Last Things

by Bynum, Caroline Walker; Freedman, Paul;

  23. Pearsall, 340 n.471.

  24. Mary Carruthers, in The Search for St. Truth also argues for the epistemological turning point represented by this moment. On the figure of Antichrist in Piers Plowman, see Richard Emmerson, Antichrist in the Middle Ages, 193–203, and “Piers Plowman and Prophecy,” 44–49, where he argues for a traditional reading of Langland’s Antichrist as the Antichrist of the last days, rather than the more allegorical or polemical figure seen in Joachite and Lollard texts.

  25. See, e.g., Leonard W. Cowie, The Black Death and the I’easants’ Revolt (London: Wayland, 1972), which uses chronicles and other contemporary sources to explain the sociopolitical and religious ramifications of the plague, and their connections to the Rebellion of 1381, to which Langland’s poem is also linked, as Steven Justice describes in Writing and Rebellion: England in 1381 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994).

  26. “The Black Death and Western European Eschatological Mentalities” in The Black Death: The Impact of the Fourteenth-Century Plague, ed. Daniel Williman (Bing-hamton, N.Y.: Medieval and Renaissance Texts and Studies, 1982), 77–95.

  27. Robert Lerner uses these words to define chiliasm in “Medieval Prophecy and Religious Dissent,” Past and Present 72 (1976): 3–24, 19.

  28. See “Fictions of Judgment,” chapter 2.

  29. David Herlihy, The Black Death and the Transformation of the West (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1997), 72.

  30. Relevant work includes Nicholas Havely, “Poverty in Purgatory: From Commercium to Commedia,” Dante Studies 114 (1996): 229–43; Charles T. Davis, “Poverty and Eschatology in the Commedia,” Yearbook of Italian Studies 4 (1980): 59–86; Warren Lewis, Peter John Olivi, Prophet of the Year 2000: Ecclesiology and Eschatology in the Lectura super apocalipsim (Ph.D. diss., Tübingen University, 1972); Bruno Nardi, “Dante Profeta,” in Dante e la cultura medievale (1941; rpt. Bari: Laterza, 1949), 336–416 and “Il punto sull’ epistola a Cangrande” in Lectura Dantis Scaligera (Florence: Le Monnier, 1960); and Raoul Manselli, “Spirituali,” Enciclopedia Dantesca (Rome: Istituto dell’Enciclopedia Italiana, 1970–78). I have addressed this influence in “Fuggire and Coartare: Dante and the Hermeneutics of the Spiritual Franciscan Controversies,” presented at the Dante Society session of the International Congress on Medieval Studies (Kalamazoo, Mich.: 1996), as well as in “Fictions of Judgment,” where I juxtapose the Commedia to the confession of Na Prous Boneta, a lay follower of the Spiritual Franciscans condemned as a heretic and apparently burned, with many others, for apocalyptic claims similar in many respects to Dante’s.

  Contributors

  Clifford R. Backman is Associate Professor of History at Boston University. He is the author of The Decline and Fall of Medieval Sicily: Politics, Religion, and the Economy in the Reign of Frederick III (1296–1337) and is writing a biography of James II of Aragon-Catalonia and a study of the religious thought of Arnau de Vilanova.

  Peter Brown is Rollins Professor of History at Princeton University. He is the author of ten books, including Augustine of Hippo, The Body and Society, and most recently The Rise of Western Christendom: 200–1000 A.D. He is currently working on the problem of wealth, poverty, and care of the poor in late antiquity.

  E. Randolph Daniel is a Professor in the History Department at the University of Kentucky. His major interests are the history of religious movements and apocalypticism. He has written The Franciscan Concept of Mission in the Middle Ages and edited Books 1–4 of Joachim of Fiore’s Liber de concordia noui ac ueteris testamenti.

  Manuele Gragnolati is Assistant Professor in the Department of French and Italian at Dartmouth College. His recently completed dissertation explores the conception of human identity in Bonvesin da la Riva’s Book of Three Scriptures and Dante’s Commedia, focusing on the importance of the body, its relation to the soul, and the significance of pain. He has published articles on the poetry of Matteo Maria Boiardo, Giovanni Pascoli, and Filippo Tommaso Marinetti.

  Anna Harrison is a Ph.D. candidate in the Department of Religion at Columbia University. Her dissertation concerns love of neighbor in twelfth-and thirteenth-century devotional literature. Her article “ ‘If one member glories . . . , if one member suffers’: Bernard on Community Between the Living and the Saintly Dead” is forthcoming in Cistercian Studies Quarterly.

  Benjamin Hudson is Associate Professor of History at Pennsylvania State University with an interest in the North Atlantic regions during the Middle Ages. He is the author of Kings of Celtic Scotland and The Prophecy of Berchán: Irish and Scottish High Kings of the Early Middle Ages.

  Jacqueline E. Jung is completing her dissertation in the Department of Art History and Archaeology at Columbia University. Her research concerns the thirteenth-century sculptural program in the west choir of Naumburg Cathedral, focusing on the social implications of its style and content especially as triggers of emotional response. Her translations of two art history articles from German are forthcoming.

  Claudia Rattazzi Papka received her Ph.D. in comparative literature at Columbia University and teaches at the University of Massachusetts, Amherst, in the Department of French and Italian Studies. She has published articles on medieval literature and culture in The Chaucer Review and Annali d’Italianistica. Her dissertation, “Fictions of Judgment: The Apocalyptic ‘I’ in the Fourteenth Century,” defines the hermeneutic and rhetorical paradoxes inherent in apocalyptic literature.

  Laura A. Smoller is Assistant Professor of History at the University of Arkansas at Little Rock. She is the author of History, Prophecy, and the Stars: The Christian Astrology of Pierre d’Ailly, 1350–1420 as well as articles on late medieval astrology and miracles. She is working on a study of the canonization of St. Vincent Ferrer.

  Harvey Stahl is Associate Professor of Medieval Art at the University of California, Berkeley. He has lectured and published on many medieval subjects, including French Gothic painting, reliquaries, and ivories. He is completing a book on the Psalter of Saint Louis.

  Carole Straw is a professor at Mount Holyoke College, where she teaches ancient and medieval history. She is the author of Gregory the Great: Perfection in Imperfection, which won the John Nicholas Brown Prize from the Medieval Academy of America. She also wrote on Gregory in the Authors of the Middle Ages series for Ashgate/Variorum. She is completing a book on martyrdom in the early church.

  Index

  The index that appeared in the print version of this title was intentionally removed from the eBook. Please use the search function on your eReading device to search for terms of interest. For your reference, the terms that appear in the print index are listed below.

  Abelard, Peter,

  Adam of Persigny,

  Adomnán, Vision(s) of,

  Adso of Montier-en-Der,

  Ailbe (saint),

  Albertus Magnus,

  Alchabitius,

  Alexander, Paul,

  Alexander III, pope,

  Alexander’s gates,

  Anastasius IV, pope,

  Angenendt, Arnold,

  Antichrist,

  Apocalypse, eschatology of,

  Apocalypticism; and authorial treatments; and natural phenomena; in Arnau de Vilanova; in church of the martyrs; in Ireland; in reform movements,

  Appollonius (martyr),

  Aquinas, Thomas,

  Aries, Philippe,

  Aristotle,

  Armageddon,

  Armagh, church of,

  Arnau de Vilanova,

  Astrology,

  Athenagoras,

  Augustine of Hippo; on sin,

  Avicenna,

  Bacon, Roger,

  Barontus,

  Becket, Thomas,

  Bede,

  Bellamy, Edward,

  Benedeit,

  Benedict XI, pope,

  Benz, Ernst,

  Berengaudus of Ferrières,

  Bernard of Clairvaux,

  Bernstein, Alan,

  Bible: Gen. 19, 1
75; Ex., 124–25, 138; Ex. 8:1–15, 171; 9:8–12, 171; 9:23–26, 171; 21:24, 249; Judith, 136; Esther, 136; Ps. 30:13, 195; 43:21–22, 26; 51:17, 26; 72:26, 195; 78, 171; 87:19, 197; 105, 171; 116:12, 29; 132:1, 200; 141:8, 202; 145:25, 26; Wis. 3:6, 26; Isa., 141; Isa. 29:6–7, 163; Lam., 136; Ezek., 141; 1:4–21, 128; Dan., 41, 143, 148; Matt. 1:2–17, 131; 3:12, 27; 5:17, 249; 6:21, 35; 6:24, 23, 25; 6:25, 153; 7:2, 28; 10:32, 28; 14:25–33, 127; 17:2–3, 35; 21:9, 241, 242; 22, 241; 24:7, 156, 157, 164, 168; 24:14, 159; 25:32, no; 26:39, 23; Mark 4:24, 28; 6:46–52, 127; 9:2–3, 35’, 13:8, 164; 13:24, 166; 14:36, 23; Luke, 150; 3:23–28, 131; 6:38, 28; 10:30, 66; 11:23, 25; 12:20, 153; 21:11, 157, 164, 168; 21:25, 174; 22:42, 23; John 5:28, 194; 6:15–21, 127; 9:18–36, 39; 17:21, 200; Acts 1:1, 170; 16:16, 164; Rom. 8:8–16, 34; 8:8–35, 26; 14:14–2, 153; 1 Cor. 3:3–13, 46; 6:6, 195, 198; 6:6–19, 28; 7:7, 103; 13:13, 198; 15:15, 33; 15:15, 195; 2 Cor. 6:6, 25; 12:12–1, 236; 72:72, 168; Eph. 5:5, 193; Col. 7:7, 28; 3:3–7, 202; 2 Tim. 3:3–1, 168–69; 1 John 4:4, 192, 198; Rev. (Ape), 25, 128, 141, 143, 148–50; 1:1, 149; 1:1, 149; 6:6, 164; 8:8–5, 156, 164, 171; 9:9–2, 169, 171; 11:11, 164; 11:11, 164; 16:16–8, 157; 16:16, 171; 16–18, 164; 16:16, 171; 18, 137; 18:18, 157; 19:19, 215; 20:20–1; 132; 20:20, 160, 168; 20:20, 159, 160, 171, 186; 20:20–11, 236; 21:21, 24.2; 22:22, 201

  Birds, images of,

  Black Death. See Plague

  Blathmac,

  Blood,

  Body: after death; treatment of, at death,

  Boerner, Bruno,

  Bonaventure,

  Boniface,

  Boniface VIII, pope,

  Bonvesin da la Riva,

  Book of the Dun Cow (Lebor na h Uidre),

  Brendan (saint),

  Bynum, Caroline W.,

  Caesarius of Heisterbach,

  Cambrai, Bibliothèque Municipale ms. ,

  Cambrai, Bibliothèque Municipale ms. ,

  Carozzi, Claude,

  Carthusian Order, passim

  Catechesis Celtica,

  Cedar of Lebanon vision,

  Celestine III, pope,

  Charles IV, emperor,

  Chaucer, Geoffrey,

  Chlothar, king,

  Cimabue,

  Clement III, antipope,

  Clement IV, pope,

  Clement V, pope,

  Clement of Alexandria,

  Clement of Rome,

  Clynn, John,

  Cohn, Norman,

  Collectaneum Bedae,

  Cologne Cathedral Treasury,

  Columbanus (saint),

  Columbus, Christopher,

  Cullman, Oscar,

  Cyprian,

  Cyril of Alexandria,

  Czarski, Charles,

  d’Ailly, Pierre,

  Dante Alighieri,

  Death,

  Deep Impact,

  Delumeau, Jean,

  Dinzelbacher, Peter,

  Dominican Order,

  Doud, Laurel,

  Droste-Hülshoff, Annette,

  Drythelm, Vision of,

  Dub-da-leithe, abbot of Armagh,

  Earthquakes,

  Edmund of Canterbury,

  Elizabeth of Thuringia,

  Emmerson, Richard,

  Engelbert II, archbishop of Cologne; Vita et miracula of,

  Eugenius III, pope,

  Eustratius,

  “Evernew Tongue, The” (Tenga Bith-nùa),

  Eyck, Hubert and Jan van,

  Fail Safe,

  Faremoutiers,

  Feasting, image of,

  “Fiction of judgment” (defined),

  “Fifteen Tokens of Doomsday” (Airdena inna Cóic Lá nDéc via mBráth),

  Finnian of Clonard,

  Fiore, Order of,

  Fire; as sign of apocalypse; in hell,

  Flagellants,

  Floreffe, Reliquary of the True Cross,

  Florence, Bibl. Laurenziana ms. Plut. XII. ,

  Foucault, Michel,

  Francis of Assisi,

  Franciscan Spirituals,

  Frederick I, emperor,

  Frederick II, emperor,

  Frederick III, king of Sicily,

  Frederick of Isenberg, count,

  Frogs,

  Fructuosus (martyr),

  Fursey (Fursa) (saint),

  Gaucher de Châtillon d’Autresche,

  Gelasian Sacramentary,

  Gennep, Arnold van,

  Genseric,

  Gerald of Aurillac,

  Gerard, friar of Borgo San Donnino,

  Gerhardus de Cosvelde,

  Gerhoch of Reichersberg,

  Gertrude of Nivelles,

  Ghent Altarpiece,

  Ghost,

  Gilbert of Poitiers,

  Gildas,

  Gilson, Etienne,

  Glaber, Raoul,

  Gog and Magog,

  Gregory I (the Great), pope,

  Gregory VII, pope,

  Gregory of Tours,

  Guntram Boso,

  Gurevich, Aron,

  Hadot, Pierre,

  Hadrian IV, pope,

  Haimo of Auxerre,

  Haymo of Halberstadt,

  Heaven; by Nardo di Cione; in Bernard of Clairvaux; in visions of martyrs,

  Heaven Can Wait,

  Heinrich of Herford,

  Helinand of Froidmont,

  Hell; Harrowing of,

  Henry I, king of England,

  Henry IV, emperor,

  Henry VI, emperor,

  Henry of Harclay,

  Henry of Molenark (archbishop of Cologne),

  Herlihy, David,

  Herrad of Hohenburg,

  Heyligen, Louis,

  Herzman, Ronald,

  Hildegard of Bingen,

  History, Christian,

  Honorius, emperor,

  Hugh of Lincoln,

  Hugh of St. Victor,

  Ignatius of Antioch,

  Immortality, eschatology of,

  Innocent III, pope,

  Ireland,

  Irenaeus of Lyons,

  Isabeau de Rumigny,

  Islam,

  Jacob, bishop of Batnae,

  Jaeger, C. Stephen,

  James II, king of Aragon,

  Jean de Bruges,

  Jerome,

  Joachim of Fiore,

  John of Paris,

  John of Winterthur,

  John the Baptist,

  Joinville’s Credo,

  Jonas of Bobbio,

  “Judgment” (Bráth), in,

  Justin (martyr),

  Kerby-Fulton, Katherine,

  Kermode, Frank,

  Kleist, Wolfgang,

  Knighton, Henry,

  Kübler-Ross, Elizabeth,

  Lactantius,

  Landes, Richard,

  Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury,

  Lang, Bernhard,

  Langland, William,

  Last Judgment; iconography of,

  Lateran Council, Fourth,

  Le Goff, Jacques,

  Leo IX, pope,

  Lerner, Robert,

  Lévi-Strauss, Claude,

  Liturgy of the dead,

  Lobrichon, Guy,

  Lucius III, pope,

  mac Célechair, Mael Muire,

  Malachy of Armagh,

  Mandeville’s Travels,

  Margaret of Louvain,

  Martin (saint),

  Martyrdom,

  Mary, body of,

  Matthew Paris,

  McDannell, Colleen,

  McGinn, Bernard,

  Meaux, monastery of,

  Millennialism,

  Minucius Felix,

  Miracles,

  Morgan, Alison,

  Morrison, Karl,

  Morrison, Toni,

  Munich, Bay. Staatsbibliothek, clm.835,

  Nardo di Cione,

  Nartzalus (martyr),

  Nennius,

  Neuberg, monastery of,

  Newman, Barbara,

  Nicodemus, Gospel of,

  Odo of Cluny
,

  On the Beach,

  Origen,

  Otto of Freising,

  Panofsky, Erwin,

  Paris, Coronation of the Virgin and Last Judgment,

  Paris, University of,

  Patrick (saint),

  Paxton, Frederick,

  Penance,

  Perpetua (martyr),

  Person, concept of, See also Self

  Peter Damian,

  Peter Lombard,

  Peter of Marienstatt,

  Philip, Lotte Brand,

  Pionius (martyr),

  Plague,

  Polycarp (martyr),

  Prester John,

  Prophecy, See also Visions

  “Prophecy of Doomsday” (Armes Dydd Brawd, Yrmes Detbrawt),

  Prudentius,

  Psalter of the Quatrains (Saltair na Rann),

  pseudo-Methodius,

  Ptolemaeus (martyr),

  Purgatory,

  Qur’an,

  Rebillard, Eric,

  Reeves, Marjorie,

  Reliquaries,

  Resurrection: and body; eschatology of,

  Richard I, king of England,

  Richard of Chichester,

  Richard of St. Victor,

  Ringbom, Sixten,

  Sacramentary of Gellone,

  Salimbene, Friar,

  Sanctus (martyr),

  Self, See also Person, concept of

  Sens, Sacramentary of,

  S. Giovanni in Fiore,

  Sin,

  Snakes,

  Soul: and body; after death; somatomorphic,

  St. Patrick’s Purgatory,

  St. Petersburg, National Library of Russia ms. Lat.Q.v.I,

  St. Pierre de Longoret,

  Steinberg, Lawrence,

  Suffering; as punishment after death; of Christ; of Mary,

  Super Hieremiam prophetam,

  Surius, Laurentius,

  Tancred of Lecce,

  Tatian,

  Taurin (saint),

  Tempier, Stephen,

  Tertullian, passim

  Theodosian Code,

  Thérel, Marie-Louise,