The Age of Lincoln and the Art of American Power, 1848-1876
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and Congress, 104, 107, 112, 113, 115, 120, 124, 128, 146, 147–48, 149, 151, 158, 163, 164, 168, 169, 207, 217
and elections
1860, 90–99
1864, 209–11
family of, 22–24, 29–30, 33, 51–52, 106, 127–28, 201, 202
legacy of, 277
philosophy and power of, 1, 2–7, 11, 22, 15, 26–28, 29, 30, 31, 33–35, 36, 55, 57–58, 70–71, 73, 75, 78–79, 83–86, 89, 90, 93, 103, 107–8, 113, 114, 115, 145, 148–49, 159, 161–62, 166, 198, 200–204, 225, 288, 289–304, 304–12
policies of— abolition, 5, 104, 144, 145–58
District of Columbia, 149
Emancipation Proclamation, 152, 157–58, 169, 301, 306
13th Amendment, 146, 216–17, 236, 253, 306
policies of—Constitutional controversies, 113–14, 200–204
policies— economic, social, and education, 159–68, 293, 298, 308–9
Department of Agriculture, 166
economy, 159–60, 163, 226
Homestead Act (1862), 166
Internal Revenue Bureau, 164
Legal Tender Act (1862), 164, 255
Morrill Agricultural Act (1862), 166
Morrill Anti-Bigamy Act (1862), 154
Morrill Land Great College Act (1862), 167
Morrill Tariff Act (1862), 165
National Banking Act (1863), 166
Pacific Railroad Act (1862), 166, 255
Thanksgiving, 168
policies of— foreign, 128–31, 191, 196–97
Trent Affair, 129–30
policies of— Reconstruction, 205–7, 210, 229–30
Freedman’s Bureau Act, 230
Wade Davis Act (1864), 206–7
policies of— war, 109–11, 112, 113, 117, 120–21, 121–22, 125, 127, 133–34, 137–38, 138–39, 141, 143, 155, 156, 169–70, 172–73, 174, 175–76, 176–77, 179, 185, 187, 188, 189, 191, 198, 199, 200, 213, 266–68
army, 109, 116–17, 227, 298
Articles of War, 149
black troops, 150, 151, 197–200, 301
Confiscation Act (1861), 123, 148
Confiscation Act (1862), 152
Enrollment Act (1863), 182, 300
Lieber Code, 202–3
Militia Act (1862), 152, 299
navy, 112, 195, 295–96, 298
peace talks, 204–5, 216
punishment, 203
Sanitary Commission, 204, 300
War Department, 116, 126, 182, 202
psychology and character of, 2, 22–24, 28–29, 32–33, 51–52, 125, 208, 210–11, 212, 220–21, 280
and Republican Party, 104, 106, 117, 122, 146, 151, 160, 162, 169, 209–10, 211, 216, 298
conservatives, 146, 205, 206, 210
Radicals/liberals, 146, 185, 205, 206, 210, 278
speeches and debates of, 12–13, 27–28, 31–32, 57–58, 83–86, 93, 106, 107, 107–8, 115, 158, 185–86, 217–18
and Supreme Court, 211
Prize Case (1863), 201–2
Ex Parte Milligan (1866), 202
Lincoln, Edward Baker, 30, 51
Lincoln, Mary Todd, 29–30, 33, 51–52, 93, 127–28, 204, 218
Lincoln, Nancy, 23
Lincoln, Robert Todd, 30, 93, 218
Lincoln, Sarah, 23
Lincoln, Thomas, 23
Lincoln, Thomas (Tad), 30, 51, 93, 204
Lincoln, William (Willie), 30, 93, 127
Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth, 277, 278
Longstreet, James, 144, 180, 181
Lopez, Narciso, 67–68
Louisiana, 57, 68, 98, 179, 191, 207, 238, 239, 249, 286, 287
Baton Rouge, 137, 176
Colfax, 245, 249
New Orleans, 24, 57, 63, 66, 67, 99, 137, 150–51, 244–45
Shreveport, 191
Lovejoy, Elijah, 27, 41
Lovejoy, Owen, 146
Lowell, James Russell, 277, 278
Lundy, Benjamin, 40
Lyon, Nathaniel, 121–23
Lyons, Richard, 130
Madison, James, 40
Magoffin, Beriah, 123–24
Maine, 39, 40, 95
Mallory, Stephen, 136
Manifest Destiny, 9, 14–15, 260
Marcy, William, 52, 63, 65
Marshall, James, 16
Marshall, John, 11, 40, 42
Maryland, 39, 99, 113, 120–21, 144, 154–55
Baltimore, 40, 52, 96, 113
Frederick Town, 208
Hagerstown, 208
Sharpsburg, 155
Williamsport, 175
Mason, James, 64, 129–30
Massachusetts, 13, 39, 40, 77
Boston, 41, 50, 150
Newburyport, 40
Matteson, Joel, 59
Maximilian I, 191, 197, 269
McAdoo, William, 281
McClellan, George, 118–20, 125–28, 131, 134, 137–43, 147, 148, 154–56, 170, 175, 189, 210, 290, 291–92, 293
McClernand, John, 147, 178, 293
McCormick, Cyrus, 126
McCulloch, Hugh, 215
McDowell, Irwin, 117–18, 122, 138, 144
McGruder, John, 139–40
McLean, Wilber, 219
McPherson, James, 132, 178
Meade, George, 174–75, 176, 182, 190, 192, 226, 291, 292
Melville, Herman, 89, 259, 276–77
Merritt, Wesley, 296
Merryman, John, 114
Michigan, 39, 71, 93, 169
Miller, Alfred Jacob, 275
Milligan, Lambdin, 202
Minnesota, 169, 266–68
Mankato, 268
Mississippi, 56, 57, 68, 76, 79, 98, 233, 238, 289
Corinth, 136, 137, 143, 156, 171
Holy Springs, 171
Iuka, 156
Jackson, 176, 177
Oxford, 171
Port Hudson, 137, 176, 177, 178
Tupelo, 137, 156
Vicksburg, 57, 87, 171, 176, 177
Vicksburg convention, 87
Missouri, 16, 39, 57, 59, 77, 97, 99, 106, 120–23, 132, 209
Belmont, 132
Booneville, 122
Haun’s Mill, 81
Jefferson City, 121, 122, 209
Kansas City, 123, 209, 297
Lexington, 123
Springfield, 122, 123, 209
St. Louis, 57, 121–22, 123, 143, 209, 252
Monroe, James, 40, 129
Moran, Thomas, 275, 281
Morgan, John Hunt, 171, 296
Mosby, John, 207, 296
Mott, Lucretia Coffin, 18
Mount, William Sidney, 275
mountain ranges
Appalachian Mountains, 14, 94, 124
Black Hills, 264, 284
Cascade Mountains, 264
Rocky Mountains, 39, 61, 97, 275
Sierra Mountains, 264
Mumford, William, 150
Myrick, Andrew, 259, 266–67
Napoleon I, 294–95
Napoleon III, 191, 197, 269
Nebraska
Omaha, 167, 255
Nevada, 15, 298
New England, 38, 59, 60, 179, 233
New Hampshire, 39, 40
New Jersey, 39, 72, 169
New Mexico, 15, 47, 48, 49, 62, 63, 262, 263, 309
newspapers and publishers
Atlantic Monthly, 279
Brooklyn Daily Eagle, 20
Charlestown Mercury, 44
Cincinnati Enquirer, 242, 248
Evening Post, 210
Free Press, 40
Genius of Universal Emancipation, 40
Harper’s Weekly, 279
Independent, 210
Lakeside Library of Chicago, 279
Liberator, 41
L’Union (New Orleans), 239
Nation, 279
National Era, 37
National Quarterly Review, 279
New Orleans Crescent, 66
New Orleans Tribune, 239
New York Herald, 127
/> New York Tribune, 14, 20, 59, 99, 117, 153, 185, 204, 207, 210
Publisher’s Weekly, 279
Richmond Enquirer, 37, 43, 89
Rochester North Star, 20, 41
Sacramento Union, 215
Sangamon Journal, 28
Saturday Evening Post, 279
Scribner’s Monthly, 279, 281
Spirit of the Times, 210
New York, 18, 20, 47, 48, 83, 105, 126, 169, 286
Albany, 106
Brooklyn Naval Yard, 110, 136
Buffalo, 20, 106
New York City, 67, 93, 106, 113, 182–83, 203, 210, 241, 254, 285
Rochester, 41
Seneca Falls, 18
Wall Street, 256
Niagara Falls, 204
Nicolay, John, 104, 128, 215, 290
North Carolina, 15, 87, 99, 114, 188, 214, 239, 246, 298
Durham, 225
New Bern, 135, 141, 190
Raleigh, 190
Wilmington, 214
Nullification Crisis (1833), 303
Ohio, 27, 39, 93, 95, 105, 118, 124, 146, 169, 184
Cincinnati, 37, 106, 118, 285
Cleveland, 106, 234
Columbus, 106
Olmstead, Frederick Law, 92, 285
Opdyke, George, 210
Ord, Edward, 156
Oregon, 19, 39, 61, 69, 262, 264, 309
Ostend Manifesto, 64
O’Sullivan, John, 14
O’Sullivan, Timothy, 276
Owens, Mary, 29
Pacific Ocean, 5, 61, 62, 69, 260, 283, 310
Paine, Thomas, 26
Parker, Ely, 212, 220, 243, 268
Parker, Theodore, 40, 50, 88
Parkman, Francis, 276
Patterson, James, 117, 252
Payson, Lewis, 281
Pegram, John, 119
Pemberton, John, 176, 177, 178
Pendleton, George, 210
Pennsylvania, 12, 39, 95, 105, 169, 183, 252, 291
Chambersburg, 208
Gettysburg, 185–86
Philadelphia, 20, 41, 106–7, 113, 282–83
Philadelphia Centennial Exposition, 282–83
Pittsburgh, 106
Perry, Matthew, 68–70
Philips, Wendell, 89, 234
Philosophy
abolitionism, 18, 38–39, 40–42, 45, 48, 87, 88, 99, 153–54, 157, 278
Hamiltonism, 4–5, 71, 79, 83, 160, 164, 278, 308–9
Jacksonism, 4, 106, 160, 165
Jeffersonism, 4, 79, 160, 165
liberalism, 17
nationalism, 17
slavocracy, 36, 42–46, 49, 61, 63, 68, 83–86, 87, 96, 98–99, 157, 301–4, 311–12
Social Darwinism, 249
socialism, 17
transcendentalism, 278
Pickens, Francis, 111
Pickett, George, 175
Pierce, Charles, 278
Pierce, Franklin, 6, 52–53, 54, 57, 62–63, 68, 73, 76, 82
Pierpont, Francis, 124
Pinkerton, Allan, 125
Pinkerton Agency, 125
Polk, James, 13, 15, 16, 19, 61, 62, 76, 262
Polk, Leonidas, 124, 132, 309
Pope, John, 134, 141, 143, 144, 154, 267
Porter, David, 177, 214
Porter, Fitz John, 142, 144
Porter, Horace, 243, 251
Porterfield, George, 118
Price, Sterling, 121, 122, 123, 209
Prosser, Gabriel, 44
Quantrill, William, 297
Queen Victoria, 129
Quitman, John, 68
Radical Democracy Party, 210
Ranney, John, 275
Rawlins, John, 271
Reagan, Ronald, 258
Reconstruction, 5, 228
challenges and setbacks of, 226, 228, 229, 235–36, 239, 243–44, 247–48
and Congress, 228–29, 233–34, 235, 236, 237, 238, 243, 249, 251, 252, 255, 271, 281, 283
Joint Committee on Reconstruction, 228–29
and Constitution
14th Amendment, 236–37, 238, 249
15th Amendment, 246, 248
corruption during, 250–51
Credit Mobilier scandal, 252
Gold Ring scandal, 251–52
Indian Ring scandal, 252, 268
Whiskey Ring scandal, 252
economy during, 226, 228, 229, 235–36, 250, 251–52, 254–56
Gilded Age, 250
Panic of 1873, 255–56
elections during
1868, 241
1876, 285–87
and institutions
Civil Service Commission, 243
Department of Justice, 246–47
Freedman’s Bureau, 230–31, 237–38, 239
Indian Affairs Commission, 268
Office of Solicitor General, 246–47
laws during
Act to Strengthen Public Credit (1869), 255
Civil Rights (1866, 1875), 236, 248, 257
Enforcement Act (1870), 249
Freedman’s Bureau (1866), 235
Habeas Corpus Act (1867), 238
Military Reconstruction Act (1867), 238
Mineral Acts (1866, 1869, 1872), 255
Resumption Act (1875), 256
Southern Homestead Act (1866), 235, 247
Tenure of Office Act (1867), 233–34, 240
Yellowstone National Park (1872), 281
legacy of, 287
policies during— education, 231–32
policies during— foreign, 260, 269–74
Treaty of Washington (1871), 273
policies during— Indians, 268
policies during— land, 229–30, 235–36
policies during— national heritage Yellowstone National Park, 281
policies during— occupation, 238, 245
policies during— treason, crimes, and justice
amnesty and pardons, 234
Andersonville, 234
Andrew Johnson impeachment, 240–41
private liberal efforts to aid
Equal Rights League, 240
Gideon’s Band/Gideonites, 231
New England Freedman’s Aid Society, 247
and Republican Party, 237, 241, 247, 250, 253, 283, 285
conservatives, 250, 285
Radicals, 228, 230, 232, 233, 235, 236, 237, 238, 240–41, 257, 278, 285
Supreme Court, 248–49, 286
Ex Parte Milligan (1866), 202, 249
Legal Tender Act (1870), 255
Munn v. Illinois (1876), 250, 282
Slaughterhouse Cases (1873), 249
Texas v. White (1869), 249
United States v. Cruikshank (1876), 249
United States v. Reese (1876), 249
white supremacy acts during
atrocities, 244–45, 249
black codes, 247–48
white supremacy groups during, 244, 257
Democratic Party, 244
Ku Klux Klan, 244
Red Shirts, 244, 246, 247
White Camellias, 244
White League, 244, 245
Reeder, Andrew, 59, 60
religion
Baptists, 34
Calvinists, 34
Catholics, 17, 53–54
Christianity, 69
Deists, 33–35
Jews, 17
Mormons, 59, 81–82, 154, 254
Quakers, 40, 268
Unitarianism, 40, 278
Republican Party (1854–60), 5, 60, 70–74, 83, 92, 93–95, 306
Republican Party (original). See Democratic
Party Rhett, Robert Barnwell, 44, 301
Rhode Island, 39
Richardson, William, 250
rivers
Appomattox, 193
Arkansas, 172, 209
Cape Fear, 214
Chickahominy, 141, 142
Colorado, 63
Columbia, 61
Cumberland, 132, 133, 134, 295
Gila, 63
/>
Green, 82
James, 139, 193, 295
Kanawha, 119
Minnesota, 266
Mississippi, 112, 124, 132, 134, 137, 171, 176–79, 262, 268, 295
Missouri, 262, 264, 267
Monocracy, 207
Neuces, 13
Ohio, 37, 39, 124, 132
Pamunkey, 171
Platte, 262
Potomac, 114, 120, 138, 144, 155, 174, 175, 291
Rapidan, 139, 182
Rappahannock, 171, 173, 174, 176
Red, 179, 191–92, 197, 262, 295
Rio Grande, 12, 13, 15, 49, 191, 197, 269
Sabine, 197
Sacramento, 16
Sagamon, 25
Saint Lawrence, 65
Schuylkill, 283
Tennessee, 132, 133, 134, 136, 180–81, 295
Yazoo, 171
York, 138, 139
Robeson, George, 250
Robinson, Charles, 60
Roosevelt, Theodore, 309
Rosecrans, William, 119, 147, 156, 169, 171, 179, 181–82, 189, 291
Ruffin, Edmund, 44
Russell, A. J., 276
Russell, John, 129, 196–97
Rutledge, Ann, 29
Salmon, Robert, 274
Sanborn, Franklin, 88
Sanford, John, 77
San Juan Islands, 273
Santa Anna, Antonio López de, 63
Santa Fe Trail, 263
Schofield, John, 213, 243
schools
Alcorn College, 231
Atlanta University, 231
Bowdoin College, 52
Citadel, 292
Columbia College, 203
Dickinson College, 76
Fisk College, 231
Hampton College, 231
Harvard Divinity School, 279
Harvard University, 218, 231, 278
Howard University, 230
Kenyon College, 105
Philips Exeter, 52
Tugaloo College, 231
Union College, 105
University of Nashville, 66
University of Pennsylvania, 66
University of Virginia, 204
Virginia Military Institute, 292
West Point Military Academy, 117, 119, 131, 133, 143, 264, 289, 291, 292, 293, 294
Yale University, 231
Schurz, Carl, 45, 285
Scott, Dred, 77–79
Scott, Robert, 246
Scott, William, 23
Scott, Winfield, 12, 20, 53, 109, 112, 116–17, 120, 294–95
Sea Islands, 230, 240
Seddon, James, 199
Seward, William, 20, 46, 72, 75, 89, 92, 94, 95, 97, 104–5, 110–11, 129, 130, 158, 215, 216, 220, 269, 307, 309
Seymour, Horatio, 169, 241
Seymour, Truman, 196
Shakespeare, William, 23
Sharkey, William, 233
Shepley, George, 150
Sheridan, Philip, 192, 208–9, 214, 218–19, 244–45, 265, 292, 298
Sherman, John, 146, 201
Sherman, William Tecumseh, 131–32, 136, 171–72, 176, 177, 181, 187, 188–89, 190, 194–95, 211, 213, 214, 218, 225, 226, 230, 232, 246, 251, 265, 266, 293, 296–97, 298
Shields, James, 28, 59, 141
Sibley, Henry, 267