The Butcher's Tale
Page 26
15. Quoted in Wojciechowski, “Nationalitätenverhältnisse in Westpreuβen,” 94.
16. Christian Jansen and Arno Weckbecker, Der “Volksdeutsche Selbstschutz” in Polen 1939/40 (Munich, 1992), 214.
Bibliography
I have divided this bibliography into three sections: the first for archival collections; the second for printed documents, including contemporary works pertaining to the Konitz case; and the third for secondary works that have influenced the writing of this book in matters of more than just detail. Except for the listing of archives, the bibliography makes no claim to completeness and does not include all the sources cited in the notes. Rather, it is meant to give the reader a sense of the main sources and to offer suggestions for further exploration. To this end, I have briefly annotated the final section.
I. ARCHIVES
Archiv Panstwowe w Bydgoszcz
Akta Miasta Chojnice, 1801–1937
Akta Starostwo Powiatowe w Chojnicach, 1773–1919
Brandenburgisches Landeshauptarchiv Potsdam
30 Berlin C Polizeipräsidium Berlin
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints, Family History Library,
Salt Lake City
Konitz, Standesamt, Zivilregister, 1874–1877
Katholische Kirche Konitz, Kirchenbuch, 1651–1890
Evangelische Kirche Konitz, Kirchenbuch, 1632–1917
Geheimes Staatsarchiv Preussischer Kulturbesitz, Berlin-Dahlem
Rep. 77 Ministerium des Innerns
Rep. 81 Justizministeriums
II. PRINTED DOGUXIENTS
A. NEWSPAPERS
Allgemeine Zeitung des Judentums
Antisemitische Correspondenz
Danziger Zeitung
Gazetta Grudzionska
Im deutschen Reich
Jeschrun
Jüdische Presse
Konitzer Tageblatt
Mitteilungen aus dem Verein zur Abwehr des Antisemitismus
Staatsbürgerzeitung
B. STENOGRAPHIC COURT RECORDS
Der Konitzer Blutmord vor dem Berliner Gericht: Die Verhandlungen des Pressprozesses gegen die “Staatsbürgerzeitung” vor der II. Strafkammer des Königl. Landgerichts I. Berlin: Verlag der Staatsbürgerzeitung, 1902.
Der Prozeß gegen Masloff und Genossen (Konitz, 25.10–10.11.1900) nach stenographischer Aufnahme. Berlin: H. G. Hermann, 1900.
Der Prozeß gegen Moritz Lewy (Konitz, 13.–16. Februar 1901) nach stenographischer Aufnahme. Berlin: H. G. Hermann, 1901
Der Xantener Knabenmord vor dem Schwurgericht zu Cleve, 4.–14. Juli 1892; vollständiger Bericht. Berlin: Verlag Siegfried Cronbach, 1893.
C. CONTEMPORARY ACCOUNTS OF THE KONITZ CASE
Der Blutmord in Konitz. Introduction by Max Liebermann von Sonnenberg. 8th ed. Berlin: Deutschnationale Buchhandlung, 1901.
Borowka, Bruno. Aus Sage und Geschichte von Konitz. Konitz: Johannes Schmolke, 1919.
George, Gustav. Enthüllungen zur Konitzer Mordaffäre. Berlin: G. Koenig, 1903.
Die Gutachten der Sachverständigen über den Konitzer Mord. Edited by Centralverein deutscher Staatsbürger jüdischen Glaubens. Berlin: Centralverein, 1903.
Hamburger, Hermann. Der Konitzer Mord: Ein Beitrag zur Klärung. Breslau: Preuss and Jünger, 1900.
Nathan, Sally. Motivia: Die Trägödie von Konitz. Berlin: W. Schroeder, 1901.
Sutor, Gustav. Der Konitzer Mord und seine Folgen. Berlin: Hugo Schilderer, 1900.
Zelle, W. Wer hat Ernst Winter ermordert? Eine psychologische Studie. Braunschweig: R. Sattler, 1904.
III. SECONDARY WORKS
Anderson, Margaret Lavinia. Practicing Democracy: Elections and Political Culture in Imperial Germany. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2000. Major revisionist work arguing that in the imperial period Germans were practicing democracy and getting better at it. This work is also important for emphasizing communal pressures over hierarchical structures in German political culture.
Austin, J. L. How to Do Things with Words. 2nd ed. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1975. Groundbreaking argument about how context determines the meaning of speech.
Avneri, Zvi, ed. Germania Judaica, 2 vols. Von 1238 bis zur Mitte des 14. Jahrhunderts. Tübingen: J. C. B. Mohr, 1968. Indispensable reference work on Jewish communities and anti-Semitism in the medieval period.
Bergmann, Werner, Christhard Hoffmann, and Helmut Walser Smith, eds. “Exclusionary Violence”: anti-Semitic Riots in Modern German History. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2002. A collection of essays that highlights anti-Semitic violence in the German tradition of anti-Semitism.
Blackbourn, David. Marpingen: Apparitions of the Virgin Mary in a Nineteenth-Century German Village. New York: Alfred E. Knopf, 1994. Important microhistory, focusing on the Catholics and the impact of the State.
Bloch, Maurice. Ritual, History and Power: Selected Papers in Anthropology. London: Athlone Press, 1989. On the relation between ritual and belief.
Blok, Anton. Honour and Violence. Cambridge: Polity, 2001. Insightful essays on the meanings of violence.
Browning, Christopher R. Ordinary Men: Reserve Police Battalion 101 and the Final Solution in Poland. New York: HarperCollins, 1992. Exemplary social and psychological study of a battalion of men who massacred Jews during the Holocaust.
Butler, Judith. Excitable Speech: A Politics of the Performative. New York: Routledge, 1997. On hate speech.
Chazan, Robert. Medieval Stereotypes and Modern Antisemitism. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997. Astute essays insisting on the continuous legacy of anti-Semitism amid changing circumstances.
Davis, Natalie Zemon. “The Rites of Violence.” In Davis, Society and Culture in Early Modern France, 15.–87. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1975. Early, seminal essay on the ritualistic aspects of collective violence.
Demos, John Putnam. Entertaining Satan: Witchcraft and the Culture of Early New England. New York: Oxford University Press, 1982. Especially good on the Community pressures that engendered witch-craft accusations, this book is also a model of a multidisciplinary approach to the study of a Community.
Frankel, Jonathan. The Damascus Affair: “Ritual Murder,” Politics, and the Jews in 1840. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997. Thorough account of a famous ritual-murder case and its repercussions throughout Europe.
Gay, Peter. The Cultivation of Hatred. Vol. 2 of The Bourgeois Experience Victoria to Freud. New York: W. W. Norton, 1993. On the manifold manifestations of aggression.
——. Freud, Jews, and Other Germans: Masters and Victims in Modernist Culture. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1978. Compelling for the larger framework of German-Jewish history.
Gellately, Robert. The Gestapo and German Society: Enforcing Racial Policy, 193–1945. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1990. On how the Gestapo depended on neighborhood informants.
Genette, Gérard. Narrative Discourse: An Essay in Method. Translated by Jane E. Lewin. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1980. A theory about the shifting perspectives of the storyteller.
Geyer, Michael. “Resistance as an Ongoing Project: Visions of Order, Obligations to Strangers, and Struggles for Civil Society, 193–1990.” In Resistance against the Third Reich, 1933–1990. ed. John Boyer and Michael Geyer, 325–50. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994. Interprets central themes in the Third Reich as a breakdown in human solidarity.
Goldhagen, Daniel Jonah. Hitler’s Willing Executioners: Ordinary Germans and the Holocaust. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1996. Monocausal thesis about the origins of the Holocaust: Germans, at least since the nineteenth century, harbored “eliminationist anti-Semitism.”
Gross, Jan T. Neighbors: The Destruction of the Jewish Community in Jedwabne, Poland. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2001. The recently discovered story of how the Poles of a small town massacred their Jewish neighbors in the midst of the Holocaust.
Harris, James F. The People Speak!: Anti-Semitism and Emancipation in Ninet
eenth-Century Bavaria. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1994. Important for gauging the depth of rural anti-Semitism in Germany.
Hsia, R. Po-chia. The Myth of Ritual Murder: Jews and Magic in Reformation Germany. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1988. A series of case studies.
Kertzer, David I. The Kidnapping of Edgardo Mortara. New York: Vintage Books, 1998. A brilliantly told social history of the most celebrated case of Catholic anti-Semitism in the nineteenth century.
Klier, John D., and Schlomo Lambroza, eds. Pogroms: Anti-Jewish Violence in Modern Russian History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992. Collection of essays arguing that the czarist government did not initiate the pogroms, as is commonly thought; rather, the pogroms were a consequence of grassroots agitation.
Langmuir, Gavin I. Toward a Definition of Antisemitism. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990. Controversial essays on the local origins of the first ritual-murder accusations.
Levy, Richard S. The Downfall of the Anti-Semitic Political Parties in Imperial Germany. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1975. Shows how party squabbles and infighting led to the early demise of political anti-Semitism.
Lotter, Friedrich. “Hostienfrevelvorwurf und Blutwundverfälschung bei den Judenverfolgungen von 1298 (‘Rintfleisch’) und 133–1338.(‘Armleder’).” In Fälschungen im Mittelalter. Edited by Monumenta Germaniae Historica, 53.–84. Hanover: Hahnsche Buchhandlung, 1988. Careful, detailed study of medieval host desecrations.
Malamud, Bernard. The Fixer. New York: Dell, 1966. Arresting fictional account of a Jewish man falsely accused of committing ritual murder.
Meyer, Michael A., ed., with the assistance of Michael Brenner. German-Jewish History in Modern Times. Vols 1.–4. New York: Columbia University Press, 199–98. These volumes constitute both the definitive account representing the current state of knowledge and the starting place for further reading in this field.
Moore, R. I. The Formation of a Persecuting Society: Power and Deviance in Western Europe, 95–1250. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1987. Important, if dated, synthesis.
Morrison, Toni. Playing in the Dark: Whiteness and the Literary Imagination. New York: Vintage Books, 1993. On the ways in which race influences literature.
Muir, Edward, and Guido Ruggiero. Microhistory and the Lost Peoples of Europe. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1991. Concise statement of microhistory as a method. See especially Muir’s introduction and the essay, “The Name of the Game,” by Carlo Ginzburg and Carlo Poni.
Nirenberg, David. Communities of Violence: Persecution of Minorities in the Middle Ages. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1996. Powerfully argues that anti-Semitic violence must be understood in its precise historical context and not as a timeless malady of Western history.
Nonn, Christoph. “Zwischenfall in Konitz: Antisemitismus und Nationalismus im preußischen Osten um 1900.” Historische Zeitschrift 266, 2 (1998), 387.–418. Important article on the Konitz case that argues, mistakenly, I believe, for the importance of economic crisis in causing the eruption of anti-Semitic violence.
Patterson, Orlando. Rituals of Blood: Consequences of Slavery in Two American Centuries. New York: Basic Civitas, 1999. The second chapter brilliantly reveals the ritual qualities of Euro-American lynching practices, which in some ways paralleled the violence accompanying ritual murder charges.
Rohrbacher, Stefan. Gewalt im Biedermeier: Antijüdische Ausschreitungen in Vormärz und Revolution (181–1848.49). Frankfurt am Main: Campus, 1993. Comprehensive work on anti-Semitic violence in Germany in the first half of the nineteenth century.
Rohrbacher, Stefan, and Michael Schmidt. Judenbilder: Kulturgeschichte antijüdischer Mythen und antisemitischer Vorurteile. Reinbeck-Hamburg: Rowohlt, 1991. Includes material on the cultural history of the ritual-murder charge.
Rubin, Miri. Gentile Tales: The Narrative Assault on Late Medieval Jews. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1999. On the narrative construction of host desecration charges.
Schacter, Daniel L. Searching for Memory: The Brain, the Mind, and the Past. New York: Basic Books, 1996. Excellent introduction to current research on individual memory and its distortions.
Schechner, Richard. Between Theater and Anthropology. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1985. Argues that theatrical performance follows logic akin to ritual.
Schroubek, Georg R. “Der ‘Ritualmord’ von Polna: Traditioneller und moderner Wahnglaube.” In Antisemitismus und jüdische Geschichte: Studien zu Ehren von Herbert A. Strauss, ed. Rainer Erb and Michael Schmidt, 149–171. Berlin: Wissenschaftlicher Autorenverlag, 1987. Concise, expert treatment of the Polna case.
Strack, Hermann L. The Jew and Human Sacrifice. Translated by Henry Blanchamp. New York: Bloch, 1909. Still the best general introduction to the ritual-murder charge in Western history.
Toch, Michael. Die Juden im mittelalterlichen Reich. Munich: Oldenbourg, 1998. Best short introduction to the current state of research concerning Jews in the Middle Ages.
Turner, Victor. Dramas, Fields, and Metaphors: Symbolic Action in Human Society. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1974. Fundamental for understanding ritual process.
Vital, David. A People Apart: The Jews in Europe, 178–1939. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999. Mainly about anti-Semitism and the Jewish reaction to it.
Vogt, Bernhard. “Die ‘Atmosphäre eines Narrenhauses’: Eine Ritualmordlegende um die Ermordung des Schülers Ernst Winter in Konitz.” In Zur Geschichte und Kultur der Juden in Ost- und Westpreußen, ed. Michael Brocke, Margret Heitmann, and Harald Lordick, 545–78. Hildesheim: Georg Olms Verlag, 2000. Short, accurate, narrative account of the Konitz case.
Illustrations
Konitz, circa 1900.
The marketplace, with the Protestant church in the foreground, the Catholic church in the background, and the house of Mrs. Wiwjorra in the right-hand corner.
Danzigerstrasse, circa 1890.
View of the Gymnasium (the high school) that Ernst Winter attended.
The family of Ernst Winter.
Townspeople gathered at the basin of the Mönchsee after the discovery of Ernst Winter’s torso.
The discovery of Winter’s head in a ditch at the Dunkershagen farm.
The discovery of Winter’s vest in January 1901, which led to a break in the investigation.
Gustav Hoffmann and his daughter, Anna.
Funeral procession for Ernst Winter on May 27, 1900.
Moritz Lewy.
Anti-Semitic postcard depicting the Lewys as devouring, satiated lions.
A postcard photograph featuring the synagogue, taken after the attempt to burn it down, with ‘Prussian soldiers standing guard. The caption reads, “Greetings from Konitz in West Prussia.”
Jews burning in a pit—a woodcut from the Nuremberg Chronicle of 1493.
A popular depiction of the ritual murder of Simon of Trent, which allegedly took place in 1475.
Depiction of the murdered child, Simon of Trent, on the Frankfurt Bridge Tower.
Index
Page numbers listed correspond to the print edition of this book. You can use your device’s search function to locate particular terms in the text.
Aaronheim, Hermann, 149, 153
Abelard, Peter, 91, 93
accusations, anti-Semitic, 77 86, 135 63
clusters of, 155
domestic servants and, 140 42
Jewish girls in, 145
memory and, 156 57, 160 61
motives for, 140, 148–49
sexual intimacy and, 142–43
social class and, 139 40
Action Française, 40
African Americans, 176
Against Apion (Josephus), 230n
Agrarian League, 248n
agricultural economy, 58
Alexander II, czar of Russia, 119
Alexander III, czar of Russia, 119
Althusser, Louis, 171
Anderson, Margaret Lavinia, 19
Anglo-
Saxon Chronicle, 92
Annals of Marbach, 93
Anti-Defamation League, 76
anti-Semitism, anti-Semites:
Berlin Movement petition of, 38
of Catholics vs. Protestants, 168, 169, 182
in France, 21
“hep-hep” chant in, 168, 171
history of, 37 40, 91 133, 175, 230n
journalism and, 47, 48, 49, 56 57, 67, 125, 131, 145, 147, 198
Konitz stories of, 78 86
meaning of stories of, 84 87
meaning of violence in, 171 80
oral vs. print culture of, 67, 109, 112 13
as part of German identity, 21
as performance, 165 84, 205
political parties and, 37, 38 39, 182 83, 248n
process in, 22 23
rhetoric of, 149 50
silence in face of, 182
state power and, 167, 173
theater and, 172, 177
U.S. lynching vs., 176
see also accusations, anti-Semitic; Konitz riots; ritual-murder charges
Apion, 230n
Aragon, 105
Aristotle, 93, 95
Armleder, 99, 120
Arndt, Franz, 159 60
Aschke, Paul, 72
Association against Anti-Semitism, 123
Association of Jewish Communities in West Prussia, 215
Association to Solve the Konitz Murder, 181
Augsburg, 103
Augustine, Saint, 91, 95
Austin. J. L., 178, 246n
Austria-Hungary, 120, 123, 173