Death Before Glory

by Martin Howard

  7. Condon, pp. 16−17; Pinckard, Vol. I, p. 116.

  8. Clinton, NAM 1999−08−100; Aytoun, J., Redcoats in the Caribbean, p. 5; Howard, p. 17; Willyams, C., An Account of the Campaign in the West Indies in the Year 1794, pp. 4−5; Browne, T.H., The Napoleonic War Journal of Captain Thomas Henry Browne, pp. 89−90.

  9. Knight, pp. 189−90; Brisbane, T.M., Reminiscences of General Sir Thomas Makdougall Brisbane, pp. 13−14; Powell, NAM 1976−07−45; Bryson, pp. 79−80; Howard, p. 19; Pinckard, Vol. I, pp. 193−5.

  10. Surtees, pp. 327−8; St Clair, Vol. I, pp. 83−4; Howard, pp. 18−21; Aytoun, p. 5; Nichol, NAM 1977−12−29; Dyott, Vol. I, pp. 87−9; Pinckard, Vol. I, pp. 206−8; Willyams, pp. 6−7; Browne, pp. 89−91; Bryson, pp. 73−4.

  11. Clinton, NAM 1999−08−100; Aytoun, p. 5; James, B., Journal of Rear-Admiral Bartholomew James 1752−1828, pp. 227−8; Dyott, Vol. I, p. 85; Pinckard, Vol. I, pp. 192, 436−7; Buckley, The British Army in the West Indies, p. 30.

  12. Howard, pp. 28−30; Willyams, p. 29; Bryson, pp. 81−2; Dyott, Vol. I, pp. 90−1; St Clair, Vol. I, pp. 88−9; Cumloden Papers, p. 413; Moore, Vol. I, pp. 208−9; Buckley, The British Army in the West Indies, p. 29.

  13. Chisholm, C., An Essay on the Malignant Pestilential Fever, pp. 69−74; Howard, pp. 37, 58−60, 67, 119−20; Sherwood, NAM 1999−09−41; Dyott, Vol. I, p. 114; St Clair, Vol. I, pp. 235−6; Fergusson, W., Notes and Recollections of a Professional Life, p. 232; Richardson, pp. 149−50; Buckley, The British Army in the West Indies, pp. 33−6; Bryson, p. 82; Leach, p. 10; Browne, pp. 92, 105; Pinckard, Vol. II, p. 233; Moseley, p. 29.

  14. Pinckard, Vol. I, pp. 181−2; Anderson, J., Recollections of a Peninsular Veteran, pp. 87−8; Leach, pp. 10−11; Bryson, p. 80; St Clair, Vol. I, pp. 90−1; Surtees, p. 329; Browne, pp. 92−3.

  15. Pinckard, Vol. I, pp. 229−32, 283, 367, Vol. II, pp. 201−8, 216−17; Dyott, Vol. I, pp. 93−4; Ross-Lewin, pp. 20−1, 34−5; St Clair, Vol. I, pp. 189−97, 203, 221−4, 249; Aytoun, pp. 21−2, 28−9, 35; Leach, pp. 19−20; Willyams, pp. 12−14; Rainsford, M., An Historical Account of the Black Empire of Hayti, p. 102; Moore, Vol. I, pp. 224, 257.

  Chapter 9

  1. Sketches and Recollections of the West Indies by a Resident, pp. 39−40; Buckley, R.N., The British Army in the West Indies, pp. 325−56; Aytoun, J., Redcoats in the Caribbean, p. 7; Dyott, W., Dyott’s Diary 1781−1845, Vol. I, p. 107.

  2. Aytoun, pp. 8−10; Houlding, J.A., Fit for Service, pp. 160−1.

  3. Buckley, The British Army in the West Indies, pp. 104, 210−12, 216−26, 227−37; Nelson, P.D., Sir Charles Grey, First Earl Grey, p. 144; Moore, J., The Diary of Sir John Moore, Vol. I, pp. 236−7; Dyott, Vol. I, p. 105; Nugent, M., Lady Nugent’s Journal, p. 231; Willyams, C., An Account of the Campaign in the West Indies in the Year 1794, p. 28, appendix, pp. 24, 36; Métral, A., Histoire de L’Expédition des Français a Saint-Domingue, p. 115; Cumloden Papers, pp. 5, 20−1; Howard, T.P., The Haitian Journal of Lieutenant Howard, pp. 20, 119; St Clair, A Soldier’s Recollections of the West Indies and America, Vol. I, pp. 102−3; Myatt, F., Peninsular General, p. 35; Bryson, A., Andrew Bryson’s Ordeal, pp. 93, 99, 102; Lasalle de Louisenthal, Aventures de guerre aux Antilles, pp. 52, 54; James, C., A Collection of the Charges, Opinions and Sentences of General Courts Martial, pp. 559−679; Aytoun, pp. 11, 15−16, 18, 25−6; Richardson, W., A Mariner of England, pp. 186−7.

  4. Geggus, D., Slavery, War and Revolution, p. 280; Buckley, The British Army in the West Indies, p. 64; Sherwood, NAM 1999−09−41; Pakenham, E., Pakenham Letters 1800 to 1815, p. 26; Aytoun, p. 24; Schofield, V., The Highland Furies, p. 195.

  5. Facts Relative to the Conduct of the War in the West Indies, pp. 179−92; Chartrand, R., British Forces in the West Indies 1793−1815, pp. 8−9; McLean, H., An Enquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Great Mortality, pp. 268−70; Stewart, D., Sketches of the Character, Manners and Present State of the Highlanders of Scotland, pp. 408−9; Nelson, p. 168; Fortescue, J.W., A History of the British Army, Vol. IV (2), pp. 899−901; Aytoun, p. 1; Browne, T.H., The Napoleonic War Journal of Captain Thomas Henry Browne, p. 99.

  6. Haythornthwaite, P.J., The Armies of Wellington, pp. 61−3; Pinckard, G., Notes on the West Indies, Vol. I, pp. 253−4, 301, Vol. II, pp. 100−3, Vol. III, pp. 62−3, 449; Facts Relative to the Conduct of the War in the West Indies, pp. 175−91; Aytoun, pp. 6−7, 12, 36; St Clair, Vol. I, pp. 109−11, 127, 345; Dyott, Vol. I, pp. 92, 119−20; Sherwood, NAM 1999−09−41; Beaudoin, P., Carnet d’Étapes, pp. 55, 65; Jane, C.W.E., Shirley Heights, pp. 24, 51; Smith, V.T.C., Fire and Brimstone, pp. 56−8; Leach, J., Rough Sketches of the Life of an Old Soldier, p. 12; Willyams, pp. 58, 143−4; Schofield, p. 196; Howard, The Haitian Journal of Lieutenant Howard, pp. 10, 114; Ross-Lewin, H., With the Thirty-Second in the Peninsula, p. 23; Landsheit, N., The Hussar, Vol. I, pp. 62−3; Howard, M.R., Red Jackets and Red Noses; Buckley, R.N., Slaves in Redcoats, pp. 100−4; Fergusson, W., Notes and Recollections of a Professional Life, p. 85; McLean, p. 257.

  7. Jane, p. 23; Smith, p. 33; Buckley, The British Army in the West Indies, pp. 78−9, 327−8; Dyott, Vol. I, pp. 96−7; Facts Relative to the Conduct of the War in the West Indies, pp. 186−7; Nugent, NAM 1968−07−183−02; Pinckard, Vol. III, pp. 61−2; Nugent, Lady Nugent’s Journal, p. xxvi; Geggus, p. 193; Buckley, Slaves in Redcoats, p. 110; Reide, T.D., A View of the Diseases of the Army, pp. 178−9; Fergusson, p. 49; Tulloch, A.M., Statistical Report, p. 4; Schofield, pp. 194−5.

  8. St Clair, Vol. I, pp. 373−4, Vol. II, pp. 235−6; Browne, p. 101; Howard, The Haitian Journal of Lieutenant Howard, pp. 86, 95−6; Willyams, appendix, p. 25; Dyott, Vol. I, pp. 106−13, 120; Moore, Vol. I, p. 206; Fergusson, p. 52; Sherwood, NAM 1999−09−41; Stewart, p. 427; McGrigor, J., The Autobiography and Services of Sir James McGrigor Bart, pp. 54, 66; Jane, pp. 25−6; Smith, pp. 33, 52; Pinckard, Vol. I, pp. 240, 249, Vol. II, pp. 231, 252−3; Scott, J., Recollections of a Naval Life, Vol. II, pp. 102−3; Landsheit, Vol. I, pp. 67−9; Geggus, p. 175.

  9. Buckley, The British Army in the West Indies, pp. 146−6, 342−3; Facts Relative to the Conduct of the War in the West Indies, p. 195; Willyams, appendix, p. 8; Nugent, Lady Nugent’s Journal, pp. 32, 184, 192−3; Smith, pp. 38, 42; Aytoun, pp. 28, 35; Howard, The Haitian Journal of Lieutenant Howard, pp. 101, 170−1; Wainwright, NAM 2007−10−15; Pinckard, Vol. II, p. 472; St Clair, Vol. I, pp. 112−14; Myatt, F., Peninsular General, p. 40; Dillon, W.H., A Narrative of my Professional Adventures (1790−1839), Vol. I, p. 407.

  10. Landsheit, Vol. I, pp. 57−8; Bryson, pp. 84−5; Facts Relative to the Conduct of the War in the West Indies, p. 193; Geggus, p. 7; Browne, pp. 91, 95; Nugent, Lady Nugent’s Journal, pp. 37, 196, 210; Pinckard, Vol. I, pp. 284−5, 331, Vol. III, p. 131; Willyams, p. 94; Howard, The Haitian Journal of Lieutenant Howard, p. 63; Leach, p. 18; Fortescue, Vol. IV (1), p. 325; Pakenham, pp. 27−8; Teasdale, NAM 2011−08−34; Abercromby, NAM 2001−01−611.

  Chapter 10

  1. Duffy, M., The Caribbean Campaigns of the British Army, pp. 26−9; Buckley, R. N., The British Army in the West Indies, pp. 11−12, 23; Brumwell, S.B., Redcoats. The British Soldier and War in the Americas 1755−1763, pp. 138−41, 196−203; Nelson, P.D., Sir Charles Grey, First Earl Grey, p. 159; Geggus, D., Slavery, War and Revolution, pp. 156, 277, 281; Ellis, A.B., The History of the First West India Regiment, p. 112; Howard, T.P., The Haitian Journal of Lieutenant Howard, pp. 79−80; Stewart, D., Sketches of the Character, Manners and Present State of the Highlanders of Scotland, p. 416; Moore, J., The Diary of Sir John Moore, Vol. I, p. 235; Abercromby, NAM 2001−10−611.

  2. Duffy, M., Soldiers, Sugar and Seapower, pp. 67−9, 290−1; Nelson, pp. 144−6; Howard, p. 98; Geggus, p. 181; Carmichael, NAM 1988−06−30; Poyen, H., Les Guerres des Antilles de 1793 à 1815, p. 121; Clinton, NAM 1999−08−100; Balcarres, Lives of the Lindsays, Vol. III, p. 46; Moore, Vol. I, pp. 226, 231; Knight, R., Britain Against Napoleon, pp. 131−4, 292, Buckley, pp. 82−3; Jane, C.W.E., Shirley H
eights, p. 34.

  3. Browne, T.H., The Napoleonic War Journal of Captain Thomas Henry Browne, p. 98; Willyams, C., An Account of the Campaign in the West Indies in the Year 1794, appendix, p. 35; Duffy, Soldiers, Sugar and Seapower, pp. 93−4, 220, 280; Pinckard, G., Notes on the West Indies, Vol. II, pp. 161−7; Wainwright, NAM 2007−10−15; Southey, T., Chronological History of the West Indies, Vol. III, p. 461; Moore, Vol. I, pp. 198−9.

  4. Haythornthwaite, P.J., The Armies of Wellington, p. 197; Fortescue, J.W., A History of the British Army, Vol. IV (1), pp. 358, 442, 225, Vol. V, p. 189; Stewart, p. 425; Carmichael, NAM 1988−06−30; Geggus, pp. 240, 276; Aytoun, J., Redcoats in the Caribbean, p. 16; Moore, Vol. I, pp. 204, 216; Willyams, appendix, p. 7; Cumloden Papers, p. 4; Dyott, W., Dyott’s Diary 1781−1845, Vol. I, pp. 99, 121; Howard, p. 39.

  5. Willyams, appendix, pp. 6−7, 21; Duffy, Soldiers, Sugar and Seapower, pp. 223, 248; Howard, pp. 37, 62, 76, 97, 112; Geggus, p. 193; Balcarres, Vol. III, pp. 40, 138; Landsheit, N., The Hussar, Vol. I, p. 61; Chalmers, C., Remarks on the Late War in St. Domingo, pp. 38−41; Stewart, pp. 409−10.

  6. Browne, pp. 97−8; Willyams, appendix, pp. 16−17;Nelson, pp. 43, 45, 143, 150, 160; Duffy, Soldiers, Sugar and Seapower, pp. 65, 223, 231; Moore, Vol. I, p. 200; Buckley, R.N., Slaves in Redcoats, p. 84; Gates, D., The British Light Infantry Arm c. 1790−1815, pp. 53−4, 69−70; Fortescue, Vol. IV (1), pp. 464, 487; Verner, W., History and Campaigns of the Rifle Brigade, Vol. II, pp. 7−8

  7. Howard, p. 54; Moore, Vol. I, pp. 202−3, 216−18; Bentinck, R., The Very Thing, p. 28; Brisbane, T.M., Reminiscences of General Sir Thomas Makdougall Brisbane, pp. 15−16; Cumloden Papers, pp. 4, 19−20; McGrigor, J, The Autobiography and Services of Sir James McGrigor Bart, pp. 61−2; Willyams, pp. 88−91.

  8. Brumwell, pp. 246−7; Muir, R., Tactics and the Experience of Battle in the Age of Napoleon, pp. 86−8; Moore, Vol. I, p. 24; Willyams, appendix, p. 7; Browne, p. 98; Everard, H., History of Thomas Farrington’s Regiment, pp. 195, 200−1; Dyott, Vol. I, p. 111; Ross-Lewin, H., With the Thirty-Second in the Peninsula, pp. 23−5; Sketches and Recollections of the West Indies by a Resident, pp. 87−9; Nugent, NAM 1968−07−183−2.

  9. Fortescue, Vol. IV (1), pp. 381, 443, Vol. V, pp. 18−19; Duffy, Soldiers, Sugar and Seapower, p. 286; Poyen, p. 343.

  10. St Clair, A Soldier’s Recollections of the West Indies and America, Vol. II, pp. 237−46; Turnbull, G., A Narrative of the Revolt and Insurrection, p. 158; Balcarres, p. 73; Howard, p. 54; Moore, Vol. I, pp. 208−13; Buckley, The British Army in the West Indies, pp. 72−5; Browne, pp. 101−8; Scott, J, Recollections of a Naval Life, Vol. II, pp. 152−4; Ellis, pp. 43−4; James, B., Journal of Rear-Admiral Bartholomew James 1752−1828, pp. 250−66.

  11. Willyams, p. 10; Cumloden Papers, pp. 6−7, 20; Richardson, W., A Mariner of England, pp. 130−1; James, pp. 234−5, 237; Bentinck, p. 29.

  12. Duffy, Soldiers, Sugar and Seapower, p. 120; Cumloden Papers, p. 15; Howard, p. 65; Geggus, pp. 282−3; McGrigor, pp. 63−4; Stewart, p. 421.

  13. Fortescue, Vol. V, p. 183; Lemonnier-Delafosse, M., Seconde Campagne de Saint Domingue, pp. 57−8; Moreau de Jonnès, A., Adventures in Wars of the Republic and Consulate, p. 163.

  14. Poyen, p. 367; Lemonnier-Delafosse, pp. 95−8; Willyams, p. 127, appendix, p. 62; Nelson, p. 166; Turnbull, p. 75; McGrigor, pp. 66−7; Moore, Vol. I, pp. 226−8.

  15. Willyams, pp. 80, 121; James, pp. 246, 260; Lasalle de Louisenthal, Aventures de guerre aux Antilles, pp. 22−4, 35; Brisbane, p. 17; Browne, pp. 98, 102−6; Stewart, p. 422; McGrigor, pp. 60−4; Dyott, Vol. I, p. 104.

  16. Willyams, p. 104; Duffy, Soldiers, Sugar and Seapower, pp. 197, 340; Leach, J., Rough Sketches of the Life of an Old Soldier, p. 8; Pinckard, Vol. II, pp. 194−5; Knight, p. 399.

  17. Nelson, pp. 143, 161−3; Duffy, Soldiers, Sugar and Seapower, pp. 120, 223; James, pp. 228−31; Browne, pp. 95−7; Stewart, p. 420; Fortescue, Vol. IV (1) p. 455; Everard, pp. 205−6.

  Chapter 11

  1. Buckley, R.N., The Destruction of the British Army in the West Indies 1793−1815; Duffy, M., Soldiers, Sugar and Seapower, pp. 326−34; Geggus, D., Slavery, War and Revolution, pp. 354−7; Fortescue, J.W., A History of the British Army, Vol. IV (1), pp. 496, 565; McLean, H., An Enquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Great Mortality, pp. 13−15, 37−8; Fergusson, W., Notes and Recollections of a Professional Life, pp. 150−1.

  2. Howard, M.R., Wellington’s Doctors, pp. 160−1; Jackson, R., A Treatise on the Fevers of Jamaica, pp. 253−63; Bancroft, E.N., An Essay on the Disease called Yellow Fever, pp. 2−15; McLean, pp. 105−10, 165−70; Fergusson, pp. 146−7; Pinckard, G., Notes on the West Indies, Vol. III, pp. 138−46; Ross-Lewin, H., With the Thirty-Second in the Peninsula, pp. 32−3.

  3. Howard, Wellington’s Doctors, p. 161; Jackson, pp. 14−18; Reide, T.D., A View of the Diseases of the Army, p. 218; Moore, J., The Diary of Sir John Moore, Vol. I, pp. 240−1; Carmichael, NAM 1988−06−30; St Clair, A Soldier’s Recollections of the West Indies and America, Vol. I, pp. 354−8, 371−2.

  4. Howard, Wellington’s Doctors, pp. 155−90; Chisholm, C., An Essay on the Malignant Pestilential Fever, pp. 313−15; McGrigor, J., The Autobiography and Services of Sir James McGrigor Bart, pp. 53, 64−6; Bancroft, p. 533; Browne, T.H., The Napoleonic War Journal of Captain Thomas Henry Browne, p. 110; Reide, pp. 282−3, 358; Moseley, B., A Treatise on Tropical Diseases, pp. 131−2, 171−2, 531−2; Pinckard, Vol. III, pp. 18−19; Nugent, M., Lady Nugent’s Journal, pp. 232−3; Cantlie, N., A History of the Army Medical Department, Vol. I, pp. 243, 255; Buckley, The Destruction of the British Army; Howard, M.R., Red Jackets and Red Noses.

  5. Cantlie, Vol. I, pp. 239−46; Chisholm, pp. xix−xx, 242−3; Ackroyd, M., Advancing with the Army, pp. 46−7; Howard, T.P., The Haitian Journal of Lieutenant Howard, pp. 83−4; Sherwood, NAM 1999−09−41; Bryson, A., Andrew Bryson’s Ordeal, pp. 86, 95−6.

  6. Howard, Wellington’s Doctors, pp. 182−3; Jackson, pp. 77−8, 90−1, 133; Chisholm, pp. 183, 258−62, 279; Moseley, pp. 126−7; Reide, pp. 188−9; Veitch, J., A Letter to the Commissioners, pp. 10−11; McLean, pp. 63−4.

  7. Jackson, pp. 399−411; Moseley, pp. 8−9, 82−3; McLean, pp. 40, 201, 206−7; Fergusson, pp. 67−8.

  8. Howard, Wellington’s Doctors, pp. 162−6; Jackson, p. 226; Pinckard, Vol. I, pp. 390−1.

  9. Howard, Wellington’s Doctors, pp. 91−121; Cantlie, Vol. I, pp. 213, 244−8; Clinton, NAM 1999−08−100; Bryson, pp. 86, 101; Browne, pp. 105−6; Veitch, pp. 153−4; Geggus, pp. 277, 364; Pinckard, Vol. I, pp. 383−5, Vol. II, p. 141, Vol. III, pp. 113−14; Howard, The Haitian Journal of Lieutenant Howard, p. 49.

  10. Howard, Wellington’s Doctors, pp. 93−7; Ross-Lewin, pp. 30−1; Cantlie, Vol. I, pp. 245, 247; Fergusson, pp. 62−4; Tinling, NAM 1994−09−129; Lasalle de Louisenthal, Aventures de guerre aux Antilles, pp. 27−8; Howard, The Haitian Journal of Lieutenant Howard, p. 105; Landsheit, N., The Hussar, Vol. I, pp. 79−80; Beaudoin, P., Carnet d’Étapes, pp. 66−72.

  11. Teasdale, NAM 2011−08−4; Tinling, NAM, 1994−09−129; Ross-Lewin, p. 30; Métral, A., Histoire de L’Expédition des Français a Saint-Domingue, p. 120; James, B., Journal of Rear-Admiral Bartholomew James 1752−1828, p. 261; Browne, p. 94.

  Bibliography

  Manuscripts

  National Army Museum (NAM), London;

  1968−07−183−2: Miscellaneous correspondence relating to the West Indies, 1802, associated with Major General Sir George Nugent.

  1973−05−4: A Sketch of the Military Service of Lieutenant Colonel William Stewart of the 3rd Foot containing an account of his service in the West Indies 1796−1802.

  1976−07−45: Diary of Captain T Powell 14th Regiment of Foot March 1793 – March 1796.

  1977−12−29: Memoirs of Colour Sergeant William Nichol 8th (The King’s) Regiment of Foot written in 1822 and covering the years 1790−1809.

  1977−12−43: Commander-in-Chief’s orderly book 24 February – 24 July
1797.

  1988−06−30: Letter book of Major General Hugh Carmichael 1810−1811.

  1993−10−23: Manuscript order book of Captain Murray’s Light Infantry Company 31st Regiment 1796 including orders for the attack on St Lucia.

  1994−09−129: Letters and a statement of account relating to Major George Tinling 38th Regiment of Foot and his death in 1797 on Martinique while serving in the Army Hospital Corps.

  1999−08−100: Letters from Lieutenant Henry Clinton describing Abercromby’s operations in the West Indies 1796.

  1999−09−41: Diary of Lieutenant Henry Sherwood, 1777−1849, 53rd Regiment covering his service in the West Indies 1798−1802.

  2001−01−611: Letter 27 April 1794 from Johnston Abercromby to his wife describing the capture of West Indian islands in the expedition led by General Sir Charles Grey.

  2007−10−15: Biographical diary of Ensign David Wainwright, 2nd (Queen’s Royal) Regiment of Foot 1787−1802.

  2011−08−34: Letters and papers relating to Lieutenant Edward Teasdale 54th (West Norfolk) Regiment of Foot 1806−1809 to his death from yellow fever in 1808.

  Primary Printed Sources

  A Collection of State Papers Relative to the War against France, London, 1796.

  Anderson, Lt Col J., Recollections of a Peninsular Veteran, London, 1913.

  Aytoun, J., (ed. Lewis A.S.), Redcoats in the Caribbean, Blackburn, 1984.

  Balcarres, Earl of, (ed. Lindsay, Lord), Lives of the Lindsays or a Memoir of the Houses of Crawford and Balcarres, Vol. III, London, 1849.

  Bancroft, E.N., An Essay on the Disease called Yellow Fever, London, 1811.

  Beaudoin, Sergent-Major P., Carnet d’Étapes. Souvenirs de guerre et de captivité lors de l’Expédition de Saint-Domingue, Paris, 2000.

  Bell, J., An Enquiry into the Causes which produce and the Means of Preventing Diseases among British Officers Soldiers and Others in the West Indies, London, 1791.

  Bentinck, R., (ed. Crook, J.), The Very Thing. The Memoirs of Drummer Richard Bentinck Royal Welch Fusiliers 1807−1823, London, 2011.