America's Secret Jihad: The Hidden History of Religious Terrorism in the United States
Page 45
15.Ibid.
16.Thomas Martinez and John Guinther, Brotherhood of Murder: How One Man’s Journey through Fear Brought the Order—the Most Dangerous Racist Gang in America—to Justice (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1988).
17.Tim Klass, “Death of the Order: A Look Back at Whidbey Island Siege—Raid 10 Years Ago Led to the Splintering of White Supremacists,” Seattle Times, September 11, 1994, http://community.seattletimes.nwsource.com/archive/?date=19941211&slug=1946516.
18.Ibid.
19.Ibid.
20.Noble, Tabernacle of Hate, 124.
21.Ibid., 125.
22.Mark S. Hamm, Terrorism as Crime: From Oklahoma City to Al-Qaeda and Beyond (New York: NYU Press), 103.
23.Ibid.
24.Noble, Tabernacle of Hate, 156.
25.United States v. Ellison, 793 F.2d 942 (8th Cir. 1986).
26.Ibid.
27.Ibid.
28.Hamm, Terrorism as Crime, 105.
29.Noble, Tabernacle of Hate, 310.
30.Atkins, Encyclopedia of Right-Wing Extremism, 215–16.
31.Ibid., 215.
32.Associated Press, “Thirteen Supremacists Are Not Guilty of Conspiracies,” New York Times, April 8, 1988, http://www.nytimes.com/1988/04/08/us/13-supremacists-are-not-guilty-of-conspiracies.html.
33.Louis Beam, “Leaderless Resistance,” Seditionist 12 (February 1992), http://www.louisbeam.com/leaderless.htm.
34.Jonathan Franklin, “God City,” Vibe, November 1997, 101–104.
CHAPTER 13
1.“Judicial Family Responds to Crisis in Oklahoma City,” Third Branch, May 1995, http://www.uscourts.gov/News/TheThirdBranch/95-05-01/Judicial_Family_Responds_to_Crisis_in_Oklahoma_City.aspx.
2.Douglas O. Linder, “Timothy McVeigh Trial: Documents Relating to McVeigh’s Arrest and the Search of His Vehicle,” Famous Trials, accessed April 16, 2015, http://law2.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/mcveigh/mcveigharrest.html.
3.Patrick E. Cole, “McVeigh: Diaries Dearist,” Time, March 31, 1997, 1.
4.Ibid.
5.Linder, “Timothy McVeigh Trial.”
6.Pierce, Turner Diaries, 24–25.
7.Public Broadcasting Service, “McVeigh Chronology,” PBS Frontline, accessed April 16, 2015, http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/documents/mcveigh/. The website posts the chronology and notes developed by Timothy McVeigh’s defense team.
8.Ibid. See “06.86-05.88.”
9.Ibid.
10.Court TV, “Terror on Trial: Who Was Timothy McVeigh?” CNN, December 31, 2007, http://edition.cnn.com/2007/US/law/12/17/court.archive.mcveigh2/.
11.Richard Cockle, “Twenty Years after Ruby Ridge Siege, Extremists Are Fewer in Northern Idaho but Still Remain,” Oregonlive.com, August 27, 2012, http://www.oregonlive.com/pacific-northwest-news/index.ssf/2012/08/20_years_after_ruby_ridge_sieg.html.
12.367 Paul A. Djupe and Laura R. Olson, Encyclopedia of American Religion and Politics (New York: Infobase Publishing, 2014), 351–52.
13.Ibid.
14.Dan Herbeck and Lou Michel, American Terrorist: Timothy McVeigh and the Tragedy at Oklahoma City (New York: HarperCollins, 2002).
15.Timothy McVeigh, “McVeigh’s Apr. 26 Letter to Fox News,” FoxNews.com, April 26, 2001, http://www.foxnews.com/story/2001/04/26/mcveigh-apr-26-letter-to-fox-news/.
16.Mark Juergensmeyer, Terror in the Mind of God: The Global Rise of Religious Violence (Oakland: University of California Press, 2003), 136.
17.Herbeck and Michel, American Terrorist, 154.
18.Eugene Gallagher, “Catastrophic Millennialism,” in The Oxford Handbook of Millennialism, ed. Catherine Wessinger (London: Oxford University Press, 2011), 27. Gallagher proposes that Timothy McVeigh believed in “catastrophic millennialism.” Paraphrasing Wessinger, he explains that this “pessimistic view of society, history, and human beings anticipates the imminent, violent destruction of the world as we know it; but it also envisages that God will then act, with or without human assistance, to accomplish a total renovation of the world.” It is hard to imagine a more apt description of Christian Identity eschatology.
19.Pierce, Turner Diaries, 42.
20.J.M. Berger, “PATCON: The FBI’s Secret War against the ‘Patriot’ Movement, and How Infiltration Tactics Relate to Radicalizing Influences,” New America Foundation, May 2012, http://newamerica.net/sites/newamerica.net/files/policydocs/Berger_NSSP_PATCON.pdf.
21.Douglas O. Linder, “Testimony of Michael Fortier in the Timothy McVeigh Trial,” Famous Trials, accessed April 16, 2015, http://law2.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/mcveigh/mfortiertestimony.html.
22.Peter Lance, “1,000 Years for Revenge: Chapter 30 John Doe No. 2,” Peterlance.com, accessed April 16, 2015, http://peterlance.com/wordpress/?p=218.
23.Mark S. Hamm, In Bad Company: America’s Terrorist Underground (Lebanon, NH: University Press of New England, 2002). Hamm’s book does an excellent job of synthesizing his work with that of J.D. Cash. To a large extent, when I reference Cash, the direct source is Hamm.
24.Friedrich Seiltgen, “Aryan Republican Army Hits 22 U.S. Banks,” Counter Terrorist, December 2011–January 2012, http://onlinedigitalpublishing.com/article/ARYAN_REPUBLICAN_ARMY_HITS_22_U.S._BANKS/883803/87543/article.html.
25.Hamm, In Bad Company, 142.
26.Ibid., 145.
27.J.D. Cash, “McVeigh’s Sister Laundered Bank Robbery Proceeds,” McCurtain Daily Gazette, January 28, 1997, http://www.constitution.org/okc/jdt03-05.htm.
28.Hamm, In Bad Company, 295–98.
29.Andrew Gumbel and Roger Charles, Oklahoma City: What the Investigation Missed—and Why It Still Matters (New York: HarperCollins, 2012), 10–43.
30.Ibid.
31.Hamm, In Bad Company, 214–15.
32.Ibid., 213.
33.Associated Press, “FBI Linked McVeigh to Group after Bombing,” USA Today, February 12, 2003, http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/nation/2003-02-12-fbi-linked-mcveigh_x.htm.
34.Mark S. Hamm, Terrorism as a Crime: From Oklahoma City to Al-Qaeda and Beyond (New York: New York University Press, 2007), 179.
35.AP, “FBI Linked McVeigh.”
36.Berger, “PATCON,” 1–31.
37.Ibid.
38.Ibid., 4.
39.J.M. Berger, “PATCON Revealed: An Exclusive Look inside the FBI’s Secret War with the Militia Movement,” Interlwire.com, October 8, 2007, http://news.intelwire.com/2007/10/patcon-revealed-exclusive-look-inside.html.
40.Oversight and Investigations Subcommittee of the House International Relations Committee, “The Oklahoma City Bombing: Was There a Foreign Connection?” House of Representatives, accessed April 16, 2015, https://rohrabacher.house.gov/sites/rohrabacher.house.gov/files/documents/report%20from%20the%20chairman.pdf.
41.Charles Key, “Letter to Concerned Citizen on the Facts of the Oklahoma Bombing,” American Patriot Friends Network, March 12, 1997, http://www.apfn.org/apfn/OKC_key.htm.
42.Gumbel and Charles, Oklahoma City, 23.
43.Stephen Jones, “Petition for Writ of Mandamus of Petitioner-Defendant, Timothy James McVeigh and Brief in Support,” FAS Intelligence Resource Program, March 25, 1997, http://fas.org/irp/threat/mcveigh/part06.htm.
44.Ambrose Evans-Pritchard and Andrew Gimson, “Did Agents Bungle US Terror Bomb?” London Sunday Telegraph, May 20, 1996, http://whatreallyhappened.com/RANCHO/POLITICS/OK/ok2.html.
45.Ibid.
46.Ibid.
47.Ibid.
48.Geoffrey Fattah, “Nichols Says Bombing Was FBI Op,” Deseret News, February 22, 2007, http://www.deseretnews.com/article/660197443/Nichols-says-bombing-was-FBI-op.html?pg=all.
CHAPTER 14
1.Associated Press, “Two Brothers Are Indicted in Three Synagogue Fires,” Victoria Advocate, March 18, 2000, https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=861&dat=20000318&id=y71HAAAAIBAJ&sjid=W4AMAAAAIBAJ&pg=3491,3908199&hl=en.
2.Associated Press, “Brothers May Be Looking at Death Penalty,” Lodi News-Sentinel, November 24, 1999, https://news.google.com/
newspapers?nid=2245&dat=19991124&id=Wuk0AAAAIBAJ&sjid=MSEGAAAAIBAJ&pg=6809,3036356&hl=en.
3.Jeff Elliott, “Benjamin ‘August’ Smith: Poised to Kill,” Albion Monitor, July 26, 1999, http://www.albionmonitor.com/9907a/wcotc.html.
4.Associated Press, “Nightmare Scene Now All Too Familiar,” Hour, August 11, 1999, https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1916&dat=19990811&id=tB9JAAAAIBAJ&sjid=SgYNAAAAIBAJ&pg=1416,1332495&hl=en.
5.Associated Press, “Neo-Nazi Surrenders, Confesses to Jewish Center Shootings,” Gettysburg Times, August 12, 1999, https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2202&dat=19990812&id=XBEmAAAAIBAJ&sjid=vf0FAAAAIBAJ&pg=3316,967052&hl=en.
6.Associated Press, “Skinheads Sentenced for Attempted Fire,” Los Angeles Times, December 2, 2000, http://articles.latimes.com/2000/dec/02/news/mn-60126.
7.Sandra Morgen, Into Our Own Hands: The Women’s Health Movement in the United States, 1969–1990 (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2002), 190.
8.Michael Bray, A Time to Kill: A Study Concerning the Use of Force and Abortion (Portland, OR: Advocates for Life Publications, 1994), 18.
9.Richard G. Butler, “A Call to Arms,” Aryan Nations, accessed April 17, 2015, http://www.aryan-nation.org/RGB/CalltoArms.html.
10.Jim Camden, “Book Familiar to Extremists,” Spokesman-Review, August 12, 1999, https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1314&dat=19990812&id=Mo9XAAAAIBAJ&sjid=HPIDAAAAIBAJ&pg=6731,667190&hl=en.
11.Shane Hensinger, “Beware the Lone Wolf—the Phineas Priesthood,” Daily Kos, October 13, 2009, http://www.dailykos.com/story/2009/10/13/792922/-Beware-The-Lone-Wolf-The-Phineas-Priesthood#.
12.Jim Nesbitt, “White Supremacist Groups Inspiring Individual Acts,” Religion News Service, October 20, 1999, http://assets.baptiststandard.com/archived/1999/10_20/pages/supremacist.html.
13.Ibid.
14.Daryl Johnson, Right Wing Resurgence: How a Domestic Terrorist Threat Is Being Ignored (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2012), 83.
15.Abby Ohlheiser and Elahe Izadi, “Police: Austin Shooter Was a ‘Homegrown American Extremist,’” Washington Post, December 1, 2014, http://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-nation/wp/2014/12/01/police-austin-shooter-belonged-to-an-ultra-conservative-christian-hate-group/.
16.Nesbitt, “White Supremacist Groups.”
17.Adam Miller, “Neo-Nazi Guru Stands by His Disciple,” New York Post, August 14, 1999, http://nypost.com/1999/08/14/neo-nazi-guru-stands-by-his-disciple-refuses-to-condemn-good-soldier-furrow/.
18.Southern Poverty Law Center, “Victoria Keenan Discusses Run-in with Aryan Nations,” Intelligence Report 100, Fall 2000, http://www.splcenter.org/get-informed/intelligence-report/browse-all-issues/2000/fall/he-looked-like-the-devil.
19.Matt Hale, “Our Fallen Brother: Ben ‘August’ Smith,” Internet Archive, accessed April 17, 2015, https://archive.org/details/OurFallenBrotherBenaugustSmithByMattHale.
20.Southern Poverty Law Center, “Creativity Movement,” SPLC, http://www.splcenter.org/get-informed/intelligence-files/groups/creativity-movement.
21.Anti-Defamation League, “Hate on the Internet—New ADL Report Reveals Neo-Nazis and Others Exploiting Technology,” ADL, November 17, 1995, http://archive.adl.org/presrele/asus_12/2609_12.html.
22.Beverly Ray and George E. Marsh II, “Recruitment by Extremist Groups on the Internet,” First Monday 6, no. 2 (February 2001), http://ojphi.org/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/834/743.
23.Barbara Perry, Hate Crimes (Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing Group, 2009), 234–35.
24.Ibid.
25.Federal Bureau of Investigation, Project Megiddo (1999), Center for Studies on New Religions, accessed April 17, 2015, http://www.cesnur.org/testi/FBI_004.htm.
26.Ibid.
27.Ibid.
28.National Church Arson Task Force, “Fourth Year Report for the President,” NCATF, September 2000, https://www.hsdl.org/?view&did=1402. The analysis in this chapter is based on statistics and charts provided in this report.
29.Raphael S. Ezekiel, “An Ethnographer Looks at Neo-Nazi and Klan Groups,” American Behavioral Scientist (2002), 51–71, http://www.sagepub.com/martinessstudy/articles/Ezekiel.pdf.
30.Mike German, “Behind the Lone Wolf, A Pack Mentality,” Washington Post, June 5, 2005, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/06/04/AR2005060400147.html.
31.Ibid.
32.Ibid.
33.Independent Television Service, “Civil Trial: Jury Hits Klan with $37 Million Verdict,” ITVS, accessed April 17, 2015, http://archive.itvs.org/forgottenfires/story_b.html.
34.“Clarendon Klan Trial Deals Another Blow to Area Image,” Item, July 26, 1998, https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1980&dat=19980726&id=fJkoAAAAIBAJ&sjid=LwYGAAAAIBAJ&pg=2162,4817433&hl=en.
35.Seeking Solutions with Hedrick Smith, “Hate Crime,” PBS online, accessed April 17, 2015, http://www.hedricksmith.com/site_solutions/hate/chcTranscripts.htm.
36.Anti-Defamation League, “Neo-Nazi Hate Music: A Guide: Themes,” ADL, November 4, 2004, http://archive.adl.org/main_extremism/hate_music_in_the_21st_century250d.html#.VShZcZOgVfY.
37.German, “Behind the Lone Wolf.”
38.Associated Press, “Skinheads Sentenced.”
39.Southern Poverty Law Center, “Skinheads in America,” SPLC, accessed April 17, 2015, http://www.splcenter.org/get-informed/publications/skinheads-in-america-essay.
40.Jack B. Moore, Skinheads Shaved for Battle: A Cultural History of American Skinheads (Madison, WI: Popular Press, 1993), 5.
41.Ezekiel, “Ethnographer.”
42.Mark S. Hamm, American Skinheads: The Criminology and Control of Hate Crime (Westport, CT: ABC-CLIO, 1994), 6.
43.Moore, Skinheads, 5.
44.Scott Shepherd, interview with the author, March 1, 2015.
45.Ibid.
46.Michael Waltman and John Haas, The Communication of Hate (New York: Peter Lang Press, 2011), 21.
47.Ibid., 22.
CHAPTER 15
1.Peter Bergen and David Sterman, “U.S. Right Wing Extremists More Deadly Than Jihadists,” CNN.com, April 15, 2014, http://www.cnn.com/2014/04/14/opinion/bergen-sterman-kansas-shooting/.
2.Susan J. Palmer, “Religion or Sedition? The Domestic Terrorism Trial of the Hutaree, a Michigan-based Christian Militia,” in Legal Cases, New Religious Movements, and Minority Faiths, eds. James T. Richardson and François Bellanger (Burlington, VT: Ashgate Publishing, 2014), 89–118.
3.Associated Press, “Michigan Militia Sue Authorities over Home Raids,” Huffington Post, April 9, 2013, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/news/hutaree-militia/.
4.Palmer, “Religion or Sedition?” 109.
5.Phil Hirschkorn, “The Newburgh Sting,” Huffington Post, April 29, 2014, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/phil-hirschkorn/the-newburgh-sting_b_5234822.html.
6.Ibid.
7.Graeme Wood, “What ISIS Really Wants?” Atlantic, March 2015, http://www.theatlantic.com/features/archive/2015/02/what-isis-really-wants/384980/.
8.Ibid.
9.Bruce Hoffman, “‘Holy Terror’: The Implications of Terrorism Motivated by a Religious Imperative,” Rand Corporation, 1993, http://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/papers/2007/P7834.pdf.
10.Tony Gaskew, “Peacemaking Criminology and Counterterrorism: Muslim Americans and the War on Terror,” Contemporary Justice Review 12, no. 3 (September 2009): 345–66.
11.Arie Perliger, “Challengers from the Sidelines: Understanding America’s Violent Far-Right,” Combatting Terrorism Center at West Point, January 15, 2013, https://www.ctc.usma.edu/posts/challengers-from-the-sidelines-understanding-americas-violent-far-right.
12.Michael Carl, “West Point: ‘Far Right’ Dangerous to U.S.” World News Daily, January 18, 2013, http://www.wnd.com/2013/01/west-point-far-right-dangerous-to-u-s/.
13.Perliger, “Challenges from the Sidelines,” 72.
14.Ibid.
15.Scott Shepherd, interview with the author, March 1, 2015.
INDEX
Page loc
ators for cities are not repeated under states, nor are organizations listed by city.
A
Abel (biblical), 27, 29
Abernathy, Ralph, 49, 187, 193–194
Abraham (biblical), 18–19, 29–30, 32
Adam (biblical), 28–29, 37
Adams, Kenneth, 13
Aeromarine Supply Company, 184
Afghanistan, 19
Africa, 103
A.G. Gaston Motel, 50
Agnew, Spiro T., 195
Ainsworth, Kathy, 158, 208–209, 224–225, 268, 369–371
Ainsworth, Peter, 158, 165, 171
Alabama, 48, 79, 103
Alabama Ku Klux Klan, 13, 33, 238
Alabama United Klans of America, 371
Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building, Oklahoma City, xiii, 232, 269, 276–283, 288, 291, 293–294, 297–302, 352, 356. See also McVeigh, Timothy
Allen, Wallace, 37
Al Qaeda, xiii, 62, 339, 342–343, 348–349, 352, 354
American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), 224, 239
American Independent Party, 173
American Nazi Party, 8, 230, 233, 240, 254
Americans for the Preservation of the White Race, 176, 373
amillennialism, 43
Amoss, Ulis L., 263–264
Anglo-Israelism, 18, 22, 24, 26, 29
Anglo-Saxon Federation (ASF), 24–25
Anniston, AL, 13
Anschutz, William, 200–201
Anti-Defamation League, 319, 322, 325, 332
Antioch College, OH, 142
Arizona, 232, 262, 278, 282, 285
Arkansas, 228, 241, 264–265, 274
Arkansas Knights of the Ku Klux Klan, 284, 288
Arkansas Ku Klux Klan, 279, 284, 288
Arkansas NSRP, 15
Arkin, Eli, 193
Arledge, Jimmy, 84
Army of God, 314–315
Aryan Nations. See also Butler, Richard, 354
Aryan Nations compound, Hayden Lake, ID, 237, 263, 279, 311, 318–320
Aryan Nations leadership, 254, 263, 286, 315, 319, 329, 337
Aryan Nations website, 323
Aryan Republican Army (ARA), 286–288, 290, 293, 298–299, 305, 307–308, 318