The Gulag Archipelago

by Alexander Solzhenitsyn

  Pilnyak (Vogau), Boris Andreyevich (1894-1937). Soviet writer; ac- cused of distorting revolutionary events; died in prison.

  Platonov, Sergei Fyodorovich (1860-1933). Historian; in official dis- favor in early 1930's.

  Plekhanov, Georgi Valentinovich (1856-1918). Marxist philosopher and historian, became a Menshevik leader; opposed Bolsheviks' 1917 coup.

  Pletnev, Dmitri Dmitriyevich (1872-1953). Physician; sentenced to 25 years after 1938 show trial.

  Pobedonostsev, Konstantin Petrovich (1827-1907). Lawyer and poli- tician; Procurator of the Holy Synod; his reactionary Russian na- tionalist views were influential under Alexander III and in the early reign of Nicholas II.

  Postyshev, Pavel Petrovich (1887-1940). Ukrainian Bolshevik leader; arrested in 1938; died in prison.

  Potemkin, Grigory Aleksandrovich (1739-1791). Military leader and favorite of Catherine the Great.

  Prokopovich, Sergei Nikolayevich (1871-1955). Economist and a Cadet leader; figure in 1921 Famine Relief Commission trial; ex- pelled 1922.

  Ptukhin, Lieut. Gen. Yevgeny Savvich (1900-1941). Soviet Air Force commander; executed after German attack against Soviet Union.

  Pugachev, Yemelyan Ivanovich (1742-1775). Leader of a major peasant revolt against Catherine II; executed.

  Radek, Karl Berngardovich (1885-1939). Comintern official, later journalist; shot after 1937 show trial.

  Radishchev, Aleksandr Nikolayevich (1749-1802). Writer and social critic; exiled to Siberia by Catherine II.

  Rakovsky, Khristian Georgiyevich (1873-1941). Bolshevik official who served as Ukrainian Premier, 1919-1923, and diplomat, 1923- 1927; imprisoned after 1938 show trial; daughter Yelena arrested 1948.

  Ramzin, Leonid Konstantinovich (1887-1948). Heat engineer; princi- pal defendant in 1930 Promparty trial; death sentence commuted to 10 years; professionally active again during World War II.

  Ransome, Arthur (1884-1967). British journalist; wrote on Bolshevik Revolution.

  Raskolnikov (Ilin), Fyodor Fyodorovich (1892-1939). Bolshevik diplomat; defected in France; died under mysterious circumstances.

  Rasputin, Grigory Yefimovich (1872-1916). Adventurer with strong influence over family of Nicholas II; killed by courtiers.

  Razin, Stepan Timofeyevich (Stenka) (1630?-1671). Leader of a Cossack and peasant rebellion in the middle and lower Volga ter- ritories, he was defeated and executed; legendary figure in Russian national poetry.

  Reilly, Sidney George (1874-1925). British intelligence officer; killed while crossing Soviet-Finnish border.

  Repin, Ilya Yefimovich (1844-1930). Prominent painter; one of his works depicts the Volga boatmen.

  Rokossovsky, Marshal Konstantin Konstantinovich (1896-1968). Soviet World War II leader; Defense Minister in Poland, 1949- 1956.

  Romanov, Panteleimon Sergeyevkh (1884-1938). Soviet satirist.

  Rudzutak, Yan Ernestovich (1887-1938). Associate of Stalin; arrested 1937; died in prison.

  Ryabushinsky, Pavel Pavlovich (1871-1924). Russian industrialist and anti-Bolshevik leader; mentioned in 1930 Promparty trial.

  Rykov, Aleksei Ivanovich (1881-1938). Close associate of Stalin; Premier of Sovie^Union, 1924-1930; shot after 1938 show trial.

  Ryleyev, Kondrati Fyodorovich (1795-1826). A Decembrist; hanged.

  Rysakov, Nikolai Ivanovich (1861-1881). A revolutionary of Narod- naya Volya group; executed after assassination of Alexander II in 1881.

  Ryumin, M. D. (7-1953). Secret police official who engineered the "doctors' case"; executed 1953.

  Ryurik. Legendary Varangian prince who came to Novgorod in mid- ninth century and founded first Russian dynasty.

  Sakharov, Col. Igor K. Emigre who commanded pro-German Russian military unit in World War II.

  Saltychikha (Saltykova, Darya Nikolayevna) (1730-1801). Woman landowner in Moscow Province; noted for cruel treatment of serfs.

  Samsonov, Aleksandr Vasilyevich (1859-1914). Tsarist general; sui- cide after his forces were defeated in East Prussia in World War I.

  Savinkov, Boris Viktorovich (1879-1925). A Socialist Revolutionary leader; arrested after he re-entered Russia illegally in 1924.

  Sawa (1327-1406). Russian Orthodox saint; pupil of Sergius of Radonezh.

  Sedin, Ivan K. People's Commissar for Petroleum in World War II.

  Selivanov, Dmitri Fyodorovich (1885-?). Mathematician; emigrated 1922.

  Serebryakova, Galina losifovna (1905-). Writer; author of camp memoirs.

  Sergius of Radonezh (1321-1391). Russian Orthodox saint; founded monasteries, including Trinity-St. Sergius at Zagorsk, near his home town, Radonezh.

  Serov, Ivan Aleksandrovich (1905-). Secret police official; chairman of KGB, 1954-1958.

  Shalamov, Varlam Tikhonovich (1907-). Writer; spent 17 years in Kolyma camps; author of Kolyma Stories (Paris, 1969).

  Shchastny, Captain Aleksei Mikhailovich (7-1918). Commander of Red Baltic Fleet; executed.

  Shcherbakov, Alekandr Sergeyevich (1901-1945). Close associate of Stalin; Moscow city secretary, 1938-1945; Chief of Red Army's Political Department, 1942-1945.

  Sheinin, Lev Romanovich (1906-1967). Soviet prosecuting and in- vestigatory official; wrote spy stories after 1950.

  Sheshkovsky, Stepan Ivanovich (1727-1793). Judicial investigator under Catherine II; known for harsh interrogatory techniques.

  Shmidt, Pyoto Petrovich (1867-1906). Lieutenant in Black Sea Fleet; executed after Sevastopol revolt.

  Sholokhov, Mikhail Aleksandrovich (1905-). Soviet writer; 1965 Nobel laureate.

  Shulgin, Vasily Vitalyevich (1878-1965). Monarchist; emigrated after 1917 Revolution; caught by Red Army in Yugoslavia at end of World War II; served 10 years in labor camp.

  Shvernik, Nikolai Mikhailovich (1888-1970). Associate of Stalin; trade-union chief, 1930-1944 and 1953-1956; President of Soviet Union, 1946-1953.

  Sikorski, Wladyslaw (1881-1943). Military leader of Polish exiles.

  Skobtsova, Yelizaveta Yuryevna (1892-1945). Acmeist poet; emi- grated to Paris, where she became a nun (Mother Mariya); died in Nazi camp.

  Skrypnik, Nikolai Alekseyevich (1872-1933). Ukrainian People's Commissar for Justice (1922-1927) and Education (1927-1933); suicide.

  Skuratov, Malyuta (Belsky, Grigory Lukyanovich) (?-1572). Trusted aide of Ivan the Terrible; personifies Ivan's cruelties; headed Oprichnina, a policelike organization.

  Smirnov, Ivan Nikitovich (1881-1936). Soviet People's Commissar for Communications, 1923-1927; expelled from Party; shot after 1936 trial.

  Smushkevich, Yakov Yladimirovich (1902-1941). Soviet Air Force commander; executed after German invasion.

  Sokolnikov, Grigory Yakovlevich (1888-1939). Soviet People's Com- missar of Finance, 1922-1926; envoy to Britain, 1929-1934; sen- tenced to 10 years after 1937 show trial; died in prison.

  Solovyev, Vladimir Sergeyevich (1853-1900). Religious philosopher; sought synthesis of Russian Orthodox faith and Western scientific thought and Roman Catholicism.

  Stalin, Iosif Vissarionovich (1879-1953). Soviet political leader; named General Secretary of the Communist Party in 1922. After Lenin's death in 1924, he gradually eliminated political rivals in series of purges culminating in great trials of 1936—1938. His original family name was Dzhugashvili; revolutionary party name was Koba.

  Stanislavsky, Konstantin Sergeyevich (1863-1938). Stage director; co- founder of the Moscow Art Theater in 1898; known in the West for the "Stanislavsky method" of acting technique.

  Stepun, Fyodor Augustovich (1884-1965). Philosopher; expelled in 1922.

  Stolypin, Pyotr Arkadyevich (1862-1911). Tsarist statesman; served as Minister of Interior after 1906; known for agrarian reform re- settling poor peasants in Siberia; slain by an SR.

  Sudrabs. See Latsis.

  Sukhanov (Gimmer), Nikolai Nikolayevich (1882-1940). Menshevik historian; meeting at his apartment in Petrograd in October, 1917, the Bolsheviks decided to launch an armed uprising; figure in 1931 Menshevik trial; released after hunger s
trike; rearrested in purges of late 1930's; author of detailed account of the Bolshevik Revolu- tion.

  Surikov, Vasily Ivanovich (1848-1916). Historical painter of the realist school.

  Suvorov, Aleksandr Vasilyevich (1729-1800). Military leader; led Italian and Swiss campaigns against Napoleon.

  Svechin, Aleksandr Andreyevich (1878-1935). Military historian; shot.

  Sverdlov, Yakov Mikhailovich (1885-1919). First Soviet President.

  Tagantsev, Nikolai Stepanovich (1843-1923). Writer on criminal law.

  Tarle, Yevgeny Viktorovich (1875-1955). Soviet historian; was briefly in official disfavor in early 1930's.

  Tikhon, Patriarch (1865-1925). Head of Russian Orthodox Church after 1917; detained 1922-1923 on oppositionist charges.

  Timofeyev-Ressovsky, Nikolai Vladimirovich (1900-). Soviet radio- biologist; worked in Germany, 1924-1945; spent 10 years in Stalin camps after return to Soviet Union.

  Tolstoi, Aleksei Nikolayevich (1883-1945). Soviet writer; was mem- ber of 1937 Supreme Soviet (national legislature).

  Tolstoi, Alexandra Lvovna (1884-). Youngest daughter of Lev Tol- stoi; author of a biography of her father; lives in the U.S., where she founded the Tolstoi Foundation for aid to refugees.

  Tomsky, Mikhail Pavlovich (1880-1936). First Soviet chief of trade unions, until 1929; suicide in Stalin purges.

  Trotsky (Bronshtein), Lev (Leon) Davidovich (1879-1940). Associate of Lenin; first Soviet Defense Commissar, until 1925; expelled from Party in 1927; deported to Turkey in 1929; slain in Mexico City by a Soviet agent.

  Trubetskoi, Sergei Petrovich (1790-1860). One of the Decembrists; death sentence commuted to exile; amnestied in 1856.

  Tsvetayeva, Marina Ivanovna (1892-1941). Poet; lived abroad 1922 to 1939; a suicide two years after return to Soviet Union.

  Tukhachevsky, Mikhail Nikolayevich (1893-1937). Soviet military leader; shot in 1937 on trumped-up treason charges.

  Tur Brothers. Pen names of two playwrights and authors of spy stories: Leonid Davydovich Tubelsky (1905-1961) and Pyotr Lvovich Ryzhei (1908-).

  Tynyanov, Yuri Nikolayevich (1895-1943). Soviet writer and literary scholar.

  Ulrikh, Vasily Vasilyevich (1889-1951). Supreme Court justice; pre- sided over major trials of 1920's and 1930's.

  Ulyanov, Aleksandr Ilyich (1866-1887). Lenin's older brother; exe- cuted after unsuccessful attempt to assassinate Alexander III in 1887.

  Ulyanova (Yelizarova-Ulyanova), Anna Ilyinichna (1874-1935). Lenin's sister; journalist and editor.

  Uritsky, Moisei Solomonovich (1873-1918). Revolutionary; chairman of the Petrograd Cheka; his assassination by an SR set off Red Terror.

  Utyosov, Leonid Osipovich (1895-). Soviet orchestra leader and variety-stage star.

  Valentinov (Volsky), Nikolai Vladislavovich (1879-1964). Journalist and philosopher; former Bolshevik turned Menshevik; emigrated 1930.

  Vasilyev-Yuzhin, Mikhail Ivanovich (1876-1937). Revolutionary; secret police and justice official.

  Vavilov, Nikolai Ivanovich (1887-1943). Prominent plant geneticist; Director of Institute of Applied Botany (1924-1940) and Institute of Genetics (1930-1940); arrested 1940; died in imprisonment.

  Vereshchagin, Vasily Vasilyevich (1842-1904). Painter noted for battle scenes.

  Vladimir II Monomakh. Ruler of Kievan Russia, 1113-1125.

  Vladimirov (Sheinfinkel), Miron Konstantinovich (1879-1925). Early Soviet official in agriculture, finance and economic management.

  Vlasov, Lieut. Gen. Andrei Andreyevich (1900-1946). Red Army officer; captured by Germans in 1942; led Russian forces against Soviet Union; handed over by Allies after war and executed.

  Voikov, Pyotr Lazarevich (1888-1927). Bolshevik revolutionary; Soviet representative in Warsaw, 1924-1927; assassinated by an emigre.

  Voloshin, Maksimilian Aleksandrovich (1878-1932). Symbolist poet and watercolorist.

  Voroshilov, Kliment Yefremovich (1881-1969). Close associate of Stalin; long Defense Commissar; Soviet President, 1953-1960.

  Vysheslavtsev, Boris Petrovich (1877-1954). Philosopher; exiled in 1922.

  Vyshinsky, Andrei Yanuaryevich (1883-1954). Lawyer and diplomat; former Menshevik turned Bolshevik; chief state prosecutor in show trials, 1936-1938; Deputy Foreign Commissar and Minister, 1939- 1949 and 1953-1954; Foreign Minister, 1949-1953.

  Wrangel, Pyotr Nikolayevich (1878-1928). Tsarist military com- mander; led anti-Bolshevik forces in South in 1920 after Denikin.

  Yagoda, Genrikh Grigoryevich (1891-1938). Secret police official; People's Commissar of Internal Affairs, 1934-1936; shot after 1938 show trial.

  Yakubovich, Pyotr Filippovich (1860-1911). Poet; translated Baude- laire; wrote memoirs about his Tsarist exile.

  Yaroshenko, Nikolai Aleksandrovich (1846-1898). Painter.

  Yenukidze, Avel Safronovich (1877-1937). Bolshevik official; Secre- tary of Central Executive Committee, 1918-1935; shot in purges.

  Yennilov, Vladimir Yladimirovich (1904-1965). Soviet literary critic.

  Yesenin, Sergei Aleksandrovich (1895-1925). Imagist poet; suicide.

  Yezhov, Nikolai Ivanovich (1895-1939). Secret police official; People's Commissar of Internal Affairs, 1936-1938.

  Yudenich, Nikolai Nikolayevich (1862-1933). Tsarist military com- mander; led anti-Bolshevik forces in Estonia, 1918-1920.

  Zalygin, Sergei Pavlovich (1913-). Soviet writer.

  Zamyatin, Yevgeny Ivanovich (1884-1937). Writer; returned 1917 from abroad, but opposed Bolsheviks; emigrated in 1932; his novel We, published in London in 1924, influenced Huxley, Orwell.

  Zasulich, Vera Ivanovna (1849-1919). Revolutionary; acquitted after attempt to assassinate Mayor of St. Petersburg; emigrated 1880; returned 1905; became Menshevik.

  Zavalishin, Dmitri Irinarkhovich (1804-1892). One of the Decem- brists; sentenced to 20 years' Siberian exile; worked as journalist after 1863.

  Zhdanov, Andrei Aleksandrovich (1896-1948). Close associate of Stalin; shaped cultural policy after World War II.

  Zhebrak, Anton Romanovich (1901-1965). Soviet geneticist.

  Zhelyabov, Andrei Ivanovich (1851-1881). Revolutionary; executed after his assassination of Alexander II in 1881.

  Zhukov, Marshal Georgi Konstantinovkh (1896-). World War II leader.

  Zinoviev (Apfelbaum), Grigory Yevseyevich (1883-1936). Associate of Lenin; expelled from Party in 1927; shot after 1936 show trial.

  INSTITUTIONS AND TERMS

  All-Russian Central Executive Committee. See VTsIK.

  April Theses. A programmatic statement issued by Lenin in April, 1917, calling for end of war with Germany and transfer of power to the Soviets.

  Basmachi. Name given to anti-Bolshevik forces in Central Asia after 1917 Revolution.

  Black Hundreds. Armed reactionary groups in Tsarist Russia; active from about 1905 to 1917 in pogroms of Jews and political assassinations of liberal personalities.

  Butyrki. A major Moscow prison, named for a district of Moscow; often known also as Butyrka.

  Cadet. See Constitutional Democratic Party.

  Chechen. Ethnic group of Northern Caucasus; exiled by Stalin in 1944 on charges of collaboration with German forces.

  Cheka. Original name of the Soviet secret police, 1917-1922; succeeded by GPU.

  Chinese Eastern Railroad. A Manchurian rail system built (1897-1903) as part of original Trans-Siberian Railroad. Jointly operated by Chinese and Soviet authorities until 1935 (when it was sold to Japanese-dominated Manchukuo government) and again in 1945-1950. Russian acronym: KVZhD.

  Codes. The 1926 Criminal Code and the 1923 Code of Criminal Procedure were repealed in 1958 with the adoption of new Fundamental Principles of Criminal Legislation and Criminal Procedure; in 1960 these were embodied in a new Criminal Code and a new Code of Criminal Procedure.

  Collegium. Governing board of Soviet government departments and other institutions.

  Comintern. Acronym for Communist International, the world organization of Communist parties that exist
ed from 1919 to 1943.

  Committee of the Poor, also known by the Russian acronym Kombed. A Bolshevik-dominated organization of poor peasants (1918).

  Constituent Assembly. A multiparty legislative body with large anti-Bolshevik majority, elected in November, 1917, after the Bolshevik Revolution. It met in January, 1918, but was broken up when it refused to adopt Bolshevik proposals.

  Constitutional Democratic Party. Founded in 1905 under the Tsars, advocating a constitutional monarchy; played a conservative role after overthrow of Tsar; members were known as Cadets, from a Russian acronym for the party.

  Council of People's Commissars. Name given the Soviet cabinet (government) before 1946, when it became the Council of Ministers; also known by Russian acronym Sovnarkom.

  Crimean Tatars. Exiled by Stalin to Central Asia in 1944 on charges of collaboration with Germans.

  Dashnak. Anti-Bolshevik group in Armenia after 1917 Revolution.

  Decembrists. Russian officers and intellectuals who took part in un-successful liberal uprising against Nicholas I in December, 1825.

  Doctors' case. The arrest of leading Kremlin physicians, most of them Jews, in 1952 on trumped-up charges of plotting against the lives of Soviet leaders. At least one, Y. G. Etinger, is believed to have died under interrogation; the others were released after Stalin's death in 1953.

  Famine Relief, State Commission for. A Soviet governmental body, set up in 1921-1922; also known by the Russian acronym Pomgol.

  GPU. Designation for Soviet secret police in 1922; acronym for Russian words meaning State Political Administration; continued to be used popularly after 1922, when the official designation became OGPU, acronym for United State Political Administration.

  Gulag. The Soviet penal system under Stalin; a Russian acronym for Chief Administration of Corrective Labor Camps.

  Hehalutz. Zionist movement that prepared young Jews for settling in Holy Land; it founded most of the kibbutzim.

  Hiwi. German designation for Russian volunteers in German armed forces during World War II; acronym for Hilfswillige.

  Industrial Academy. A Moscow school that served as training ground of industrial managers in late 1920's and early 1930's.