corporate associations with, 289–310
Dresdner Bank’s financing of, 54
forced labor program and, 5, 12, 57, 60, 62n, 84–92, 154, 157, 190, 202, 225, 227, 241, 272, 336–337
German subsidiaries of U.S. companies and, 96–97
hierarchy in, 87–89
labor vs. extermination, 75, 88, 91
non-Jewish inmates of, 75, 76, 80, 88–89, 90
Congress, U.S., 182, 188, 258, 268, 284
Conrad Tack & Co., 62
cordon sanitaire, 52, 122, 123, 128, 134
Council on Foreign Relations, 55
Creditanstalt-Bankverein AG, 50, 70–72
crimes against humanity, 104, 136, 183
definition of, 8n, 27–28, 112
difficulty in prosecution of, 8
as issue at Paris Conference, 15, 20
see also international law; war crimes
crimes against peace, 259
definition of, 8n
Croatia, 110, 207–208
currency clearing, 219–222, 275
Current History, 35
Czech Boundary Commission, 22, 276
Czechoslovakia, 49, 101, 106, 123, 256
creation of, 15, 22, 276
prisoner transfers and, 215, 231, 234, 235
Dachau, 91, 96, 294–296
Daimler Benz, 5, 54, 90, 272
Darlan, Jean, 120–121, 193
Davis, John W., 26
Davis, Norman, 22, 44
Dawes Committee, 45–46
Dawes Plan credits and loan, 46–47, 49
D-Day invasion, 211
defectors, Red Army, 211
Deichmann, Hans, 83–84
“de-judification,” 71, 73, 97n
DEMAG, 54
Democratic party (U.S.), 134, 149, 181
denazification, 172, 244, 245–253
acquittal rate in, 260
bank account blockade attempted in, 261–262
business leaders’ immunity from, 261
caseload in, 259–260
Draper’s thwarting of, 248–253, 263
JCS 1067 plan for, 195–197, 248, 249–250, 260, 262, 264
by local antifascist groups, 247–248
as political issue, 246–247
Soviet-U.S. relations and, 246–247, 258, 268, 279–281
unofficial U.S. opposition to, 262–268
Wolff and, 242
Denazification Policy Board, U.S., 259, 261, 262
Denmark, 21, 49, 82
Deutsche Bank, 47, 54, 155, 218, 327–328
Aryanization role of, 62n, 64–65, 69, 70–72
denazification and, 196
Deutsche Erd- und Steinwerke AG (DESAG), 96, 290
Deutsche Raiffeisenbank AG, 49
Devereux, Frederick, 249, 252, 264
Dewey, Thomas, 182
Diestel, Erich, 63
Digest of International Law (Hackworth), 136, 137
Dillon, Clarence Douglas, 48, 51
Dillon, Read & Co., 47–48, 49, 248, 273, 325
Dillon family, 48
disabled persons, as Holocaust victims, 75
Djemal Pasha, 30, 31, 36
Dobkin, Marjorie Housepian, 34–35
Dodd, William, 64
Dodge, Cleveland, 35
Dollmann, Eugen, 201, 236, 238–240, 241, 243
Donovan, William, 229
Dover Castle, 38
Draper, William, 48, 64, 264
as assistant secretary of the army, 271
denazification thwarted by, 248–253, 263
Draper family, 48
Dresden, 92
Dresdner Bank, 53, 54, 71, 86, 155, 218, 328–329
Aryanization role of, 61, 62, 64–65
denazification and, 196
“dual containment,” 200
Dubinsky, David, 267
Dulles, Allen W., 12, 156, 160, 197, 228, 233, 276, 279, 346–347
accusations against, 272–274
Bank for International Settlements and, 219, 222
Blessing cleared by, 223, 226n
childhood ambition of, 20
as CIA deputy director, 243
as CIA director, 274
collaborators’ amnesty program and, 189–191, 193, 199, 230
corporate directorships of, 56
early views on Nazis, 55–56
in Foreign Service, 21–22, 51
as Near East desk chief, 34, 36
Operation Sunrise role of, 199–205
at Paris Conference, 22
poor quality of intelligence provided by, 218n
retirement of, 243
SS officers aided by, 12–13, 199, 236–239, 240–241, 243–244
“white lists” compiled by, 217–220, 222, 226n
and World War II separate peace tactics, 121, 122–125, 157
Dulles, Eleanor Lansing, 219
Dulles, John Foster, 13, 53, 97, 136, 178, 218–219, 264, 267
accusations made against, 272–274
character of, 20
childhood ambition of, 20
as international financier, 46, 48–50, 56
Nazis tolerated by, 55
1920s client list of, 49
at Paris Conference, 19, 22, 44–46
physical appearance of, 20
Riga Axioms and, 52
secretary of state appointment of, 274
at Sullivan & Cromwell, 21, 45–46, 48–49, 51, 56n
World War I government service of, 21
and World War II separate peace tactics, 121, 122, 157
dumdum (expanding) bullets, 18
Dunn, James Clement, 52, 99, 130, 152, 161
Du Pont, 52, 64
Durbrow, Elbridge, 52, 100, 103, 114, 152
Dushequbka, 159–160
Dzhugashvilli, Yakov, 162n
Eberstadt, Ferdinand, 48
Ecer, Bohuslav, 167
Economics Ministry, German, 70
Eden, Anthony, 101, 118, 168, 173, 212
anti-Semitic accusation against, 100
Nazi war crimes prosecution opposed by, 11, 102–103, 105, 106, 125, 139, 143–144
Eichmann, Adolf, 78
Einsatzgruppen, 76, 77, 94, 160, 269
Einsatzkommandos, 76, 77, 119
Eisenhower, Dwight D., 173, 193, 195
election of 1944, U.S., 181–182
Electrowerke AG, 49
Engelhardt Brauerei AG, 61
Entente, 17
Equitable Trust Co., 50
Erhard, Ludwig, 155
Ernst Heinkel, 272
ESC (Extraordinary State Commission), 125
Essen, 91, 95
Estonia, 129
Europe, Central, 13, 22, 52, 200–201, 204
European Advisory Commission, 171–172, 173
European Commission on Human Rights, 284
European Recovery Program, 266–268
euthanasia program, 75
extradition, see prisoner transfers
Extraordinary State Commission (ESC), 125
Exxon, 32
Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), 243, 276
Federal Reserve Board, 16
Federal Trade Commission, 253
Fein, Helen, 10
Ferencz, Ben, 88
First Mortgage Bank of Saxony, 49
First National Trust Corporation of Boston, 49
Fite, Katherine, 182, 258
Flick, Friedrich, 48, 54, 149, 155, 270–271
Flick companies, 47, 62
Flossenberg, 296–298
Ford, Edsel, 63
Ford Motor Company, 47, 53, 62–63, 64, 96–97, 331
Foreign Office, British, 39, 145, 160, 168
and denial of Holocaust reports, 100–103, 105, 115, 147
extradition of war criminals opposed by, 209–210
UNWCC and, 138, 139, 255, 274
foreign policy, U.S.:
aim of, 13
Armenian Genocide and, 33–37
conflicts in, 34, 35–36, 149
Jewish refugees and, 11, 52, 152, 160
and “open-door” approach in Middle East, 32
postwar planning centers for, 171–173
“Wise Men” as core of, 325
see also German-U.S. relations; Soviet-U.S. relations
Foreign Service, U.S., 21, 98
as club, 51–52
Roosevelt’s relationship with, 134, 172
see also State Department, U.S.
Forrestal, James, 48, 52, 271
Fortune, 226, 230
Foster, John, 19
Fotich, Konstantin, 209n
France, 22, 246, 256, 264
Armenian Genocide and, 30
Jews arrested in, 80
Middle East split by Great Britain, U.S., and, 30, 32–33, 36, 40
Paris Conference and, 17, 25, 38, 43, 45, 46
Vichy government of, 80, 110, 120, 191–192
World War I casualties suffered by, 16
World War I reparations and, 43, 45, 46
Frank, Hans, 142, 215
Frankfurter, Felix, 51–52
Frankfurter Zeitung, 62, 63
Freudenberg, Richard, 62
Fromkin, David, 30–31
Funk, Walther, 67, 219, 222, 226
GAF (General Aniline & Film Corporation), 48, 56n
Gafencu, Gregoire, 228
Galloway, Donald H., 240
Garretson, Albert, 258
General Aniline & Film Corporation (GAF), 48, 56n
General Electric, 47, 265, 324
General Electric Company of Sicily, 50
General Motors, 47, 52, 64, 96
Geneva (Red Cross) conventions (1864 and 1906), 18, 19, 24, 28, 97, 281
genocide:
as basic mechanism of national state, 4, 286–287
children as victims of, 4, 6, 16, 76, 94, 170, 287
as crime, 284
definition of, 3
first public attention paid to, 30
as Nietzschian courage, 3
political dissent and, 6, 7–8
power and, 281
sociology of, 6–10, 78, 79, 92, 97–98, 286–287, 313–314
German-American Petroleum AG, 53
“German Christian” movement, 196
German Credit and Investment Corporation of New Jersey, 64, 248
German External Loan, 49
German Union of Mortgage Banks, 50
German-U.S. relations:
and buildup of corporate investment, 10–11, 46–47
collaborators’ amnesty program and, 189–191
Germany’s business elite and, 55–56
Nazi war crimes prosecution as
political issue in, 149–151
Operation Sunrise negotiations and, 199, 200
postwar reconstruction and, 171–188
post-World War I bond loans and, 47–50
Riga Axioms and, 52
State Department control of, 195
Germany, Imperial:
Paris Conference and, 15–26, 43–46
World War I casualties suffered by, 16
Germany, Nazi:
business elite in, 12, 53–58, 59–74, 149, 150–151, 153–157, 218–230
currency restrictions in, 63
Jewish emigration from, 60, 61, 68, 69
Labor Ministry, 89
Ministry for Armaments and War Production, 84–85, 86n–87n
Ministry of Economics, 70
rearmament program of, 63, 64, 68
refund of U.S.-held securities sought by, 56n
U.S. business in, 62–64
see also Aryanization: Holocaust
Germany, Occupied:
borders of, 172
Control Council Law No. 10, 258–259
Control Council Law No. 52, 261
postwar reconstruction of, 11, 13, 171–188
reparations by, 172, 176, 244, 245
“white lists” in, 217–220, 222, 226n
see also denazification
Germany, Weimar Republic of:
business elite of, 53–54
inflation in, 45
Gestapo, 57, 61, 62n, 162n, 176, 178, 180, 186, 223, 237, 238, 247, 259, 260
Gibson, Hugh, 52
Giraud, Henri, 121
Gisevius, Hans, 122, 228
Glueck, Sheldon, 111, 113, 137, 180
Goebbels, Joseph, 92, 94, 95, 127
Goering, Herbert, 218
Goering, Hermann, 68, 218
Goetz, Carl, 218
Goldman, Sachs, 50
Gorbachev, Mikhail, 126n
Gousev, M., 213, 236
Great Britain, 11, 53, 115, 128, 201, 246
Armenian Genocide and, 30
Middle East split by France, U.S., and, 30, 32–33, 36, 40
Nazi Germany and, 55, 56
Paris Conference and, 17, 18, 26, 43, 45
public support for prosecution of Nazis in, 164
Soviet Union mistrusted by U.S. and, 117–130
Trieste clash and, 205–206
U.S. investment in, 64
World War II bombing strategy of, 92–98, 102, 313
World War I reparations and, 43, 45, 46
see also Foreign Office, British
Great Depression, 50, 51, 57, 64, 66
Greece, 80, 206, 222
Greeks, in Turkey, 29, 33, 34, 37
Grew, Joseph, 36, 52, 98, 99, 206, 207
Grombach, John Valentine, 242–243
Gross Rosen, 298–301
Guaranty Trust Company of New York, 49, 50
guerrilla fighting, as war crime, 19
Gypsies (Romanis), as Holocaust victims, 75, 76, 80, 115
Hackworth, Green, 99, 234, 342
as author of Hull and Roosevelt’s letters to Pell, 165–166, 167, 177
background of, 135–136
as International Court judge, 271
international-law philosophy of, 136–137
Nazi war crime prosecution opposed by, 11, 106, 126, 131, 142, 146, 152, 161
Pell’s dismissal and, 182–184, 188
Pell’s relationship with, 135, 137, 138–139, 140, 141, 165–166, 177, 178
Schacht defended by, 228
UNWCC thwarted by, 256–258, 274
Hague conventions (1899 and 1907), 18, 19, 24, 28, 38, 92, 102, 109, 281, 316–317
Halt, Ritter von, 155
Hamburg, 96
Hamburg railway, 50
Hannover, 50
HAPAG shipping combine, 48, 53
Harding administration, 33, 35
Harriman, W. Averell, 48, 202, 265, 267
Harris Forbes & Co., 49
Harvard Law Review, 180
Harvey, Oliver, 100
Heinkel, Ernst, 84
Heliowatt AG, 62n
Henderson, Loy, 52, 100, 120–121, 134
Henschel, Oscar, 154
Hermann Göring Werke, 54, 86
Herzogenbusch, 302
Hess, Rudolf, 119–120, 121, 125
Heydrich, Reinhard, 77, 78, 79, 80, 104
Hickerson, John, 100, 152
Higham, Charles, 69
Hilberg, Raul, 60, 81
Himmler, Heinrich, 92, 123, 124, 138, 155, 202, 223
Himmlerkreis, 155, 223
Hipt, Opt de, 186
Hiroshima, 92
Hitler, Adolf, 5, 11, 52, 61, 78, 85, 87, 92, 105, 119, 120, 121, 123, 157, 162, 177, 200, 201, 205, 223, 228, 230, 233
Armenian Genocide as inspiration for, 10, 76, 282
business elite and, 55, 57, 140, 153
business elite’s loss of confidence in, 12, 81, 154
as chancellor, 59
death of, 197
on extermination of Jews, 107–108
as immune from prosecution, 11, 153
Jews’ deportation ordered by, 80
Hitler-Stalin pact (1939), 118, 129, 193
Hodgson, Joseph V., 235, 256–257
Hoesch AG, 54
Hoess, Rudolf, 85
Hohenlohe, Max Egon von, 122–123, 124, 346–347
Holland, see Netherlands
Hollerith machine, 73
Holocaust:
Armenian Genocide and, 9, 10
business elite’s knowledge of, 80–87, 157
“bystanders” as necessary element of, 92
comparison of other events with, 8–9
as conspiracy, 180, 258–259
as “final solution,” 78, 79, 108
first official Allied protest against, 115–116
“legalization of, 77–79, 109–110; 145, 169
media discussion of, 195
number of victims of, 76, 77, 80, 90, 138, 141, 157, 169
personal and institutional
responsibility for, 13
resistance to, 9
social forces and, 5
Western attempts at denial of, 97–98, 99–116, 138, 142, 147, 152
see also concentration camps
homosexuals, as Holocaust victims, 76, 89
Homze, Edward, 87n
Hoover, Herbert, 264
Hoover, J. Edgar, 243
Horthy, Miklós, 23, 231, 233–235, 244
House, Edward, 23
Howell, Edgar, 90n
Huelse, Ernst, 222
Hull, Cordell, 103, 126, 138, 140, 161, 167, 177
Hungarian Revolution (1919), 22–23, 233
Hungary, 142, 144, 166, 169, 200, 231, 234
hunger edema, 16, 91
Hurst, Sir Cecil, 137n, 168–169, 177, 276
Husmann, Max, 241
IBM, 73n
IG Farben, 47, 48, 55, 56n, 57, 71, 72, 73n, 149, 156, 227, 252, 269
assets seized, 266
concentration camp labor and, 81, 83, 84, 86, 90, 155, 157, 202, 227
Kontinentale Öl and, 224
IG Farben Division, General Aniline & Film Corporation (GAF), 48, 56n
India, 128, 246
inflation, in 1920s Germany, 45
“Inquiry, The,” 105
intelligence services:
competition among, 166, 242–243
German spies for, 82
media and, 17
see also specific organizations
Inter-Allied Conference on the Punishment of War Crimes, 100
Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, 284
International Chamber of Commerce, 265
International Commission for Penal Reconstruction and Development, 109–110
International Commission for War Criminals, 235
International Court of Arbitration, 286
International Harvester, 64
international law:
conspiracy and, 180, 258–259
exploitation of, 285–286
Hackworth’s Digest on, 136, 137
as inapplicable to internal affairs, 25, 110–111, 152, 167, 183
moral law as basis of, 113
perpetrators of genocide aided by, 4, 7, 8, 11, 14, 97, 109–111
weakness of, 281–282, 284
see also genocide; war crimes
International Military Tribunal, see Nuremberg trials
International Nickel Company, 48
The Splendid Blond Beast Page 46
