_NSRP-Chicago-16/NSRP-Chicago-16#page/n115/mode/2up/search/apex.

  4.David Cunningham, Klansville, USA: The Rise and Fall of the Civil Rights-era Ku Klux Klan (London: Oxford University Press, 2013), 199.

  5.Greensboro Truth and Reconciliation Commission, “Federal Investigations of White Supremacists and the WVO,” Greensboro Truth and Reconciliation Commission, accessed April 16, 2015, http://www.greensborotrc.org/1979_feds.pdf.

  6.Kathleen Cleaver and George Katsiaficas, Liberation, Imagination and the Black Panther Party: A New Look at the Panthers and Their Legacy (New York: Routledge, 2014), 95.

  7.Southern Poverty Law Center, “Hate Group Expert Daniel Levitas Discusses Posse Comitatus, Christian Identity Movement and More,” Intelligence Report 90 (Spring 1998).

  8.Carol Mason, Killing for Life: The Apocalyptic Narrative of Prolife Politics (New York: Cornell University Press, 2002), 31.

  9.Atkins, Encyclopedia of Right-Wing Extremism, 152.

  10.Danny O. Coulson, No Heroes: Inside the FBI’s Secret Counterterror Force (New York: Simon & Schuster, 201), 204.

  11.Ker
ry Noble, Tabernacle of Hate: Seduction into Right-Wing Extremism (New York: Syracuse Press, 2010), 24, Freedom of the Mind Resource Center; “About Kerry Noble,” Freedom of the Mind Resource Center, accessed April 16, 2015, https://freedomofmind.com/Info/articles/KerryNoble.php.

  12.Freedom of Mind, “About Kerry Noble,” Freedom of Mind Resource Center, accessed April 16, 2015, https://freedomofmind.com/Info/articles/KerryNoble.php.

  13.John Maginnis, Cross to Bear (Gretna, LA: Pelican Publishing Company, 2011), 60.

  14.Southern Poverty Law Center, “Tom Metzger,” SPLC, accessed April 16, 2015, http://www.splcenter.org/get-informed/intelligence-files/profiles/tom-metzger.

  15.Michael Zatarain, David Duke: Evolution of a Klansman (Gretna, LA: Pelican Publishing Company, 1990), 243.

  16.SPLC, “Tom Metzger.”

  17.Timothy Miller, Spiritual and Visionary Communities: Out to Save the World (Farnham, UK: Ashgate Publishing, 2013), not paginated.

  18.Barkun, Religion and the Racist Right, 225–29.

  19.Southern Poverty Law Center, “William Pierce,” SPLC, accessed April 16, 2015, http://www.splcenter.org/get-informed/intelligence-files/profiles/william-pierce.

  20.Ben Klassen, The White Man’s Bible, Ben Klassen, 1981, https://archive.org/stream/WhiteMansBible/WhiteMansBibleOrig#page/n1/mode/2up.

  21.Mattias Gardell, “Black and White Unite in Fight?” in The Cultic Milieu: Oppositional Subcultures in an Age of Globalization, eds. Jeffrey Kaplan and Heléne Lööw (New York: Altamira Press), 167.

  22.Southern Poverty Law Center, “Creativity Movement,” SPLC, accessed April 16, 2015, http://www.splcenter.org/get-informed/intelligence-files/groups/creativity-movement.

  23.Anti-Defamation League of B’nai B’rith, Extremism on the Right: A Handbook (Bloomington: Indiana University, 1983), 113–14.

  24.Charles Fruehling, Springwood, Open Fire: Understanding Global Gun Cultures (Oxford: Berg Publishers, 2007), 171.

  25.Monte Plott, “Ideological Differences Divide America’s Klansmen,” Star-News, November 8, 1979, https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1454&dat=19791108&id=qdZQAAAAIBAJ&sjid=ORMEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6253,1551484&hl=en.

  26.Chalmers, Backfire, 125.

  27.Associated Press, “Klan Leader Admits Providing Information,” Star-News, August 31, 1981, https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1454&dat=19810831&id=yx1OAAAAIBAJ&sjid=UBMEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6997,6453630&hl=en.

  28.Narda Zacchino, “Man Tells Story of Right-Wing ‘Terror,’” Los Angeles Times, January 26, 1976, https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=861&dat=19760126&id=UxRZAAAAIBAJ&sjid=YEYNAAAAIBAJ&pg=2382,4186112&hl=en.

  29.John M. Crewdson, “Kelley Discounts FBI’s Link to a Terrorist Group,” New York Times, January 12, 1976.

  30.Everett R. Holles, “ACLU Says FBI Funded ‘Army’ to Terrorize AntiWar Protestors,” New York Times, June 27, 1975, http://jfk.hood.edu/Collection/White%20Materials/White%20Assassination%20Clippings%20Folders/Security%20Folders/Security-FBI/Item%200848.pdf.

  31.National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism, “Secret Army Organization,” University of Maryland, accessed April 16, 2015, http://www.start.umd.edu/tops/terrorist_organization_profile.asp?id=4258.

  32.Civil Rights Greensboro, “The Greensboro Massacre,” University of North Carolina, accessed April 16, 2015, http://libcdm1.uncg.edu/cdm/essay1979/collection/CivilRights.

  33.Ibid. His name was Eddie Dawson.

  34.Ed Payne, “Suspect in Jewish Center Shootings ‘Entrenched in the Hate Movement,’” CNN Online, April 14, 2014, http://www.cnn.com/2014/04/14/us/kansas-shooting-suspect-profile.

  35.Abby Ohlheiser, “Kansas City Shooter Was Well-Known to Hate Group Watchers,” Atlantic, April 14, 2014, http://news.yahoo.com/kansas-city-shooter-well-known-hate-group-watchers-135126451.html.

  36.Ibid.

  37.National States Rights Party, “Book and Literature List,” Thunderbolt, March 1964, https://archive.org/stream/foia_NSRP-Chicago-3A/NSRP-Chicago-3A#page/n23/mode/2up/search/goff.

  38.National States Rights Party, “The Basic Identity Message,” Thunderbolt, July 1974, https://archive.org/stream/foia_NSRP-Chicago-6A/NSRP-Chicago-6A#page/n23/mode/2up/.

  39.National States Rights Party, “A Kingdom of Priests,” Thunderbolt, March–April 1974, https://archive.org/stream/foia_NSRP-Chicago-6A/NSRP-Chicago-6A#page/n23/mode/2up/.

  CHAPTER 11

  1.Associated Press, “Explosion Rips Daycare Center,” Star-News, October 13, 1980, https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1454&dat=19801013&id=ocksAAAAIBAJ&sjid=QxMEAAAAIBAJ&pg=5443,2918309&hl=en.

  2.Ibid.

  3.Associated Press, “Blast Called Accidental,” Star-News, October 13, 1980, https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1979&dat=19801013&id=ZQiAAAAIBAJ&sjid=u6kFAAAAIBAJ&pg=1030,7358255&hl=en.

  4.Associated Press, “Human Error Is Blamed for Fatal Atlanta Blast,” Sarasota-Herald Tribune, October 30, 1980, https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1755&dat=19801030&id=mZwcAAAAIBAJ&sjid=2mcEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6600,7184342&hl=en.

  5.Ibid.

  6.James Baldwin, Evidence of Things Not Seen (New York: MacMillan Publishing, 1985), xiii.

  7.“Atlanta’s Missing and Murdered,” Atkid, accessed April 16, 2015, http://atkid.weebly.com. This site does an excellent job of compiling information on the murder victims from various sources.

  8.Jeff Prugh, “Wayne Williams and ‘The List,’” Atlanta Magazine, February 1985, http://jfk.hood.edu/Collection/Weisberg%20Subject%20Index%20Files/P%20Disk/Prugh%20Jeff/Item%2010.pdf.

  9.Chet Dettlinger and Jeff Prugh, The List (Atlanta: Philmay Enterprises, 1983).

  10.Prugh, “Wayne Williams.”

  11.Dettlinger and Prugh, The List, 389–92.

  12.Ibid., 264.

  13.Nigel Cawthorne, The Mammoth Book of Killers at Large (London: Little, Brown Group, 2011), 198.

  14.John Douglas and Mark Olshaker, Mindhunter: Inside the FBI’s Serial Killer Crime Unit (New York: Pocket, 1995), 223.

  15.Barry Michael Cooper and Robert Keating, “A Question of Justice,” Spin, September 1986; Robert Keating, “Atlanta: Who Killed Your Children?” Spin, October 1986.

  16.Cooper and Keating, “Question of Justice,” 59.

  17.Ibid.

  18.Ibid.

  19.Associated Press, “Informant Says Klan Involved in Killings,” Observer-Reporter, October 9, 1991, https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2519&dat=19911009&id=IBeAAAAIBAJ&sjid=7mENAAAAIBA-J&pg=3479,2469801&hl=en.

  20.Cooper and Keating, “Question of Justice,” 59.

  21.Ibid., 60.

  22.Federal Bureau of Investigation, “Atlanta Child Murders Part 2 of 24,” FBI, 30, accessed April 17, 2015, http://vault.fbi.gov/Atlanta%20Child%20Murders/Atlanta%20Child%20Murders%20Part%202%20of%2024.

  23.Ibid., 96.

  24.Special Agent J.B. Jackson, “Serial: 30-0092-25-81,” Georgia Bureau of Investigation, accessed April 16, 2015, http://www.mltranslations.org/us/Rpo/kkk/kkkdoc1.htm.

  25.Ibid.

  26.Cooper and Keating, “Question of Justice,” 57.

  27.Keating, “Atlanta: Who Killed Your Children?” 73.

  28.Associated Press, “Rights Leader Questions Town OK for Klan Rally,” Ocala Star-Banner, January 13, 1983, https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1356&dat=19830113&id=bGRIAAAAIBAJ&s-jid=1AUEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6931,6382573&hl=en. Note that although the article was written in 1983, the Reverend Joseph Lowery of the SCLC is recalling Stoner’s antagonistic behavior in 1980—during the height of the tension.

  29.Revolutionary Political Organization, “The Klan Killed the Children in Atlanta: The Cover-up,” Marxist-Leninist Translations and Reprints, accessed April 16, 2015, http://www.mltranslations.org/us/Rpo/kkk/kkk2.htm.

  30.Baldwin, Things Not Seen, 27.

  31.Georgia Bureau of Investigation, “Document No. 3,” Marxist-Leninist Translations and Reprints, accessed April 16, 2015, http://www.mltranslations.org/us/Rpo/kkk/kkkdoc3.htm. The website has a definite ideological slant, but it posts origin
al documents and images obtained through legal requests.

  CHAPTER 12

  1.Rory Marshall, “Woman’s Visit to Station Aroused Suspicion,” Spokesman-Review, October 29, 1985, https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1314&dat=19851029&id=X1lWAAAAIBAJ&sjid=M08DAAAAIBAJ&pg=7015,8075864&hl=en.

  2.Jeffrey Kaplan, Encyclopedia of White Power: A Sourcebook on the Radical Racist Right (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2000), 239.

  3.“Jury Told of Plan to Kill Radio Host,” New York Times, November 8, 1987, http://www.nytimes.com/1987/11/08/us/jury-told-of-plan-to-kill-radio-host.html.

  4.Ibid.

  5.Kevin Flynn and Gary Gerhardt, The Silent Brotherhood: The Chilling Inside Story of America’s Violent, AntiGovernment Militia Movement (New York: Penguin, 1995), 244–50.

  6.“The Murder of Alan Berg in Denver: 25 Years Later,” Denver Post, June 18, 2009, http://www.denverpost.com/recommended/ci_12615628.

  7.Louis R. Beam, “Leaderless Resistance,” Inter-Klan Newsletter and Survival Alert, 1983, 12. This is the original 1983 version.

  8.Andrew MacDonald, The Turner Diaries (Hillsboro, WV: National Vanguard Books, 1978). There is a consensus among serious scholars that Pierce uses “Andrew MacDonald” as an alias. He used the same alias with the novel Hunter in 1989. The two books reinforce the same basic message (white power and supremacy). From this point forward, I list Pierce as the author of The Turner Diaries. The full text of The Turner Diaries can be found online at https://archive.org/stream/TheTurnerDiariesByAndrewMacdonald/turner-diaries-william-luther-pierce#page/n1/mode/2up.

  9.Flynn and Gerhardt, Silent Brotherhood, 112–14, 423.

  10.Ibid., 423.

  11.Ibid., 383–84, 423.

  12.Christian Identity, “More on Dead Nebraska Farmer,” Covenant Messenger, January 1985, http://christianidentityministries.com/messenger/1985-Jan.pdf.

  13.Goodrick-Clarke, Black Sun, 246.

  14.William Luther Pierce, The Turner Diaries, Internet Archive, accessed April 16, 2015, https://archive.org/stream/TheTurnerDiariesByAndrewMacdonald/turner-diaries-william-luther-pierce#page/n57/mode/2up/search/speedboat.