International Red Cross, 96, 224, 289
Iraq, 30, 33, 35
Ireland, Republic of, 78
Islam, 29
Istanbul, 33
Italy, 49
Operation Sunrise negotiations and, 199–205, 239–240
Paris Conference and, 17, 26
and prosecution of SS officers, 238–240
ITT, 47, 53, 323–324
Ittihad party (Turkey), 4, 28–37
in Armenian Genocide, 5, 25, 28–29, 37, 282
assassinations of members of, 36
power lost by, 31
power seized by, 28
trials of members of, 31–33, 36, 192
as “Young Turks,” 28
J., Major, 187
Jackson, Robert, 214, 229, 234, 237, 247, 257, 269
Jaeger, Wilhelm, 91
Jaruzelski, Wojciech, 126n
Jasenovac, 208
JCS 1067, 195–197, 248, 249–250, 260, 262, 264
Jewish Labor Bund, 77
Jews:
Armenian Genocide and, 29, 34
as beyond scope of UNWCC, 107, 110
in Foreign Service, 51
in Germany’s business elite, 55
in mass deportations from Germany, 137–138
Nazi Germany fled by, 60, 61, 68, 69
Nazi taxes on, 67–68
Palestine and, 101, 104, 139, 153
U.S. refugee policy on, 5, 11, 52, 152, 160
see also anti-Semitism; Holocaust
J. Henry Schroder Bank, 273
Johns-Manville Corporation, 263, 266
Joyce, Robert, 238
J. P. Morgan and Co., 49
Justice Department, U.S., 56n, 149
Antitrust Division, 196
“just-world” thinking, 4
Kaltenbrunner, Ernst, 237
Katyn massacre, 11, 126–130, 137, 145
Kehrl, Hans, 72, 156
Keiser, Guenter, 66
Kelchner, Warren, 139
Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928), 112
Kemal, Mustapha (Ataturk), 31, 33, 36
Kemalists, 32–33, 36
Kennan, George F., 134, 193
and denial of Holocaust reports, 98, 99
Nazi war crimes prosecution opposed by, 151–152
and postwar German policy, 172
and Soviet-U.S. relations, 52
Keppler, Wilhelm, 72, 155
Kerno, Ivan, 22, 275–277
Kerr, Archibald Clark, 120
Kershaw, Ian, 95
Keynes, John Maynard, Lord, 45, 177
Kharkov trials, 160
Kilgore, Harley, 252–253, 266
Kirk, Alexander, 206
Kleine Arbeitskreis, 155
Kodak, 53
Kokosyn, Vasily, 162n
Kolbe, Fritz, 218n
Kolko, Gabriel, 122
Kontinentale Öl AG, 202, 224–230, 290
Kos massacre, 142
Kranefuss, Fritz, 86, 155, 223
Krasnodar trial, 159, 160
Kristallnacht, 67
Krupp, Gustav, 149
Krupp companies, 85, 90, 91, 95, 155, 218, 269
Krupp family, 54–55, 64
Kuhn, Loeb & Co., 49, 50
Labor Ministry, German, 89
labor unions, 57, 154, 267
Lane, Arthur Bliss, 52
Lane, Chester T., 56n
Lansing, Robert, 10, 21, 22, 23–26, 27, 39, 40, 44, 97, 183
Latvia, 129
Lausanne, Treaty of (1923), 36, 321–322
League of Nations, 40, 111
Lebensraum, 192n
Lee, Higginson & Co., 49, 50
Lehman Brothers, 50
Leipzig trials, 39
Lemnitzer, Lyman, 202, 239, 240, 242
Leonhard Tietz Aktiengesellschaft, 50
Lepsius, Johannes, 29
Lidice massacre, 104
Lindemann, Karl, 53, 55, 155
“linkage groups,” 56
Link-Hoffman Werke, 62
Lippmann, Walter, 17, 104–105
Lithuania, 129
Llondovery Castle, 38–39
Lloyd George, David, 26
Lodz ghetto, 80
Loeb, Rudolf, 69
London Illustrated News, 170
London International Assembly, 111–113, 178
Long, Breckinridge, 99, 147, 164
Lovett, Robert, 48, 267
Lublin Jewish reservation, 80, 138
Lueschen, Friedrich, 86
Lusitania, 23
McCarthy, Joseph, 243, 271, 274
McCloy, John J., 179, 195, 271
McDermott, Michael, 115
McKittrick, Thomas, 219–220, 222
Madison, Louis, 261–262
Majdanek, 138, 170
Makin, Roger, 101
Manfeld coal and iron syndicate, 50
Mannesmann steel combine, 54
Margarine Union AG, 223
Marshall Plan, 267–268
Martin, James S., 263, 265
Masaryk, Jan, 22, 231
Matthews, H. Freeman, 100, 257, 258
Mauthausen, 74, 91, 302–303
media, 258
Armenian Genocide and, 29, 34–35
on denazification, 253, 266
Holocaust discussed in, 195
ideological blindness of, 230, 286
intelligence services and, 17
Meer, Fritz ter, 84, 86
Mendelssohn & Co., 69
mental patients, as Holocaust victims, 75
Merck & Co., 21
Messerschmidtt, 84, 189, 190, 272
Metallgesellschaft AG, 56n
Meyer, Emil, 155
Middle East:
1970s oil crisis and, 46
post-World War I division of, 30, 32–33, 36, 40
Mihailovich, Draja, 208, 209n
Mikoyan, Sergo, 279
Molotov, Viacheslav, 120, 202, 203, 212, 214
Morgan, J. P., 45
Morgenthau, Henry, Jr., 11, 153, 265
later career of, 272
Long accused of anti-Semitism by, 147
Nazi war crimes prosecution sought by, 149–150, 160, 171, 181
postwar German reconstruction policy and, 173–178, 179, 185, 193–195, 197, 264
Morgenthau, Henry, Sr., 29, 34
Moscow Declaration on war crimes (1943), 145–146, 160, 161, 167, 184, 208, 215, 237, 246
Mosely, Philip, 172
Mosul oilfields, 33, 37, 40
Munich, 49, 91, 96
Murphy, Robert, 52, 99, 219, 230, 251
background of, 193
collaborators’ policy of, 193, 194–195, 230, 234, 235, 240–241
denazification role of, 197
Mussolini, Benito, 49, 147, 201
Naatzweiler, 303–304
Nacher, Ignatz, 61
Nagasaki, 92
National Association of Manufacturers, 265
National City Bank of New York, 265
National City Co., 49
National Foreign Trade Council, 265
Native Americans, 6
Nazi Labor Front, 247
Nazi party (Germany), 4, 5, 59, 60, 61, 72, 176, 180, 223, 226n, 246
Aryanization role of, 65, 67–68, 69
collaboration with, 189–192, 230
denazification cases and, 259, 260, 262
martyrdom and, 142
see also Germany, Nazi; Holocaust; Nuremberg trials
Neal, Jack, 240–241
nebelgänger, 91
neo-pagan movement, 196
Netherlands, 80, 82, 106, 108, 109–110, 138
Neuengamme, 96, 304–306
Neumann, Karl, 38, 39
New Republic, 180
New York Herald Tribune, 35, 170
New York Post, 274
New York Times, 34–35, 181, 219, 223, 224, 230, 252
Nicaragua, 21
Nietzsche, Friedrich, 3
Nitze, Paul, 48, 50–5
1, 52
NKVD, 119, 125
Katyn massacre and, 126–127, 129
North Africa, 101, 120
North German Lloyd Steamship Co., 50, 53
Norway, 82
Nuremberg, 50
Nuremberg race laws, 65
Nuremberg trials, 7, 8, 61, 76, 85, 86n, 111, 153, 179, 214, 215, 225, 256, 289
clemency granted after, 271
corporate “necessity” defense at, 270–271, 378–379
first tribunal, 237
prisoner transfers and, 214–215
of Schacht, 222, 228–229
Subsequent Proceedings, 237, 269–271
as symbolic measures, 270
Wolff as informant at, 241
Office of Strategic Services (OSS), 12–13, 22, 142, 204, 219, 229, 236, 276
closing down of, 238
collaborators’ amnesty program and, 189–191
evaluation of intelligence Allen Dulles provided to, 218n
separate peace tactics and, 121, 122–125
Ohlendorf, Otto, 94, 156, 160
oil, 46
1970s crisis and, 46
in Middle East politics, 32–37, 40, 282
Nazi Germany and, 224–230
“oleaginous diplomacy,” 32, 34
Opel, Fritz, 47
“open-door” policy, in Middle East, 32
Operation Sunrise, 199–205, 236, 238, 240, 243
Orlando, Vittorio, 26
Orwell, George, 251
OSS, see Office of Strategic Services Ottoman Empire (Turkey), 15, 30–31, 32, 33, 36
Greeks in, 29, 33, 34, 37
see also Armenian Genocide; Ittihad party
Padover, Saul, 186–188, 195, 249
Page, Arthur, 267
Palestine, Jewish immigration to, 101, 104, 139, 153
Paris Conference (1919), 15–26, 31, 104, 181
reparations as issue at, 16–17, 19–20, 26, 41, 43–46
war crimes as issue at, 15, 17, 18, 23–26, 27, 37
Parrilli, Baron Luigi, 201
Paxton, Robert, 191–192
Pearson, Drew, 181
Pehle, John, 177, 179
Pell, Claiborne, 272
Pell, Herbert, 149, 150, 153, 162–163, 168, 256, 265
background of, 130, 133–134
character of, 133–134
death of, 272
dismissal of, 178, 182–184, 185, 195
Hackworth as author of Roosevelt and Hull’s letters to, 165–166, 167, 177
Hackworth’s relationship with, 135, 137, 138–139, 140, 141, 165–166, 177, 178
Nazi war crimes prosecution sought by, 140–141, 164, 171, 177, 178, 179, 181
UNWCC appointment of, 131
Penrose, E. F., 172
Perry, Percival L. D., 63
Petschek, William, 69
Philipp Holzmann, 272
Philippines, 18
Pius XII, Pope, 200, 208
Plieger, Paul, 61, 86
Plimpton, George, 35
Plumley, Charles, 268
PM, 185
pogroms, 119
cold, 75, 83n
Kristallnacht, 67
Pohl, Oswald, 85, 86
poison gas, 18, 20, 75, 80, 82, 83n
Poland, 49, 50, 98, 101, 106, 121–122, 192, 203, 225
concentration camps in, 75, 91, 103, 110, 138
currency clearing in, 220–221
government-in-exile of, 127–128, 129, 145, 256
Nazi invasion of, 76, 77, 78, 82, 83, 107–108
Polish National Council, 83n
political dissent, genocide and, 6, 7–8
Porsche, Ferdinand, 86
Potsdam Conference (1945), denazification provisions of, 244, 245, 246, 249, 250, 252–253, 260, 264, 265
Pravda, 119–120, 128, 170
President’s Emergency Fund, 182
Preuss, Lawrence, 137, 166, 167, 183
prison camps, of Kontinentale Öl, 224–225
prisoners of war, 19, 24, 60
in concentration camps, 76, 80, 88, 89, 97
Geneva conventions on, 7, 20, 97, 281
interrogation of, 161, 166
Soviet, 161–162, 212, 214
Stalin’s son as, 162n
UNWCC and, 110
war crimes trials threatened against, 102, 146, 159, 161, 179
prisoner transfers, 211–214, 256, 275
London International Assembly’s recommendation on, 113
Moscow Declaration’s provisions for, 184, 208, 215, 237
trials avoided through blocking of, 184, 208–211, 234–244
Propas, Frederic, 52
prostitutes, as Holocaust victims, 75
Pruessen, Ronald, 21, 49
Prussia, 172
prussic acid (poison gas), 82, 83n
psychological warfare, 142, 145
Quebec Conference (1944), 176
Queen Mary, 141
Quester, George, 92
quislings, 207, 208, 210; see also collaborators
Rasche, Karl, 61, 155, 330
rations, for coal miners, 249
Rauff, Walter, 160, 236, 238–240, 244
Ravensbrück, 96, 306–307
realpolitik, 281
Reams, R. Borden, 100, 103, 104, 114–116, 142, 152
Reconstruction Finance Corporation, 267
Red Army, 157, 190, 200, 204
Red Cross (Geneva) conventions (1864 and 1906), 18, 19, 24, 28, 97, 281
Reed, Philip D., 52, 265, 267
Reemtsma, Philipp, 156
refugees, from Eastern Europe, 211
Reich, Das, 93
Reich flight tax, 68
Reichsbank, 46, 219, 220–221, 223–224, 228
Reichskredit Gesellschaft (RKG), 70–71, 72, 155
Reinhardt, Charles, 252
reparations:
Armenian Genocide and, 36
business and, 44–45, 46
politics and, 44
after World War I, 16–17, 19–20, 26, 41, 43–46, 177, 178, 219
after World War II, 172, 176, 244, 245
Report on Germany, A (Brown), 263
Report to the Secretary on the Acquiescence of This Government in the Murder of Jews, 146
“reprisal,” doctrine of, 19
Republican party (U.S.), 13, 122, 181–182, 264, 268, 274
Republic Steel Corporation, 249
Riddleberger, James, 211, 257–258
Riga Axioms, 52, 341
Riga-Kaiserwald and Baltic KLs, 307–308
RKG (Reichskredit Gesellschaft), 70–71, 72, 155
Rockefeller family, 48, 273
Rodal, Alti, 276
Roessler, Oswald, 218
Roman Catholic Church, 38, 208
in Operation Sunrise negotiations, 199–205
Rauff aided by, 239
Romania, 22, 23, 108, 142, 144, 147, 166, 203
Romanis (Gypsies), as Holocaust victims, 75, 76, 80, 115
Roosevelt, Franklin D., 7, 52, 64, 98, 101, 103, 122, 124, 137, 149, 180, 194, 275
Allen Dulles as personal representative of, 121
and bombing of German cities, 92
death of, 194–195, 204
Foreign Service’s relationship with, 134, 172
Hackworth as author of Pell’s letters from, 165–166, 167
health problems of, 171
Nazi atrocities condemned by
Churchill and, 100, 101
Nazi war crimes prosecution favored by, 11
1944 reelection of, 182
Operation Sunrise negotiations and, 202–203, 205
Pell and, 130, 131, 134–135, 138, 139, 164–166, 182, 183, 184
postwar German reconstruction opposed by, 175–176, 178, 181–182
Soviet policy of, 134, 157
war crimes commission proposed by Churchill and, 105, 106, 137, 141
Roots of Evil (Staub), 4n
Rothschild family, 70
Rusin
ovic, Nikola, 210–211
Russia, Imperial, 281, 286–287
Armenian Genocide and, 30
World War I casualties suffered by, 16
Russian revolution, 15
SA (Sturmabteilung), 178
Sachs, Harvey, 84
Sachsenhausen, 80, 91, 96, 162n, 308–309
St. James, Declaration of, 100–101, 103
Sargent, Orme, 101
Sauckel, Fritz, 86n–87n, 88, 89
Schacht, Hjalmar, 71, 154, 223, 230, 331
Aryanization role of, 65–66, 156
Nuremberg acquittal of, 228–229
Schamparagraphen, 37, 38
Schellenberg, Walter, 124
Schippel, Hans, 55
Schlesinger, Arthur, jr., 134
Schmidt, Erhardt, 65
Schmidt brothers, 189–190, 193, 230
Schmitz, Hermann, 56n, 156
Schnitzler, Georg von, 156
Schoenfeld, Rudolf, 234
Schroeder, Kurt von, 155
Schulte, Eduard, 82, 83n, 84, 103, 114, 116
Schuster, Ildefonso Cardinal, 200–201, 204, 239
Schutzstaffel, see SS
Schweitzer, Arthur, 68
Scott, James B., 23
SD (Sicherheitsdienst), 95, 259, 260
Securities and Exchange Commission, 56n
Senate, U.S., 252, 284
Serbian National Federation, 208n–209n
Sèvres, Treaty of (1920), 33, 36
SHAEF, handbook on postwar Germany of, 173, 175, 181
Sicherheitsdienst (SD), 95, 259, 260
Siemens, 5, 47, 54, 71, 328
Aryanization role of, 62, 330
concentration-camp labor contracted by, 62n, 86, 157
Sikorski, Wladyslaw, 127–128, 129
Simon, Lord, 106–107, 169
Simon Wiesenthal Center, 69, 239
Slovakia, 80, 110
Slovenes, 22, 208
Smith, Bradley F., 179
Smith, Walter Bedell, 243
Smyrna, 33
Sobibor, 80, 91, 108, 138, 151
Social Democratic party (Germany), 187
Sommer, Karl, 86
Sonderkommandos, 76
South Africa, Republic of, 129
South America, 6, 18
Soviet Army, 157, 190, 200, 204
Soviet Union, 11, 12, 24, 101, 102, 106, 115, 157, 176, 192, 213, 222, 245, 264
Holocaust victims in, 78, 138
Nazi invasion of, 76, 82, 118, 340–341
UNWCC and, 125, 128–130, 137, 139
war-crimes trials held by, 159–160
Soviet-U.S. relations, 171
denazification and, 246–247, 258, 268, 279–281
Nazi war crimes prosecution and, 151
Operation Sunrise and, 199, 200, 202–207
postwar German reconstruction and, 174, 191, 195
prisoner transfers and, 237, 243
Riga Axioms and, 52, 341
Roosevelt’s policy on, 134, 157
Trieste clash and, 205–207
World War II mistrust in, 117–130
Spain, 21
Speer, Albert, 85, 87, 89
SS (Schutzstaffel), 4, 13, 54, 59, 60, 72, 74, 176, 178, 180, 224, 246
The Splendid Blond Beast Page 47
