The Gulag Archipelago

by Alexander Solzhenitsyn

Bondarin, Sergei Aleksandrovich (1903-). Children's writer.

  Budenny, Marshal Semyon Mikhailovich (1883-1973). Civil War hero; commander of Bolshevik cavalry; commander Southwest Front in early phase of World War II.

  Bukharin, Nikolai Ivanovich (1888-1938). Prominent Party official and economic theorist; member of Politburo after 1924 and general secretary of Comintern after 1926; expelled from Party in 1929; executed after 1938 show trial.

  Bulgakov, Mikhail Afanasyevich (1891-1940). Satirist, some of whose work has been published in English.

  Bulgakov, Sergei Nikolayevich (1871-1944). Religious philosopher; exiled in 1922, lived in Paris.

  Bunin, Ivan Alekseyevich (1870-1953). Writer; emigrated 1920 to France; won Nobel Prize in 1933.

  Bunyachenko, Sergei K. (7-1946). Commander of 1st Division of Vlasov's forces in World War II; executed in Soviet Union in 1946.

  Charnovsky, N. F. (1868-?). Soviet economic official; among defendants in 1930 Promparty trial.

  Chekhovsky, Vladimir Moiseyevich (1877-?). Ukrainian nationalist.

  Chernov, Viktor Mikhailovich (1873-1952). Socialist Revolutionary Party leader; emigrated in 1920.

  Chubar, Vlas Yakovlevich (1891-1939). High Soviet Ukrainian official; shot in purges.

  Chukovskaya, Lidiya Korneyevna (1907-). Soviet literary critic and writer (samizdat).

  Dal (Dahl), Vladimir Ivanovich (1801-1872). Lexicographer.

  Dan (Gurvich), Fyodor Ilyich (1871-1947). Menshevik leader, physician; exiled in 1922.

  Denikin, Anton Ivanovich (1872-1947). Tsarist military leader; commanded anti-Bolshevik (White) forces in south, 1918-1920; emigrated.

  Derzhavm, Gavriil Romanovich (1743-1816). Poet and statesman under Catherine II.

  Dimitrov, Georgi Mikhailovich (1882-1949). Bulgarian Communist leader; chief defendant in 1933 Reichstag trial in Leipzig.

  Dolgun, Alexander M. (Alexander D.) (1926-). American-born former employee of United States Embassy in Moscow; spent eight years (1948-1956) in Soviet prisons and labor camps; allowed to leave Soviet Union in 1971.

  Donskoi, D. D. (1881-1936). Right Socialist Revolutionary.

  Doyarenko, Aleksei G. Soviet agronomist; a defendant in Working Peasants Party case of 1931.

  Dukhonin, Nikolai Nikolayevich (1876-1917). Commander in Chief of Tsarist Army; slain by soldiers.

  Dyakov, Boris Aleksandrovich (1902-). Author of labor-camp mem- oirs.

  Dzerzhinsky, Feliks Edmundovich (1877-1926). First chief of the secret police (Cheka-GPU-OGPU); succeeded by Menzhinsky.

  Ehrenburg, Ilya Grigoryevich (1891-1967). Soviet writer and journal- ist; spent many years in Paris; author of memoirs of Stalin era.

  Etinger, Y. G. (7-1952). Soviet physician, arrested in 1952 in so- called "doctors' case." Died under interrogation.

  Fedotov, A. A. (1864-?). A Soviet official; defendant in Shakhty trial.

  Figner, Vera Nik^Jayevna (1852-1942). A leader of Narodnaya Volya group, took part in successful conspiracy to assassinate Alexander II in 1881.

  Filonenko, Maksimilian Maksimilianovich. Right Socialist Revolu- tionary; led anti-Bolshevik forces in Archangel in 1918.

  Frank, Semyon Lyudvigovich (1877-1950). Religious philosopher, pupil of Solovyev; exiled in 1922.

  Fyodor Ivanovich (1557-1598). Halfwit son of Ivan the Terrible, whom he succeeded in 1584. His regent was Boris Godunov, who reigned as Tsar, 1598-1605.

  Gaaz, Fyodor Petrovich (Haas, Friedrich-Joseph) (1780-1853). Ger- man-born physician of Moscow prison hospital; sought penal re- forms.

  Gamarnik, Yan Borisovich (1894-1937). Soviet military leader who committed suicide during purge.

  Garin, N. (Mikhailovsky, Nikolai Georgiyevicn) (1852-1906). Popular turn-of-the-century novelist, author of a juvenile classic.

  Gernet, Mikhail Nikolayevich (1874-?). Writer on the death pen- alty.

  Ginzburg, Yevgeniya Semyonovna (1911-). Author of labor-camp memoirs, Journey into the Whirlwind.

  Gippius, Zinaida Nikolayevna (1869-1945). Writer, wife of Merezh- kovsky; emigrated in 1920.

  Golikov, Marshal Filipp Ivanovich (1900-). Soviet military leader; supervised repatriation of Red Army prisoners from Germany.

  Golyakov, Ivan Terentyevich. Presiding judge of Supreme Court under Stalin.

  Gorky, Maxim (Peshkov, Aleksei Maksimovich) (1868-1936). Writer; disagreed with Lenin and lived abroad (1921-1928); returned to Russia in 1931; died under mysterious circumstances.

  Gots, Abram Rafailovich (1882-1940). A Right Socialist Revolu- tionary leader; a defendant in 1922 trial.

  Govorov, Marshal Leonid Aleksandrovich (1897-1955). Soviet mil- itary leader.

  Griboyedov, Aleksandr Sergeyevich (1795-1829). Playwright and diplomat.

  Grigorenko, Pyotr Grigoryevich (1907-). Former Red Army general, became a dissident in 1961; in mental asylums since 1969.

  Grigoryev, losif Fyodorovich (1890-1949). Prominent Soviet geol- ogist.

  Grin (Grinovsky), Aleksandr Stepanovich (1880-1932). Writer of romantic, fantastic adventure stories.

  Grinevitsky, Ignati loakhimovich (1856-1881). Revolutionary, mem- ber of Narodnaya Volya group. Threw bomb that killed Alexander II March 13, 1881; was himself mortally wounded.

  Groman, Vladimir Gustavovich (1873-?). High Soviet economic of- ficial; a defendant in 1931 trial of Mensheviks.

  Gromyko, Andrei Andreyevich (1909-). Soviet diplomat; former ambassador to United States and delegate to United Nations; For- eign Minister since 1957.

  Gul (Goul), Roman Borisovich (1896-). Emigre writer of historical works; editor of Novy Zhurnal, a magazine published in New York.

  Gumilyev, Nikolai Stepanovich (1886-1921). Acmeist poet, first hus- band of Akhmatova; accused in anti-Soviet plot and executed.

  Herzen, Aleksandr Ivanovich (1812-1870). Radical theorist.

  Ilin, Ivan Aleksandrovich (1882-1954). Mystic philosopher, exiled in 1922.

  Ivan Kalita (?-1340). Founder of Grand Duchy of Muscovy.

  Ivanov-Razumnik (Ivanov, Razumnik Vasilyevich) (1876-1946). Left Socialist Revolutionary; served in Tsarist prison (1901) and in Soviet labor camps; went to Germany in 1941.

  Izgoyev (Lande), Aleksandr Solomonovich (1872-C.1938). A Right Cadet writer; expelled from Soviet Union in 1922.

  Izmailov, Nikolai Vasilyevich (1893-). Soviet literary scholar, editor of Pushkin's works.

  Kaganovich, Lazar Moiseyevich (1893-). Close associate of Stalin, in charge of railroads. Ousted from leadership in 1957.

  Kalinin, Mikhail Ivanovich (1875-1946). Nominal President of Soviet Union (1919-1946), first as Chairman of All-Russian Central Executive Committee until 1922, then as Chairman of Central Executive Committee of U.S.S.R., and after 1938 as Chairman of Presidium of Supreme Soviet.

  Kamenev (Rosenfeld), Lev Borisovich (1883-1936). Prominent Bol- shevik leader, expelled from Party in 1927, readmitted and re- expelled; executed after 1936 show trial.

  Kaplan, Fanya (Dora) (1888-1918). A Left Socialist Revolutionary; executed after unsuccessful attempt on Lenin's life in 1918.

  Karakozov, Dmitri Vladimirovich (1840-1866). Revolutionary; exe- cuted after unsuccessful attempt on life of Alexander II in 1866.

  Karsavin, Lev Platonovich (1882-1952). Mystic philosopher; medieval- ist; exiled 1922; arrested in Lithuania 1941; died hi Vorkuta camp.

  Kasso, Lev Aristidovich (1865-1914). Reactionary Minister of Educa- tion under Nicholas II.

  Katanyan, Ruben Pavlovich (1881-1966). Soviet state prosecuting official in 1920's and 1930's; arrested 1938.

  Kazakov, Ignati Nikolayevich (1891-1938). Physician accused of having murdered Soviet officials through use of "lysates" (anti- bodies); shot after 1938 show trial.

  Kerensky, Aleksandr Fyodorovich (1881-1970). A Socialist Revolu- tionary leader; headed Provisional Government, July to November, 1917; fled to France; died in New York.

  Khrustalev-Nosar, Georgi Stepanovich (1877-1918). Elected Chair- man of St. Petersburg Soviet of Workers' Deputies in 1905;
opposed Bolsheviks in Ukraine in 1918; shot by Bolsheviks.

  Kirov (Kostrikov), Sergei Mironovich (1886-1934). Close Stalin as- sociate; his murder in Leningrad, reputedly inspired by Stalin, set off wave of mass reprisals.

  Kishkin, Nikolai Mikhailovich (1864-1930). A leader of Constitu- tional Democratic Party; a defendant in 1921 trial of famine-relief aides.

  Kizevetter (Kiesewetter), Aleksandr Aleksandrovich (1866-1933). Cadet leader and historian; expelled in 1922; lived in Prague.

  Klyuchevsky, Vasily Osipovich (1841-1911). Prominent historian.

  Klyuyev, Nikolai Alekseyevich (1887-1937). Peasant poet; glorified ancient Russian values, opposing Western cultural influences; exiled to Siberia in early 1930's.

  Kolchak, Aleksandr Vasilyevich (1873-1920). Tsarist admiral; led anti-Bolshevik forces in Siberia, 1918-1920; executed.

  Koltsov, Nikolai Konstantinovich (1872-1940). Prominent biologist; founded experimental school in Russian biology.

  Kondratyev, Nikolai Dmitriyevich (1892-?). Agricultural economist; figure in Working Peasants Party case in 1931.

  Kornilov, Lavr Georgiyevich (1870-1918). Commander in Chief of Russian forces under Provisional Government; led revolt against Kerensky in August, 1917; fought Bolsheviks in Don area; killed in battle.

  Korolenko, Vladimir Galaktionovich (1853-1921). Peasant demo- cratic writer; persecuted under Tsars; viewed as bourgeois by Bol- sheviks.

  Kosarev, Aleksandr Vasilyevich (1903-1939). Leader of the Komso- mol, 1929-1938.

  Kosior, Stanislav Vikentyevich (1889-1939). Ukrainian Bolshevik leader; shot in purges.

  Kozyrev, Nikolai Aleksandrovich (1908-). Astronomer; in prison, 1937-1948.

  Krasikov, Pyotr Ananyevich (1870-1939). Old Bolshevik; prosecuting and justice official in 1920's and 1930's.

  Krasnov (Levitin), Anatoly Emanuilovich (1915-). Religious writer; imprisoned under Stalin; in dissident movement after 1960.

  Krasnov, Pyotr Nikolayevich (1869-1947). Don Cossack leader; emi- grated in 1919; led pro-German Russian units in World War II; handed over by Allies after war and executed in Soviet Union.

  Krestinsky, Nikolai Nikolayevich (1883-1938). Bolshevik Party of- ficial and diplomat; shot after 1938 show trial.

  Kruglov, Sergei Nikiforovich (1903-). Minister of Interior, 1946- 1956.

  Krylenko, Nikolai Vasilyevich (1885-1938). Chief state prosecutor, 1918-1931; later People's Commissar of Justice; shot in 1938.

  Krylov, Ivan Andreyevich (1769-1844). Noted fabulist.

  Kuibyshev, Valerian Vladimirovich (1888-1935). Prominent eco- nomic planning official; died under mysterious circumstances.

  Kupriyanov, G. N. Karelian Party official; arrested in 1949.

  Kursky, Dmitri Ivanovich (1874-1932). People's Commissar of Justice, 1918-1928; envoy to Italy, 1928-1932.

  Kuskova, Yekaterina Dmitriyevna (1869-1958). Cadet, later SR; figure in Famine Relief case 1921; exiled in 1922.

  Kuznetsov, Aleksei Aleksandrovich (1905-1950). Lieutenant general, one of the organizers of the defense of Leningrad, Secretary of the Central Committee, convicted in connection with the Leningrad Affair.

  Kuznetsov, Col. Gen. Vasily Ivanovich (1894-1964). Soviet military leader in World War II.

  Lapshin, Ivan Ivanovich (1870-1948). Philosopher; exiled in 1922 to Prague, where he died.

  Larichev, Viktor A. (1887-?). Chairman, Main Fuels Committee; figure in Promparty trial in 1930.

  Larin, Y. (Lurye, Mikhail Aleksandrovich) (1882-1932). Agricultural economist; former Menshevik; helped found Soviet planning system.

  Latsis (Lacis), Martyn Ivanovich (Sudrabs, Yan Fridrikhovich) (1888- 1941). Early Cheka official, 1917-1921; director, Plekhanov Eco- nomics Institute, 1932-1937; arrested 1937.

  Lelyushenko, Dmitri Danilovich (1901-). Soviet World War II leader.

  Lermontov, Mikhail Yuryevich (1814-1841). Romantic poet.

  Levina, Revekka Saulovna (1899-1964). Soviet economist.

  Levitan, Yuri Borisovich (1914-). Soviet radio announcer noted for his sonorous voice, which became familiar through announcement of major Soviet successes in World War II and other news events.

  Levitin. See Krasnov, A. E. Likhachev, Nikolai Petrovich (1862-1935). Historian, specialist on ikon painting.

  Lomonosov, Mikhail Vasilyevich (1711-1765). Universal scholar; in Russian spiritual history, prototype of scientific genius arising from the people.

  Lordkipanidze, G. S. (1881-1937). Georgian writer; died in purge.

  Loris-Melikov, Mikhail Tarpelovich (1825-1888). Powerful Tsarist Interior Minister, 1880-1881; initiator of unimplemented reforms.

  Lorkh, Aleksandr Georgiyevich (1889-). Prominent potato breeder.

  Lossky, Nikolai Onufriyevich (1870-1965). Philosopher; exiled in 1922.

  Lozovsky, A. (Dridzo, Solomon Abramovich) (1878-1952). Revolu- tionary; chief of Trade Union International, 1921-1937; Deputy People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs and head of Sovinformburo in World War II; shot in anti-Jewish purge.

  Lunacharsky, Anatoly Vasilyevich (1875-1932). Marxist cultural theorist; People's Commissar for Education, 1917-1929.

  Lunin, Mikhail Sergeyevich (1787-1845). One of the Decembrists; wrote philosophical and political tracts in Siberian exile.

  Lysenko, Trofim Denisovich (1898-). Agricultural biologist; virtual dictator of Soviet science after 1940 under Stalin, and of biology in the Khrushchev era until 1964.

  Maisky, Ivan Mikhailovich (1884-). Historian and diplomat; former Menshevik; envoy to Britain, 1932-1943; Deputy Foreign Commis- sar, 1943-1946.

  Makarenko, Anton Semyonovich (1888-1939). Educator; organized rehabilitation colonies for juvenile delinquents.

  Malinovsky, Roman Vatslavovich (1876-1918). Tsarist police in- former planted among Bolsheviks; emigrated in 1914; returned to Russia voluntarily in 1918, when he was tried and executed.

  Mandelstam, Osip Emilyevich (1891-1938). Acmeist poet; died in transit camp.

  Mariya, Mother. See Skobtsova.

  Markos, Gen. Vafiades (1906-). Greek leftist rebel leader, 1947- 1948.

  Martov (Tsederbaum), Yuli Osipovich (1873-1923). A Menshevik leader; exiled by Lenin in 1921.

  Mayakovsky, Vladimir Vladimirovich (1893-1930). Futurist poet; suicide.

  Meek, Nikolai Karlovich von (1863-1929). Tsarist railroad industrial- ist; worked for Bolsheviks after 1917; accused of counterrevolu- tionary activities and shot.

  Melgunov, Sergei Petrovich (1879-1956). Historian and Popular Socialist leader; exiled in 1923; lived in Paris.

  Menshikov, Aleksandr Danilovich (1673-1729). Military leader and statesman; favorite of Peter the Great and Catherine I.

  Menzhinsky, Vyacheslav Rudolfovich (1874-1934). Secret police of- ficial; headed OGPU, 1926-1934.

  Meretskov, Marshal Kirill Afanasyevich (1897-1968). World War II leader.

  Merezhkovsky, Dmitri Sergeyevich (1865-1941). Philosopher and novelist; founder of Symbolist movement; emigrated 1919 to Paris.

  Mikhailov, Nikolai Aleksandrovich (1906-). Chief of Komsomol, 1938-1952; later envoy to Poland and Indonesia, Minister of Cul- ture, chairman of State Publishing Committee; retired 1970.

  Mikolajczyk, Stanislaw (1901-1966). Polish Peasant Party leader; in Polish government in exile during World War II; in Polish postwar government, 1945-1947.

  Mikoyan, Anastas Ivanovich (1895-). Close associate of Stalin; in charge of consumer-goods area; foreign policy adviser to Khru- shchev; retired 1966.

  Milyukov, Pavel Nikolayevich (1859-1943). Leader of Constitutional Democratic Party and historian; emigrated in 1920; died in U.S.A.

  Mirovich, Vasily Yakovlevich (1740-1764). Attempted palace coup under Catherine II in favor of pretender Ivan IV Antonovich.

  Molotov (Skryabin), Vyacheslav Mikhailovich (1890-). Close associ- ate of Stalin; served as Premier and Foreign Minister; ousted by Khrushchev after so-called 1957 anti-Party coup; retired.

  Monomakh. See Vladimir II.

  Myakotin, Venedikt Aleksandrov
ich (1867-1937). Historian and a founder of Popular Socialist Party; exiled in 1922.

  Nabokov (Sirin), Vladimir (1899-). Russian-American writer; son of F. D. Nabokov, a Cadet leader, who emigrated in 1919.

  Narokov (Marchenko), Nikolai Vladimirovich (1887-1969). Emigre writer; left Soviet Union in World War II; lived in Monterey, Calif.

  Natanson, Mark Andreyevich (1850-1919). Populist, later a Socialist Revolutionary; sided with Bolsheviks during World War I; died in Switzerland.

  Nekrasov, Nikolai Alekseyevich (1821-1878). Civic poet.

  Novikov, Nikolai Ivanovich (1744-1818). Writer and social critic; incarcerated in Schlüsselburg Fortress under Catherine II. Novorussky, Mikhail Vasilyevich (1861-1925). Revolutionary, con- victed with Aleksandr Ulyanov after abortive attempt to assassinate Alexander III in 1887; death sentence commuted to imprisonment in Schlüsselburg.

  Obolensky, Yevgeny Petrovich (1796-1865). One of the Decembrists; death sentence commuted to 20 years' Siberian exile.

  Olitskaya, Yekaterina Lvovna (1898-). Soviet dissident writer whose prison-camp memoirs circulated in samizdat and were published in 1971 by Possev, Russian-language publishing house of Frankfurt, West Germany.

  Olminsky (Aleksandrov), Mikhail Stepanovich (1863-1933). Early professional revolutionary, journalist.

  Ordzhonikidze, Grigory (Sergo) Konstantinovich (1886-1937). Close associate of Stalin, charged with heavy industry; a suicide during purges.

  Osorgin (Ilin), Mikhail Andreyevich (1878-1942). Writer; exiled in 1922.

  Palchinsky, Pyotr Akimovich (1878-1929). Economist and mining engineer; chief defendant in Shakhty trial of 1928; shot.

  Pasternak, Boris Leonidovich (1890-1960). Poet and novelist; 1958 Nobel laureate.

  Perkhurov, Aleksandr Petrovich (1876-1922). Anti-Bolshevik mili- tary commander; shot in Yaroslavl in 1922. Peshekhonov, Aleksei Vasilyevich (1867-1933). Writer; exiled in 1922.

  Peshkova-Vinaver, Yekaterina Pavlovna (1876-1965). First wife of Maxim Gorky; headed Political Red Cross.

  Pestel, Pavel Ivanovich (1793-1826). One of the Decembrists, leader of radical wing; hanged.

  Peters, Yakov Khristoforovich (1886-1942). Latvian revolutionary; high secret police official in 1920's; liquidated.

  Petlyura, Simon Vasilyevich (1879-1926). Ukrainian nationalist leader; headed anti-Bolshevik forces in Ukraine, 1918-1919; assas- sinated in Paris exile.