The Age of Lincoln and the Art of American Power, 1848-1876
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San Diego, 63
San Francisco, 16, 56, 66, 255
Cameron, Simon, 94, 95, 105, 109, 110, 125
Campbell, John, 216
Canada, 51, 61, 65, 283
Canby, Edward, 192
Carey, Henry, 72, 160
Carlisle, John, 124
Carson, Kit (Christopher), 279–80
Cartwright, Peter, 30
Cass, Lewis, 19, 21, 52
Catlin, George, 275
Chaffee, Calvin, 77
Chandler, Zachariah, 146, 211
Chase, Salmon, 20, 72, 94, 95, 105, 163–64, 210, 211, 230, 249
Chesapeake Bay, 135, 138
Child, Lydia Maria, 40
Chivington, John, 265
Church, Frederick, 274
Civil Rights Act (1964), 305
Civil War, 5, 42, 46, 50, 92, 99, 287
Anaconda Plan, 112
antiwar resistance
Copperheads, 146, 183
draft riots, 182–84
Knights of the Golden Circle, 184
Monster Peace Convention, 184
Order of the American Knights, 184
Sons of Liberty, 184
Appomattox Court House, 219–20
battles
Antietam, 155, 291
Ball’s Bluff, 120, 147
Belmont, 132
Bentonville, 214–15
Big Black River, 177
Brandy Station, 174
Bristoe Station, 182
Bull Run/Manassas (first), 117–18, 122, 147
Bull Run/Manassas (second), 143–44, 154
Cassville, 194
Cedar Creek, 209
Cedar Mountain, 143, 154
Champion Hill, 177
Chancellorsville, 173–74
Chantilly, 144, 154
Cheat Mountain, 119
Chickamauga, 180–81
Chickasaw Bluffs, 171, 176
Cold Harbor, 192, 295
Dalton, 194
Drewey’s Bluff, 140, 191
Ezra Church, 194
Fisher Hill, 208
Five Forks, 219
Fort Donelson, 133, 134
Fort Fisher, 214
Fort Henry, 133, 134
Fort Hindman, 172
Fort Pillow, 134, 141, 200
Fort Stevens, 207
Fort Sumter, 109–11, 114, 302
Franklin, 213
Fredericksburg, 171
Gaines Mill, 142, 295
Gettysburg, 174–75, 291, 295
Glendale, 142
Island Number Ten, 134, 141
Jackson, 177
Kearsage v. Alabama, 197
Kennesaw Mountain, 194
Knoxville, 181
Logan’s Crossroads, 131
Malvern Hill, 142, 295
Mansfield, 191
Mechanicsville, 142
Missionary Ridge/Lookout Mountain, 181, 295
Mobile Bay, 196
Monitor v. Merrimack, 135–36
Monocracy, 207
Nashville, 213–14
New Hope Church, 194
New Market, 191, 207
Olustee, 196, 200
Peachtree Creek, 194
Pea Ridge, 134–35
Perrysville, 157
Petersburg, 219
Philippi, 118
Pilot Knob, 209
Plymouth, 200
Poison Springs, 200
Port Gibson, 177
Port Hudson, 178–79, 199, 300
Pulaski, 213
Raymond, 177
Resaca, 194
Rich Mountain, 119
Roanoke Island, 135
Savage Station, 142
Saylor’s Creek, 219
Seven Pines/Fair Oaks, 141–42, 230
Shiloh, 132, 136, 137, 188
South Mountain, 155
Spotsylvania, 192, 295
Stone’s River/Murfreesboro, 171
Vicksburg, 137, 178, 300
Westport, 208
Wilderness, 192
Wilson’s Creek, 122–23
Winchester, 208, 209
Yellow Tavern, 192
campaigns
Antietam (1862), 154–56, 291
Arkansas (1862), 134–35
Bull Run (first, 1861), 117–18
Bull Run (second, 1862), 143–44
Chancellorsville (1863), 172–74
Chickamauga (1863), 180–81
Fredericksburg (1862), 170–71
Gettysburg (1863), 174–76
Grant (1861), 132–33
Grant (1862), 133–34, 136–37, 156, 171, 176–80
Grant (1863), 176–80, 300
Grant (1864), 192–94
Grant (1865), 218–20
Kentucky (1862), 157, 291
Missouri (1861), 120–23
Missouri (1864), 207–8
naval coastal and ocean, 112, 129–30, 135, 135–36, 195–96, 214
North Carolina (1862), 135
Peninsula (1862), 137–43
Red River (1864), 191
Shenandoah Valley (1862), 141, 291
Shenandoah Valley (1864), 207–9
Sherman (1864), 194–95, 213
Sherman (1865), 214–15
Tennessee (1863), 179–80, 180–81
Tennessee (1864), 213
West Virginia (1861), 118–19
Washington (1864), 291
reasons for Northern victory, 289–304
war casualties and costs, 226–27, 301
Clay, Cassius, 92
Clay, Clement, 204
Clay, Henry, 5, 19, 20, 26, 29, 40, 46, 48, 49, 86, 92, 160, 232, 309
and “American System,” 5, 20, 26
Clayton, Powell, 65, 246
Cody, “Buffalo Bill,” 279, 280
Cole, Thomas, 274
Colfax, Schuyler, 146
Colorado, 15
Confederate States of America, 45, 76, 98–99, 111, 114, 128–29, 301–4, 311–12
Conklin, Roscoe, 285
Connecticut, 39
Hartford, 309
Constitutional Union Party, 93–94
Cooper, James Fenimore, 279
Corbin, Abel, 251
corporations
Accessory Transit Company, 66
Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, 118
Central Pacific Railroad, 255
Credit Mobilier, 252
Jay Cooke and Company, 255–56
Memphis and Ohio Railroad, 133
Mississippi and Ohio Railroad, 119
Northern Pacific Railroad, 255–56, 284
Union Pacific Railroad, 252, 255
Cox, Jacob, 243, 268, 271
Cox, Samuel, 259, 281
Craft, Ellen, 50
Craft, William, 50
Creswell, John, 243, 271
Crittenden, John, 97, 147
Crittenden, William, 67–68
Crook, George, 283–84, 285
Cropsey, Jasper, 274
Curtis, George, 279
Curtis, Samuel, 234–35, 209
Custer, George Armstrong, 283, 284, 285, 296
Dakota Territory, 267
Dana, Charles, 177, 254
Dana, Richard Henry, 278
Darwin, Charles, 278
David, Edmund, 246
Davies, Henry, 146, 206–7, 210
Davis, David, 94, 105
Davis, Jefferson, 15, 46, 59, 87, 98, 111, 142, 187, 194, 200, 204, 205, 216, 219, 226, 234, 289
Dayton, William, 72
Deas, Charles, 275
Delano, Columbus, 250, 265
Delaware, 39, 99, 149
Democratic Party, 5, 12, 19, 21, 27, 28, 52, 54, 59, 63, 71, 72, 73, 76, 78, 79, 80, 83, 84, 86, 89, 94, 95–96, 104, 105, 106, 115, 116, 139, 150, 151, 160, 169, 170, 183, 205, 210, 211, 232, 237, 240, 241, 244, 247, 253, 258, 283, 285, 286
Barnburners, 19
Hunkers, 19
Jeffersonian Republican Party, 258
Peace Democrats, 146, 14
7, 184, 185, 206
War Democrats, 146, 147, 205
Dennison, William, 215
Dent, Frederick, 243
Dent, John, 251
Dewey, John, 278
Dickens, Charles, 17
Dix, Dorothea, 204
Douglas, Stephen, 46, 49, 52, 55–57, 73, 80, 83–86, 95–96, 146, 157, 199
Douglass, Frederick, 18, 20, 41, 89, 288, 304, 307–8
DuBois, W. E. B., 242, 248
Dumont, Ebenezer, 118
DuPont, Samuel, 135
Durand, Asher, 274
Eads, James, 295
Eakins, Thomas, 275–76
Early, Jubal, 207–9
Eastman, Seth, 275
Elgin, earl of (James Bruce), 65
Ellis, Edward, 279
Ellsworth, Elmer, 114–15
Emerson, Eliza, 77
Emerson, John, 77
Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 89, 278, 278–79
“empire of liberty,” 14
Ericsson, John, 136
Europe, 17, 105
Austria, 283
Belgium, 64
Britain, 19, 45, 61, 64–65, 67, 68–69, 76, 110, 128–31, 196–97, 236, 260–61, 269, 274, 283
Denmark, 269
France, 62, 110, 129, 130, 197, 215, 216, 260, 261, 269, 283
Netherlands, 69
Russia, 76, 260, 269, 283
Spain, 45, 64, 68, 110, 129, 130, 197, 261, 269, 271, 273
Switzerland, 273
Everett, Edward, 185
Ewing, Thomas, 297
Farragut, David, 137, 150, 196
Federalist Party, 5, 27, 71, 160
Fessenden, William, 146, 215
filibustering, 47, 65–68
Fillmore, Millard, 6, 20, 47, 49, 53, 62, 67–68, 69, 73–74, 81
Finnegan, Joseph, 196
Finney, Charles, 40
Fish, Hamilton, 243, 270, 271, 309
Fisher, George, 149
Fisk, Clinton, 296
Fisk, Jim, 251, 253
Fitzhugh, George, 36, 43, 44
Florida, 98, 149, 235, 286
Amelia Island, 240
Pensacola, 99, 109, 150
Tallahassee, 196
Floyd, John, 76
Foote, Andrew, 133
Forrest, Nathan Bedford, 133, 171, 179–80, 292
forts
Abraham Lincoln, 284
Armstrong, 77
Bent’s, 263
Bridger, 82
Camp Jackson, 121
Donelson, 133, 134
Ellis, 284
Fisher, 214
Henry, 133, 134
Hindman, 172
Kearney, 263
Laramie, 263, 284
Leavenworth, 121
Monroe, 139, 148, 150
Pickens, 99, 109, 110, 111
Pierre, 263
Pillow, 134
Pilot Knob, 209
Sill, 252
Snelling, 77
Stevens, 207
Sumter, 99, 109–11, 114
Sutter’s, 16
Warren, 130
Foster, Stephen, 280
Franklin, Benjamin, 33, 38, 278, 280, 309
Franklin, William, 197
Free Soil Party, 20, 49, 53, 54, 59, 60, 70, 71, 72, 79–81, 88
Frémont, John, 72, 73–74, 122–23, 141, 148–49, 210
Fuller, Margaret, 278
Fusion Party, 96
Gadsden, James, 63
Gamble, Hamilton, 122
Gardner, John, 276
Garnet, Robert, 119
Garrison, William Lloyd, 36, 40–41, 50, 89, 305
Gary, Martin, 286
Georgia, 45, 49, 87, 98, 149, 188, 190, 239, 246, 298
Atlanta, 179, 191, 194–95, 213
Georgia Convention, 36
Irwinsville, 226
Jonesborough, 195
Ringold, 182
Savannah, 135
Gibbon, John, 284–85
Gifford, Sanford, 274
Gladstone, William, 273
Gold Rush, 16, 66
Gompers, Samuel, 256
Goodwin, Edwin, 279
Gordon, Parke, 210
Gott, Daniel, 48
Gould, Jay, 251, 253
Goulden, William, 87
Grant, Julia, 250
Grant, Orville, 250
Grant, Ulysses S., 6, 11, 14, 103, 131–36, 156, 171, 176–80, 187, 188, 189–93, 194, 200, 207, 209, 210, 214, 216, 218–20, 226, 229, 241, 232–43, 246, 249, 250–53, 255, 259, 268, 270–74, 281, 283, 285, 289, 291, 292, 296, 300, 308
Gratton, John, 263
Gray, Robert, 61
Great Lakes, 273
Greely, Horace, 20, 59, 99, 117, 153, 204, 205, 210
Greenhow, Rose O’Neal, 117
Grierson, Benjamin, 296
Grimes, James, 146
Grimke, Angelina, 40
Grimke, Sarah, 40
Grimshaw, William, 23
Gulf of Mexico, 195, 283
Hale, John, 54
Halleck, Henry, 123, 133, 134, 137, 143, 148, 175, 176, 177, 189, 190, 202, 290, 291, 297
Hamilton, Alexander, 5, 27, 33, 38, 71, 160, 165, 278
Hamilton, James, 126
Hamlin, Hannibal, 95, 210, 215
Hampton, Wade, 296
Hanks, John, 24, 95
Harney, William, 121–22, 263, 264
Harrison, William Henry, 20, 72
Hawaii/Sandwich Islands, 62, 69, 260, 273–74, 309
Hawthorne, Nathaniel, 276, 278
Hay, John, 104, 128, 175, 205, 215, 290
Hayden, Ferdinand, 281
Hayes, Rutherford, 245, 282, 285, 286–87
Heade, Martin, 274
Heintzelman, Samuel, 138
Helm, Benjamin, 204
Helm, Emilie Todd, 204
Helper, Hinton Rowan, 87
Herndon, William, 3, 13, 27, 28, 31, 51–52
Hickok, Wild Bill, 279
Higginson, Thomas, 88
Hill, Ambrose Powell (A. P.), 182
Hoar, Ebenezer, 243, 255, 271
Holden, William, 246
Hollins, George, 65
Holmes, Oliver Wendell, 208, 277, 278
Homer, Winslow, 275, 276
Hood, John Bell, 188, 194–95, 213, 214
Hooker, Joe, 172–74, 181, 293
Houzeau, Jean, 239–40
Howard, Oliver Otis, 230–31
Howe, Samuel, 88
Howells, Dean, 279
Hunter, David, 149–50
Hunter, Robert, 207, 216
Illinois, 27, 39, 55, 77, 94, 118, 169, 184
Alton, 27, 41
Cairo, 132
Chicago, 56, 94, 125, 210, 241, 254
Galena, 131
government, 2, 29
Nauvoo, 81–82
New Salem, 25
Peoria, 57
Revised Laws of Illinois (Blackstone)
Springfield, 21, 27, 28, 29, 34, 51, 57, 104, 106
Indiana, 27, 39, 94, 106, 118, 169, 184
Indianapolis, 106
Indian chiefs
Black Hawk, 25
Black Kettle, 265
Conquering Bear, 263
Crazy Horse, 284, 285
Sitting Bull, 284, 285
Indian tribes (Great Basin to West Coast)
Cayuse, 264
Goisute, 264
Medoc, 264
Mohave, 264
Paiute, 264
Pelouse, 264
Umatilla, 264
Walla Walla, 264
Yakima, 264
Indian tribes (Great Plains to Mississippi Valley)
Arapaho, 263, 283
Arikara, 262, 263
Assiniboine, 263
Cheyenne, 263, 264, 265, 283
Comanche, 263, 264
Crow, 263
Dakota (Sioux) 266–68
Gross Ventres, 263
Kiowa, 263
Lakota (Sioux)
263, 283–85
Brule, 263, 264
Hukpapa, 264, 285
Miniconjou, 264
Sans Arc, 264
Two Kettle, 264
Mandan, 263
Nakota (Sioux)
Teton, 264
Yakatonais, 264
Sauk and Fox, 25
Indian tribes (Rocky Mountain)
Blackfoot-Piegan, 264
Nez Perce, 264
Shoshone, 264
Ute, 264
Indian tribes (Southwest)
Apache, 263
Chiricahua, 264
Gila River, 264
Jicarilla, 264, 279–80
Mescalero, 264
Mimbre, 264
Mongollon, 264
Warm Springs, 264
Navaho, 264
Inman, Henry, 275
Innes, George, 274
Iowa, 39
Irving, Washington, 276
Jackson, Andrew, 5, 160, 165, 258, 278
Jackson, Claiborne, 121, 122
Jackson, Thomas (Stonewall), 141, 142–43, 143–44, 154, 175, 291, 292
Jackson, William Henry, 276, 281
James, Jesse, 297
James, William, 278
Jay, John, 38, 278
Jefferson, Thomas, 5, 14, 33, 38, 165, 166, 258
Johnson, Andrew, 6, 125, 133, 147, 210, 215, 217, 225, 226, 232–35, 236, 237, 240–41, 242, 269
Johnson, Hershel, 96
Johnston, Albert Sidney, 82, 136
Johnston, Joseph, 117, 118, 138, 139, 140, 141–42, 176, 177, 194, 215, 225
Juarez, Benito, 269
Julian, George, 228
Kansas, 46, 56, 59–60, 73, 79–81, 88, 93, 286, 298
Lawrence, 60–61, 88, 297
Lecompton, 79, 80–81
Potawatomie Creek, 61, 88
Topeka, 60, 79, 80–81
Kelly, Benjamin, 118
Kensett, John, 274
Kentucky, 23, 39, 48, 99, 120–21, 123–24, 131, 291
Columbus, 124, 132
Elizabethtown, 23
Lexington, 29
Louisville, 133
Paducah, 132
Keyes, Erasmus, 138
King Kamehameha, 62
Know-Nothing/American/Order of the Star Spangled Banner Party, 53–54, 70, 71, 73, 94
Lane, Fitz Hugh, 274
Lane, Joseph, 96
Langford, Nathaniel, 281
Latin America/West Indies, 309–10
Brazil, 45, 283
Caribbean Sea, 64
Central America, 63, 153
Cuba, 45, 63–64, 67–68, 79, 129, 260, 270–71, 273
Dominican Republic, 110, 260, 271–73
Haiti, 110, 131
Honduras, 67
Mexico, 11–15, 19, 31, 61, 63, 65, 66, 129, 130, 191, 197, 216, 260, 261, 269
Nicaragua, 16, 47, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67
Panama, 16, 64
St. John, 269
St. Thomas, 269
Virgin Islands, 269–70
Lee, Robert E., 88, 116, 119, 142–43, 144, 154–56, 170, 172–74, 175, 182, 190, 192–93, 194, 200, 208, 215, 218–20, 291, 292, 301
L’Enfant, Pierre, 17
Leutze, Emmanuel, 275
Liberty Party, 18, 20, 21, 52, 53, 70
Lieber, Francis, 202–3
Lincoln, Abraham
administration and cabinet of, 104–6, 215
career of, pre-1861, 2, 13–15, 21–35, 48, 51–52, 57–59, 70–74, 83–86, 92–93