The Age of Lincoln and the Art of American Power, 1848-1876

by Nester, William

  17. LEGACY

  1. Richard E. Beringer, Herman Hattaway, Archer Jones, and William N. Still, Why the South Lost the Civil War (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1986); Richard E. Beringer et al., The Elements of Confederate Defeat: Nationalism, War Aims, and Religion (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1989); Herman Hattaway and Archer Jones, How the North Won: A Military History of the Civil War (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1991); William W. Freehling, The South vs. the South: How Anti-Confederate Southerners Shaped the Course of the Civil War (New York: Oxford University Press, 2001); Armistead L. Robinson, The Bitter Fruits of Bondage: The Demise of Slavery and the Collapse of the Confederacy, 1861–1865 (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2005).

  2. John Russell Young, Around the World with General Grant: A Narrative of the Visit of General U.S. Grant, Ex-president of the United States, to Various Countries in Europe, Asia, and Africa in 1877, 1878, 1879, 2 vols. (New York: American News, 1879), 2:354.

  3. James G. Randall, Lincoln the Liberal Statesman (New York: Dodd, Mead, 1947); Allan Nevins, The Statesmanship of the Civil War (New York: Macmillan, 1962); John Thomas, ed., Abraham Lincoln and the American Political Tradition (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1986); Mark E. Neely, The Last Best Hope of Earth: Abraham Lincoln and the Promise of America (Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press, 1993); Philip Shaw Paludan, The Presidency of Abraham Lincoln (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1994); David Herbert Donald, ed., Lincoln Reconsidered: Essays on the Civil War Era (New York: Vintage, 2001); William Lee Miller, President Lincoln: The Duty of a Statesman (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2008).

  4. Louis A. Warren, Lincoln’s Youth: Indiana Years, Seven to Twenty-One (New York: Appleton, Century, Crofts, 1959), 225.

  5. T. Harry Williams, Lincoln and His Generals (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1952); Allan Nevins, The War for the Union, vol. 1, The Improvised War, 1861–1862 (New York: Charles Scribners’ Sons, 1959).

  6. George W. Julian, Personal Recollections, 1840–1872 (Chicago: Jansen, McClurg, 1884), 201.

  7. John G. Nicolay and John Hay, Abraham Lincoln: A History (New York: Century, 1890), 5:155–56.

  8. Abraham Lincoln to Don Carlos Buell (copy to Henry Halleck), January 13, 1862, Lincoln Works, 5:98–99.

  9. James M. McPherson, Tried by War: Abraham Lincoln as Commander in Chief (New York: Penguin, 2008), 268.

  10. Abraham Lincoln to General Henry Halleck, September 19, 1863, Lincoln Writings, 782–83.

  11. Jean Edward Smith, Grant (New York: Touchstone, 2001), 171.

  12. Charles Bracelen Flood, Grant and Sherman: The Friendship That Won the Civil War (New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, 2005).

  13. Grant Memoirs, 175–76.

  14. James M. McPherson, The Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era (New York: Oxford University Press, 1988), 328.

  15. McPherson, Tried by War, 42.

  16. Edward Hagerman, The American Civil War and the Origin of Modern Warfare: Ideas, Organization, and Field Command (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1988).

  17. David D. Porter, The Naval History of the Civil War (Secaucus NJ: Castle, 1984).

  18. Stephen R. Wise, Lifeline of the Confederacy: Blockade Running during the Civil War (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1988).

  19. Beringer et al., Why the South Lost, 55, 56.

  20. Beringer et al., Why the South Lost, 247.

  21. Michael Fellman, Inside War: The Guerilla Conflict in Missouri during the American Civil War (New York: Oxford University Press, 1989), 23–24.

  22. Fellman, Inside War, 88.

  23. Hattaway and Jones, How the North Won, 17–18.

  24. Alice Fahs, The Imagined Civil War: Popular Literature of the North and South, 1861–1865 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2001).

  25. McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, 306–7.

  26. Paludan, Presidency of Abraham Lincoln, 198; McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, 600.

  27. McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, 608.

  28. McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, 792, 799, 802.

  29. Ira Berlin, Barbara J. Fields, Thavolia Glymph, Joseph Reidy, and Leslie Rowland, eds., Freedom: A Documentary History of Emancipation, 3 vols. (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1982); Louis Gerteis, From Contraband to Freedman: Federal Policy toward Southern Blacks, 1861–1865 (Westport CT: Greenwood Press, 1973).

  30. Robert E. Lee to Andrew Hunter, January 11, 1865, Official Records, ser. 4, vol. 3, pp. 1012–13.

  31. Beringer et al., Why the South Lost, 392.

  32. David M. Potter, The Impending Crisis, 1848–1861 (New York: Harper and Row, 1976), 29–50; Bruce Levine, Half Slave and Half Free: The Roots of Civil War (New York: Hill and Wang, 2005); Elizabeth R. Varon, Disunion!: The Coming of the American Civil War, 1789–1859 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2008).

  33. For an excellent overview of how traditional southerners then and thereafter justify their rebellion and war against the United States, see Edward L. Ayers, What Caused the Civil War: Reflections on the South and Southern History (New York: W. W. Norton, 2005). See also David Blight, Race and Reunion: The Civil War in American Memory (Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press, 2001).

  34. For the best, though ultimately flawed, argument that emphasizes economic divisions between North and South, see Charles Beard and Mary Beard, The Rise of American Civilization (New York: Macmillan, 1927). For a broader view that embraces social as well as economic divisions while dismissing slavery as the war’s cause, see Arthur C. Cole, The Irrepressible Conflict (New York: Macmillan, 1934). For an excellent critique of this view, see Eric Foner, Free Soil, Free Labor, Free Men: The Ideology of the Republican Party before the Civil War (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995).

  35. Frederick Douglass, “There Was a Right Side in the Late War,” in Frederick Douglass: Selected Speeches and Writings, ed. Philip Foner (Chicago: Lawrence Hill Books, 1999), 632.

  36. Second Inaugural Address, March 4, 1865, Lincoln Works, 8:333, 4:434n.

  37. Eric Foner, A Short History of Reconstruction (New York: Harper and Row, 1990), 193.

  38. Charles Sumner to John Bright, August 5, 1862, in The Selected Letters of Charles Sumner, ed. Beverly Palmer (Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1990), 2:122.

  39. Annual Address to Congress, December 1, 1862, Lincoln Works, 4:438, 5:537.

  40. Earl J. Hess, Liberty, Virtue, and Progress: Northerners and Their War for the Union (New York: Fordham University Press, 1997); Susan-Mary Grant, North over South: Northern Nationalism and American Identity in the Antebellum Era (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2000); Mark Voss-Hubbard, Beyond Party: Cultures of Anti-partisanship in Northern Politics before the Civil War (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2002).

  41. Frederick Douglass, The Life and Times of Frederick Douglass (New York: Modern Library, 1994), 785–86.

  42. Philip S. Foner, ed., The Life and Writings of Frederick Douglass (New York: International Publishers, 1950–55), 4:309–19.

  43. Wilbur Zelinsky, Nation into State: The Shifting Symbolic Foundations of American Nationalism (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1988); Seymour M. Lipset, American Exceptionalism: A Double-Edged Sword (New York: W. W. Norton, 1996); Grant, North over South; Melinda Lawson, Patriot Fires: Forging a New American Nationalism in the Civil War North (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2002); Susan-Mary Grant and Peter J. Parrish, eds., The Legacy of Disunion: The Enduring Significance of the American Civil War (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2003).

  44. Books D. Simpson, The Reconstruction Presidents (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1998), 188.

  45. James M. McPherson, Abraham Lincoln and the Second American Revolution (New York: Oxford University Press, 1991), 13.

  46. Dee Brown, The Year of the Century: 1876 (New York: Scribners’ Sons, 1966), 248.

  47. For perhaps the best analysis of this theme, see Richa
rd Slotkin’s brilliant trilogy: Regeneration through Violence: The Mythology of the American Frontier, 1600–1860 (New York: Harper Perennial, 1973); The Fatal Environment: The Myth of the Frontier in the Age of Industrialization (Middletown CT: Wesleyan University Press, 1985); Gunfighter Nation: The Myth of the Frontier in Twentieth-Century America (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1992).

  48. Theodore Calvin Pease and James G. Randall, eds., The Diary of Orville Hickman Browning, 2 vols. (Springfield: Illinois State Historical Library, 1925–33), 1:600.

  49. Alan M. Kraut, ed., Crusaders and Compromisers: Essays on the Relationship of the Antislavery Struggle to the Antebellum Party System (Westport CT: Greenwood Press, 1983); David F. Ericson, The Debate over Slavery: Antislavery and Proslavery Liberalism in Antebellum America (New York: New York University Press, 2000); Mason I. Lowance, ed., A House Divided: The Antebellum Slavery Debate in America, 1776–1865 (Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press, 2003).

  50. Zelinsky, Nation into State.

  51. Edward Pessen, “How Different from Each Other Were the Antebellum North and South?,” American Historical Review 85 (December 1980): 1119–49; James L. Huston, Calculating the Value of the Union: Slavery, Property Rights, and the Economic Origins of the Civil War (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2003); Jonathan Daniel Wells, The Origins of the Southern Middle Class, 1800–1861 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2004).

  52. Nicolay and Hay, Abraham Lincoln, 10:302.

  INDEX

  For the reader’s convenience there are entries for arts and literature; associations; battles (non–Civil War); Civil War; corporations; forts; Indian chiefs; Indian tribes (by region); Abraham Lincoln; newspapers and publishers; philosophy; Reconstruction; religion; rivers; schools; treaties and agreements; United States, pre-1860; wars (non–Civil War); and women’s rights. Cities and towns are grouped with their respective states, and countries are grouped with their respective continents or regions.

  Adams, Charles Francis, 20, 97–98, 129, 130, 196–97, 285 Adams, Charles Francis, 20, 97–98, 129, 130, 196–97, 285

  Adams, Henry, 287

  Adams, John, 278

  Adams, John Quincy, 11, 15

  Africa, 40, 45

  Egypt, 196, 236

  Liberia, 131, 149, 153

  Alabama, 39, 43, 44, 98, 191, 239, 246

  Alabama Convention

  Mobile, 66, 171, 179, 181, 191, 192

  Montgomery, 98, 111, 114, 171, 179

  Alaska, 260, 269, 283

  Alcott, Bronson, 278

  Alger, Horatio, 279

  Ames, Oakes, 252

  Anderson, “Bloody Bill,” 297

  Anderson, Robert, 109, 111

  Andrew, John, 210

  Anti-Masonic Party, 47

  Antony, Susan B., 253

  Arizona, 63

  Arkansas, 39, 99, 114, 123, 134, 207, 239, 246

  Fayetteville, 123

  arts and literature

  books

  The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (Twain), 277

  The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (Twain), 277

  Aesop’s Fables (Grimshaw), 23

  Age of Reason (Paine), 26

  Bible, 23

  Blackstone’s Commentaries, 26

  Cannibals All!; or, Slaves without Masters (Fitzhugh), 43

  The Confidence Man (Melville), 276

  Drum Taps (Whitman), 277

  The Elements of Military Art and Science (Halleck), 143, 290, 291

  Elements of Political Economy (Wayland), 160

  Euclid’s geometry, 32

  Financial Crises (Carey), 72

  Gilded Age (Twain), 277

  The Harmony of Interests (Carey), 72

  History of the United States (Grimshaw), 23

  The Impending Crisis of the South (Helper), 87

  Innocents Abroad (Twain), 277

  Kit Carson (Averill), 279–80

  Leatherstocking novels (Fenimore Cooper), 279

  Leaves of Grass (Whitman), 277

  Lessons in Elocution (Scott), 23

  Life of George Washington (Weems), 23

  Mardi (Melville), 276

  Moby-Dick; or, The Whale (Melville), 276–77

  Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass (Douglass), 20, 41

  Notes on the State of Virginia (Jefferson), 38

  Omoo (Melville), 276

  The Oregon Trail (Parkman), 276

  Pierre (Melville), 276

  Pilgrim’s Progress (Bunyan), 23

  Principles of Political Economy (Carey), 160

  The Principles of Social Science (Carey), 72

  Redburn (Melville), 276

  Roughing It (Twain), 277

  Ruins of Civilization (de Volney), 26

  The Slave Trade (Carey), 72

  Sociology for the South; or, the Failure of Free Society (Fitzhugh), 43

  Specimen Days (Whitman), 277

  Typee (Melville), 276

  Uncle Tom’s Cabin (Stowe), 37, 231

  White-Jacket (Melville), 276

  paintings

  Advice on the Prairie (Ranney), 275

  Arrangement in Grey and Black (Whistler), 275

  Breezing Up (Homer), 276

  Canvassing for a Vote (Bingham), 275

  The County Election (Bingham), 275

  Daniel Boone Escorting Settlers through the Cumberland Gap (Bingham), 275

  Death Struggle (Deas), 275

  Eel Spearing at Setauket (Mount), 275

  Emigrants Crossing the Plains (Bier-stadt), 275

  Fur Traders Descending the Missouri (Bingham), 275

  The Gross Clinic (Eakins), 276

  The Jolly Flatboatmen (Bingham), 275

  Kindred Spirits (Durand), 274

  Long Jake (Deas), 275

  Max Schmitt in a Single Scull (Eakins), 276

  Nocturne in Blue and Gold (Whistler), 275

  Prisoners from the Front (Homer), 276

  Sailboats Racing on the Delaware (Eakins), 276

  Snap the Whip (Homer), 276

  Stump Speaking (Bingham), 275

  Trapper’s Bride (Miller), 275

  Verdict of the People (Bingham), 274

  Veteran in a New Field (Homer), 276

  Washington Crossing the Delaware (Leutze), 275

  Westward the Course of Empire Takes Its Way (Leutze), 275

  Whistler’s Mother (Whistler), 275

  The White Girl (Whistler), 275

  painting schools

  Hudson River, 274

  luminist, 274

  Rocky Mountain, 275

  photographs

  Driving of the Gold Stake (Russell), 276

  Rebel Prisoners at Gettysburg (Brady), 276

  Ashley, James, 146, 147

  Ashmun, George, 13

  Asia

  China, 68–69, 283

  India, 196, 236

  Japan, 69–70, 260, 283, 310

  Ryukyu (Okinawa) Islands, 70

  associations

  American Colonization Society, 40

  American Federation of Labor (AFL), 256

  American Missionary Society, 247

  Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions, 310

  Chamber of Commerce, 310

  Chautauqua Institute, 280

  Grange Movement, 256

  Loyal Publications Society, 185

  Massachusetts General Colored Association, 4

  Metaphysical Club, 278

  Molly Mcguires, 257

  New England Anti-Slavery Society, 41

  New England Emigrant Aid Society, 59

  New York Society for Manumission of Slaves, 38

  Saturday Club, 278

  Underground Railroad, 51

  Union Association of New Orleans, 151

  Wide Awake Clubs, 95

  Atchinson, David, 59

  Atlantic Ocean, 260

  Averill, Charles, 279–80

  Babcock, Orville, 243, 252, 272

  Badge,
George, 15

  Bailey, Joseph, 191–92

  Baker, Edward, 120

  Banks, Nathaniel, 141, 143, 151, 169, 176, 177, 191, 192, 197, 229, 293, 296, 300

  Barnum, P. T., 280, 310

  Barton, Clara, 204

  Bates, Edward, 94, 95, 106, 110, 111, 215, 297

  battles (non–Civil War)

  Ash Hollow, 263

  Buena Vista, 46

  Harpers Ferry, 46, 88–89

  Little Big Horn, 283, 285

  Monterrey, 46

  Mountain Meadows Massacre, 82

  Palo Alto, 46

  Resaca de Palma, 46

  Rosebud, 283–84, 285

  Sand Creek, 265

  Beauregard, Pierre, 111, 117–18, 125, 137, 191

  Beecher, Henry Ward, 60

  Belknap, William, 250, 252

  Bell, John, 96

  Berry, William, 15

  Bierstadt, Albert, 275

  Bingham, George Caleb, 274–75

  Birney, James, 40

  Blackstone, William, 26

  Blaine, James, 285

  Blair, Francis, 106, 121, 216

  Blair, Montgomery, 106, 110, 113, 130, 208, 215

  Booth, John Wilkes, 220

  Borland, Solon, 65

  Bourie, Adolphe, 243, 271

  Boutwell, George, 243, 251, 271

  Brady, Mathew, 276

  Bragg, Braxton, 157, 171, 179, 181–82, 291

  Brannan, Sam, 16

  Breckinridge, John, 96, 191

  Bristow, Benjamin, 252

  Brooke, James, 252

  Brooks, Noah, 215

  Brooks, Preston, 61

  Brown, John, 46, 61, 88–89

  Browning, Orville, 289, 310

  Bruce, James (Earl of Elgin), 65

  Bryant, William Cullen, 93, 274, 277, 285

  Buchannan, James, 6, 52, 64, 73, 76–77, 79, 80, 82, 86, 96–97, 104, 107

  Buckner, Simon, 133

  Buell, Don Carlos, 133–34, 136, 148, 157, 169, 170, 291, 293, 296

  Bulwer, Henry, 65

  Buntline, Ned (Edward Judson), 279

  Bunyan, John, 23

  Burns, Antony, 50

  Burnside, Ambrose, 135, 141, 148, 170–71, 172, 180, 181, 184, 192, 193, 293

  Butler, Andrew, 61

  Butler, Benjamin, 137, 147, 148, 150–51, 169, 190, 191, 214, 229, 293

  Calhoun, John, 43, 44, 46, 277

  California, 11, 14, 47, 48, 49, 62, 66, 69, 72, 82, 262, 263, 264, 309

  Central Valley, 16

  New Helvetia, 16

  Sacramento, 167