The Pursuit of Italy
Page 53
and wreck of Campania 388–9
Campania 8, 17, 24, 42, 360, 369
and Camorra 388–9
Campanians 22, 41, 46
Campoformio, Treaty of (1797) 128
Canaletto 111–12
Caporetto (1917) 288–9, 330n
Capponi, Carla 335
Caprera 200, 220–21
Capua 42, 196, 199, 229, 243, 259
Caracalla, Emperor 43
Caracciolo, Marquess of, 124
Caravaggio 111
carbonari 155–6
Carducci, Giosuè 211–2, 279
Carpaccio, Vittorio 25, 102, 110
Carrara 135
dialect of 29
Carrillo, Santiago 347
Carthaginian Wars 41–2, 47
Casal di Principe 388
Casanova, Giacomo 111
Cassa per il Mezzogiorno 360
Castiglione (1796) 128
Castlereagh, Viscount 137
Catania 88, 195, 385
Catanzaro 35, 368
Cateau–Cambrésis, Treaty of (1559) 116
Catholic Action 315, 340
Catholic Church 116, 121, 345, 381
and christian democrats 340, 342
and Counter–Reformation 90–91
under fascism 315, 332
in Risorgimento 160, 178
and united Italy 252–3, 258
Cato the Elder 41, 47
Cattaneo, Carlo 153–4, 198, 367
Catullus 46
Cavour, Camillo 2, 33, 147, 157, 163, 225, 227, 228, 231–2, 236, 255, 259, 271–4, 342, 367, 392
character and interests 212–14
death of 203–4
diplomacy of 215–16
as legend 210–11, 261–2
and Napoleon III 182–5
as prime minster of Piedmont 178–81
policies in 1859 188–90
southern policy of 198–9, 242, 244, 246–7
and war of 1860 193, 196–7, 242
Celestine III, Pope 62
Cephalonia 99, 331
Chamberlain, Neville 35, 325
Chambéry 125
Charlemagne, Emperor 3, 11, 25, 56, 99, 131–2
in Italy 53–5, 98
Charles of Anjou, King (of Naples and Sicily) 64, 143
Charles III, King (of Spain) 119
as Charles VII of Naples 122, 262
character 122–3
Charles V, Emperor 35n, 54, 82, 85, 88, 91, 109, 114–15
Charles VIII, King (of France) 113, 115
Charles Albert, King (of Piedmont–Sardinia) 139, 154–5, 223–4
loses war against Austria 159–62
Charles Felix, King (of Piedmont–Sardinia) 139
Charles Emanuel I, Duke of Savoy 116, 125
Charles Emanuel III, Duke of Savoy 126
Chigi family 89
Chile 347
China 266, 312, 354, 387
Chioggia 99
Christian Democratic Party (Democrazia Cristiana) 251, 347–9, 365, 367, 369, 388
in government 338–44
links with Mafia and Camorra 361–4
Churchill, Winston 35
Cialdini, General Enrico 230, 243, 255
brutality in 1860–61 197–200, 229, 244
Ciampi, Carlo Azeglio 366, 373, 376
Ciancimino, Vito 361
Ciano, Count Galeazzo, 312, 326
Cicero 3, 31, 42, 47, 77, 78, 81
idea of Italy 46
Cimarosa, Domenico 145, 164
Cincinnatus 217
Cisalpine Republic 128, 130
Claude Lorrain 45
‘Clean Hands’ campaign 365, 376, 388
Clement VII, Pope 82, 91
Cleopatra, Queen (of Egypt) 45
Cobb, Richard 4
Cognac, League of 109
Cola di Rienzo 77
Cold War 342
Colleoni, Bartolomeo 103
Collodi 34
Comacchio 14
Comintern 345
communes, Italian 76, 396, 398
wars against Hohenstaufen 57–9
government in 65–74 passim
Communist Party (Partito Comunista Italiano) 299, 308, 312, 315, 334, 336n, 362, 390n
in De Gasperi’s government 338–9
electoral strength of 344–6
and Italian culture 350–51
policies of 346–9
Como 36, 58, 173, 310
Como, Lake 17, 331
Conrad, Joseph 397
Conrad IV, Emperor 64
Conradin 64
Constance, Queen (of Sicily) 62
Constance, Treaty of (1183) 58
Constantine, Emperor 48, 55
Constantinople 10, 51, 52
sack of 96, 98
Constituent Assembly 339
Córdoba 106
Corfu 11, 98, 109, 157, 320, 324
Corelone clan 362
Corradini, Enrico 281
Correggio 129
Corriere della Sera 257, 317, 357
Corsica 9, 21, 47, 284
Corsignano 84
Cortenuova (1237) 63, 69
Cosenza 35, 158, 198
Craxi, Bettino 382
as socialist leader 349, 365
Crema 28, 58, 107
Cremona 28, 63, 75, 272, 397–8
and music 260–61
Crete 98–9, 109
Creuzé de Lesser, Auguste 240
Crimean War (1853–6) 179, 182–3, 216, 226, 228, 231
Crispi, Francesco, 33–4, 198, 211, 257–8, 263, 274, 304, 321, 332, 357
foreign policy of 206, 248, 265–6
and colonialism 267–8
with Garibaldi 191–2, 194
policy towards Sicily 250–51
Croatia 294, 326
Croce, Benedetto 17, 279, 296, 301, 312, 332
Crusades 57, 59, 61, 96, 98
Culloden (1746) 26
Cuneo 335
Cunliffe, Barry 21
Curzon, Lord
opinion of Mussolini 320
Custoza
first battle of (1848) 160, 169
second battle of (1866) 206, 208, 230, 232–3, 244, 286
Cyprus 98
Cyrenaica 281, 321
Czechoslovakia 313, 325, 346
Daladier, Édouard 325
Dalla Chiesa, General Alberto 348, 363
D’Alema, Massimo 376
Dalmatia 13, 15, 25, 98, 109, 285, 292
Dandolo, Enrico 98
D’Annunzio, Gabriele 280, 286, 291, 305
personality 295–6
and seizure of Fiume 297
Dante Alighieri 3, 37, 45, 49, 67, 68, 73, 75, 80, 150, 152, 260, 262
on government in Italy 69–70
and Italian language 31
Danton, Georges 127
Daru, Pierre 95
Datini, Francesco di Marco 14
Daunians 22, 23
Debra Libanos 323
De Felice, Renzo 325
De Gasperi, Alcide 360, 374, 392
as prime minister 338–45
Del Boca, Angelo 323
Della Rocca, General Enrico 230, 244
Della Rovere family 84n, 89–90
Dell’Utri, Marcello 386
De Niro, Robert 353, 362
Denmark 328
Depardieu, Gérard 352–3
Depretis, Agostino 360, 374
governments of 255–7
as naval minister 232
De Sica, Vittorio 350
De Sivo, Giacinto 241
Diamanti, Ilvo 393
Diaz, General Armando 289, 302
Dini, Lamberto 376
Diocletian, Emperor 9
Di Pietro, Antonio, 376–7, 385, 392
Di Rudinì, Antonio 268
Disraeli, Benjamin, 92, 106, 210, 245, 276
Dodecanese Islands 282
Dogali (1887) 267
Dolci, Danilo 9–10
Dol
fuss, Engelbert 324
Donatello 88
Donation of Constantine 55, 77
Donizetti, Gaetano 164–6, 172, 174–5, 269
Du Camp, Maxime 199
Duccio di Buoninsegna 66–7, 69, 84
Duggan, Christopher 139
Dumas, Alexandre 171
Durando, General Giovanni 160
Eco, Umberto 379
Economist 377
Edward VII, King (of the United Kingdom) 249
Egypt 2–3, 48, 129–30, 322, 326, 329
Einaudi, Luigi 27, 281, 338–9, 341
Elagabalus, Emperor 47
Elba 11, 135
Elcho, Lord 26
Elizabeth, Empress (of Austria) 201
Elizabeth Farnese, Queen (of Spain) 119
Emanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy 125, 223
Emilia 36, 55, 73, 190
Emilia-Romagna 299, 360, 372
communist strength in 346
England 91, 105, 129, 157, 182, 211, 237, 258
Cavour in 213–14
Garibaldi in 217
sea defences of 11–13
‘Enlightened Despotism’ 120–23
Enna 309
Ennius 46
Eritrea 267–8, 283
L’Espresso 34
Este, Isabella d’ 86
Estensi dynasty 75
Ethiopia 325
Crispi’s invasion of 268
Mussolini’s invasion of 319, 322–3, 355
Etna 16, 88
Etruria 10, 22–3
Etruscans 22–4, 30, 40, 41, 43, 46, 67
Eugène of Savoy, Prince 226
EUR (Esposizione Universale di Roma) 310, 326
European Coal and Steel Community 341, 356
European Economic Community 341
European Monetary Union 376
European parliament 348, 390
Italian MEPs in 391
European Union 112, 372, 378, 390–91
Ezzelino III da Romano 75
Facta, Luigi 300–301
Falange 354
Falcone, Giovanni 363–4, 385
Faliscans 22
Fanfani, Amintore 343
Farinacci, Roberto 305, 311, 327, 336
Farini, Luigi Carlo 189–90
in Naples 199, 241
Farnese, Alessandro (Cardinal) 90
Farnese, Alessandro (Duke of Parma) 90
Farnese family 89–91, 118
fasci (in Sicily) 250–51
fasci di combattimento 298–9, 353
fascism, fascist regime 235, 331
and art and architecture 310–12
ideology 304–6, 332
and imperialism 321–3
inefficiency of 327
inspired by ancient Rome 308–11
popularity of 314–15
in the south 316–9
Fascist Party (Partito Nazionale Fascista) 298, 336–7
Jews in 313
takes power 300–302
Febvre, Lucien 21
Fellini, Federico 350–51n, 394
Feltrinelli 349
Fenice Theatre 95, 166, 269
Ferdinand, Duke of Genoa 223–4
Ferdinand II, King (of Aragon) 108
Ferdinand II, King (of the Two Sicilies) 33, 141–2, 193, 198, 259, 270
in revolt of 1848–9 158, 161, 176
Ferdinand III, Grand Duke of Tuscany 130, 138, 144
Ferdinand IV, King (of Naples), also Ferdinand III of Sicily and later Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies 118, 119, 130, 154, 156
rule of 140–41
Ferrante, Don 87
Ferrara 14, 75, 86, 355
Jewish community in 313–14
Ferrari 357
Ferrari, Giuseppe 242
Ferruccio, Francesco 151
FIAT 356
Fini, Gianfranco 375–6, 392
First World War see Great War
Fitzgerald, Edward 44
Fiume 290–91
Italian seizure of 296–7
Florence 18, 20, 32, 46, 85, 87n, 102, 107, 109, 111, 113, 115, 140, 144, 146, 148–9, 162, 180, 184, 228, 240, 357, 367
capital of united Italy 205, 254
in communal era 67–75
in Renaissance 76–84, 86, 88, 110, 149
revolution of 1859 188
Florio family 249
Fogazzaro, Antonio 275
Foggia 35
Fornovo (1495) 113–15
Forster, E. M. 307, 361
Fortunato, Giustino 249, 251, 268, 281, 399
Forza Italia 374–6, 381
France 33, 35, 112, 125, 142–3, 154, 163, 166, 179, 182, 207, 213, 215, 221, 226–7, 265–6, 292, 296, 321, 324–5, 336, 341, 358, 387, 390–91, 399
attacked by Italy (1940) 328–9
and Great War 284–9
invasions of Italy 53–4, 108–9, 113–16, 126–7, 130–31
rivers in 17
stereotypes in 26
and war of 1859 183–7
Francesco II, King (of the Two Sicilies), 193, 243–4
at Gaeta 195, 197–9
surrender of, 200–201
Franchetti, Leopoldo 247, 249
Francis I, Emperor (of Austria) 144–5
Francis I, King (of France) 114
Francis I, King (of the Two Sicilies) 141
Francis II, King (of the Two Sicilies) see Francesco II
Francis Stephen, Duke of Lorraine 119
Franco, General Francisco 276, 301, 305, 308, 323, 325, 354–5, 389, 392
Franks 25, 50, 58, 60
Franz Josef, Emperor 186–7, 208, 293
Frederick II, Emperor 3, 59, 70, 73, 88
struggle with papacy 62–3
wars against communes 63–4
Frederick I (Barbarossa), Emperor 62, 149, 369
invasions of Italy 57–9
Freedom of the Press report 383
Frei, Matt 393
French Revolution 121, 126–8, 332
Friuli 17, 34, 38, 107, 285, 287
Friuli-Venezia Giulia 36, 207, 367, 371–2, 394
Futurists 280–81, 286, 296, 298, 304
Gaeta 162, 195, 197–9, 229, 243, 259
Galileo, Galilei 31, 116
Gallone, Carmine 351
Gandhi, M. K., 156n, 217
Garda, Lake 331, 388
Gargano 13
Garibaldi, Anita 219–20, 308
Garibaldi, Francesca Armosina, 220
Garibaldi, Ezio 307
Garibaldi, Giuseppe 2, 16, 118, 137, 144, 156, 168, 172, 176, 180–81, 207, 208, 223, 225, 228, 230–32, 234–6, 241, 243, 270, 297, 304, 333, 374, 391
attempts to divert Tiber 18
on Caprera, 220–21
character and achievement 221–2
commander in Rome 1849 163–4, 170
early career of 219–20
as legend 210–11, 216–17, 259, 261–2, 308
in Naples 1860 195–200
Rome or Death!’ 204, 208–9, 221
in Sicily 1860 191–5
Garigliano, River 373
Gaulle, Charles de 26, 343
Gauls 24, 30, 41, 42
Gava, Antonio 364
Geneva 91
Genoa 13, 38, 72, 75, 83, 100, 102, 130, 133, 142, 152, 156, 192, 218, 228, 259, 263, 284, 396
extinction of republic 138
memorials to Garibaldi 216–17
rivalry with Venice 98–9
Genovesi, Antonio 122
Gentile, Giovanni 284, 305, 315, 322, 331–2, 336
George II, King (of Great Britain) 226
Germany 91, 176, 215, 233, 260, 265–6, 315, 341–2, 369, 389
emperors from 56–62
and Great War 283–90
under the nazis, 310–11, 313–14, 324–6
and Second World War 328–31, 334–5
Ghibellines 59, 98
Giannone, Pietro 121, 126
Gibbon, Edward 48, 53, 126
Gibraltar 327
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br /> Ginsborg, Paul 394
Gioberti, Vincenzo 153–4, 159, 163, 181, 315
Gioia Tauro 360
Giolitti, Giovanni 258, 297, 301, 315, 374
last government of 299–300
and Libya 281–3
opposition to Great War 285–6
opposition to Mussolini 302–3
political ascendancy 277–9
Giotto 84
Giudecca 29
Gladstone, William 142, 184, 210
criticism of Naples 141–2, 193
Gobetti, Piero 235, 279, 332
Godse, Nathuram 156n
Goethe, J. W. 150, 240
journey to Italy 123–4
Goldoni, Carlo 32, 110
Gonzaga dynasty 69, 85–6, 114
Gorbachev, Mikhail 349
Gorizia 285, 292, 372
Gothic architecture 96
Govone, General Giuseppe 230
Gracchus, Gaius 42
Grahame, Kenneth 218
Gramsci, Antonio 235, 315
Grandi, Dino 326, 336
Graziani, Rodolfo, 321, 323, 329, 330, 336
Great War 34, 280, 298, 319, 327, 352
Isonzo battles 287–9
Italian casualties 289
Italian entry 283–6
Greece 14, 22, 47, 320, 329, 345, 388
Greek language 22, 30
survival in Italy 35
Greeks 30, 60, 61, 241, 281
city states in Italy 22–4, 41, 70–71
Gregory I, Pope 55
Gregory VII, Pope 59–60
Gregory IX, Pope 63
Gregory XVI 139, 154
Grimani, Antonio 102
Grimani, Marino 102
Grosseto 66
Grossi, Tommaso 151
Guadalajara (1937) 308, 324
Guardi, Francesco 112
Guascone, Felice 136
Gucci 357
Guelphs 59, 73, 98
Guerri, Giordano Bruno 114, 396
Guerzoni, Giuseppe 217
Guicciardini, Francesco 73–4, 94, 113, 121
Gustavus III, King (of Sweden) 270
Habsburg Empire 112, 116, 153, 176, 233, 293, 296
and Great War 284–92
rivalry with Bourbons 117–19
rule in Italy 137–9, 144–5, 147, 154
and war of 1848–9 159–62
and war of 1859 185–8
and war of 1866 206–8
Habsburg-Este family 138
Hadrian, Emperor 48–9, 70
The Hague, Treaty of (1720) 118
Hague Conventions 281
Haider, Jörg 392
Haile Selassie, Emperor (of Ethiopia) 322
Hannibal 10, 42, 47
Hare, Augustus 252
Hauteville, Robert Guiscard de 61
Hauteville, Roger de, 61
Hauteville dynasty 60–62
Hayez, Francesco 151, 234
Henry III, Emperor 60
Henry IV, Emperor 60
Henry VII, Emperor 70
Henry VII, King (of England) 108
Henry VIII, King (of England) 108, 258
Hepburn, Audrey 357
Herodotus 8, 11
Hitler, Adolf 57, 301, 306, 309, 311, 313, 322, 325, 335
Hohenstaufen dynasty 30, 56, 59, 61
papacy’s struggle against 62–3