China at War
Page 45
68 Ibid., 74.
69 ‘To Lieutenant General Joseph Stilwell’, in Bland, ed., The Papers of George Catlett Marshall, vol. 3, 503–4.
70 Letter to Stilwell, 9 April 1943, Marshall Papers, vol. 3, 637.
71 ‘Plan of Operation in China’, 30 April 1943, Hoover Institution Archives, Chennault Papers, box 9.
72 Bagby, The Eagle–Dragon Alliance, 76.
73 Commentary, in Bland, ed., The Papers of George Catlett Marshall, vol. 3, 584–6 and 674–75; ‘Memorandum for General Stilwell’, 3 May 1943, in ibid., 675.
74 Bagby, The Eagle–Dragon Alliance, 76.
75 Chi Pang-yuan, Juliuhe (The Great Flowing River) (Taipei: Yuanjian Tianxia, 2014), 210, 216–17.
76 ‘Oh Captain! My Captain!’ in Leaves of Grass (Philadelphia, PA: David McKay, 1891) https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poems-and-poets/poems/detail/45474.
77 Chi Pang-yuan, Juliuhe, 216.
78 Winston S. Churchill, The Second World War, Volume 5: Closing the Ring (London: Cassell & Co., 1954), 82.
79 Tuchman, Stilwell and the American Experience in China, 437.
80 ‘Minutes of Conference Held at Generalissimo’s Residence, 18 October 1943’, ZHMGZYSLCB, series 2, vol. 3, 395–411.
81 Tuchman, Stilwell and the American Experience in China, 400–401.
82 Van de Ven, War and Nationalism in China, 43.
83 ‘Views Regarding the Burma Offensive of Lin Wei’, ZHMGZYSLCB, series 2, vol. 3, 427.
84 Mary Barbier, ‘The War in the West, 1943–1945’, in Ferris and Mawdsley, eds., The Cambridge History of the Second World War: Volume 1: Fighting the War, 400.
85 Churchill, The Second World War, Volume 5: Closing the Ring, 495.
86 ‘Chiang Kaishek to Roosevelt’, 1 January 1944, in ‘Use of the Yunnan Force’, in UK National Archives, PREM 3/148/6.
87 Yang Tianshi, ‘Chiang Kaishek and Jawaharlal Nehru’, in Mark Peattie, Edward Drea and Hans van de Ven, eds., The Battle for China: Essays on the Military History of the Sino-Japanese War of 1937–45 (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2011), 129.
88 Ibid., 127–8. See also Yang Tianshi, ‘Jiang Jieshi yu Nihelu’ (‘Chiang Kaishek and Nehru’), in Zhongguo Wenhua, vol. 30 (2009), 132–3.
89 Yang Tianshi, ‘Chiang Kaishek and Jawaharlal Nehru’, 128, and Yang Tianshi, ‘Jiang Jieshi yu Nihelu’, 133.
90 12 February 1942, Churchill Archives, CHAR 20/70/18.
91 Yang Tianshi, ‘Chiang Kaishek and Jawaharlal Nehru’, 131–4.
92 ‘Telegram from General Chiang Kaishek’, 24 February 1942, FRUS, 1942, General, 605.
93 ‘Exchange of Views between Generalissimo Chiang Kaishek and President Roosevelt Regarding Situation in India’, FRUS, 1942, China, 761.
94 Elliott Roosevelt, As He Saw It (New York: Duell, Sloan, and Pearce, 1946), 37.
95 Auriol Weigold, Churchill, Roosevelt, and India: Propaganda During World War II (London: Routledge, 2008), 48–50.
96 ‘Memorandum by the Chief of the Division of Far Eastern Affairs’, 27 March 1942, FRUS, 1942, China, 273.
97 ‘The British Embassy to the Department of State’, 12 May 1942, FRUS, 1942, China, 276.
98 ZHMGZYSLCB, series 3, vol. 3, 696.
99 Ibid., 696–7.
100 ‘”V” Tapped on Liberty Bell’, Time magazine, October 1942.
101 ‘Chiang Kaishek to Roosevelt’, 11 October 1942, in Qin Xiaoyi, ed., Zhonghua Minguo Zhongyao Shiliao Chubian: Disan Bian: Zhanshi Waijiao (A Preliminary Collection of Important Historial Documents for the Republic of China: Part 3: Wartime Foreign Relations) (Taipei: Zhongyang Wenwu Gongying Chubanshe, 1981), 7.
102 ‘Text of the Two Addresses before Congress by Mme Chiang Kaishek’, The New York Times, 19 February 1943.
103 ‘A Camera Report of Mme Chiang’s First Official Visit’, The New York Times, 3 March 1942.
104 Jane Park, ‘“The China Film”: Madame Chiang Kaishek in Hollywood’, Screening the Past, vol. 4, 2011 http://www.screeningthepast.com/2011/04/the-china-film
105 Gordon H. Chang, ‘Chinese Painting Comes to America: Zhang Shuqi and the Diplomacy of Art’, in Cynthia Mills, Lee Glazer and Amelia Goerlitz, eds., East–West Interchanges in American Art: A Long and Tumultuous Relationship (Washington, DC: Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge, 2012), 131–2.
106 Christopher Thorne, The United States, Britain, and the War against Japan, 1941–1945 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1978), 420–21.
107 Keith Sainsbury, The Turning Point: Roosevelt, Stalin, Churchill and Chiang Kai-shek, 1943: The Moscow, Cairo and Teheran Conferences (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1985), 146.
108 Chiang Kaishek, Kunmianji, 935.
109 Ibid., 934–5.
110 Ibid., 941.
111 Ibid., 937–8.
112 Ibid., 937–8.
113 Ibid., 937.
114 Churchill, The Second World War, Volume 5: Closing the Ring, 289–90.
115 Lord Moran, Winston Churchill: The Struggle for Survival, 1940–65 (London: Constable & Co. Ltd, 1966), 135–7.
116 G. F. Hudson, minute, 4 February 1944, in ‘Foreign Office: Political Departments: Chinese Post-War Territorial Aims’, UK National Archives, FO 371/41627.
Chapter 10: The Turning Point
1 See Johann Gottfried Herder on World History: An Anthology, Hans Adler and Ernest A Menze, eds. (London: Routledge, 1996).
2 Ch’en Yung-fa, ‘Guanjian de Yinian: Jiang Zhongzheng yu Yu Xiang Gui Da Kuibai’ ‘(‘The Crucial Year: Chiang Kaishek and the Major Defeat at Ichigo’), in Liu Cuirong, ed., Zhongguo Lishi de Zai Sikao (Reconsiderations of Chinese History) (Taipei: Liangjing, 2015), 349.
3 Chiang Kaishek, China’s Destiny: Chinese Economic Theory, Philip Jaffe, trans. (London: Dennis Dobson, 1947), 44.
4 Ibid., 201–2.
5 Ibid., 201.
6 Chen Kewen, Chen Kewen Riji (Chen Kewen’s Diary), Chen Fangzheng, ed. (Taipei: Zhongyang Yanjiuyuan Jindaishi Yanjiusuo, 2012), 925.
7 Barbara W. Tuchman, Stilwell and the American Experience in China, 1911–1945 (London: Macmillan, 1971), 607.
8 Chen Kewen, Chen Kewen Riji, 901; Ch’en Yung-fa, ‘Guanjian de Yinian’, 350.
9 Ibid., 854–5.
10 Ch’en Yung-fa, ‘Guanjian de Yinian’, 410.
11 Wu Sufeng, ‘The Nationalist Government’s Attitude toward Post-war Japan’, in Hans van de Ven, Diana Lary and Stephen R. MacKinnon, eds., Negotiating China’s Destiny in WWII (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2014), 201.
12 Hara Takeshi, ‘The Ichigo Offensive’, in Mark Peattie, Edward J. Drea and Hans van de Ven, eds., The Battle for China: Essays on the Military History of the Sino-Japanese War of 1937–45 (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2011), 395–6.
13 Ibid., 397–8.
14 Edward J. Drea, In the Service of the Emperor: Essays on the Imperial Japanese Army (Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press, 1998), 188.
15 Hans van de Ven, War and Nationalism in China, 1925–1945 (London: Routledge, 2003), 272.
16 Lloyd E. Eastman, ‘Facets of an Ambivalent Relationship: Smuggling, Puppets, and Atrocities during the War, 1937–45’, in Akira Iriye, ed., The Chinese and the Japanese: Essays in Political and Cultural Interactions (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1980), 275–303.
17 Ch’en Yung-fa, ‘Guanjian de Yinian’, 353–4.
18 Ibid., 351–6.
19 Ibid., 354.
20 Ibid., 368.
21 ‘Millions Starving in Vast Chinese Area’, The New York Times, 20 October 1942.
22 Rana Mitter, China’s War with Japan, 1937–1945: The Struggle for Survival (London: Penguin, 2014), 271.
23 Claire Lee Chennault, Way of a Fighter: The Memoirs of Claire Lee Chennault (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1946), 286.
24 Van de Ven, War and Nationalism in China, 252–93; see also Arthur N. Young, China’s Wartime Finance and Inflation, 1937–1945 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1965)
; Chang Kia-Ngau, The Inflationary Spiral, The Experience in China, 1939–1950 (Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, 1958).
25 Wang Qisheng, ‘The Battle of Hunan and the Chinese Military’s Response to Operation Ichigo’, in Peattie et al., eds., The Battle for China, 405.
26 Ch’en Yung-fa, ‘Guanjian de Yinian’, 363–4.
27 Zhang Xianwen, Zhongguo Kang Ri Zhanzheng Shi (History of China’s War of Resistance) (Nanjing: Nanjing Daxue Chubanshe, 2001), 1059.
28 Ibid., 1061–5.
29 Chen Kewen, Chen Kewen Riji, 863.
30 Zhang Xianwen, Zhongguo Kang Ri Zhanzheng Shi, 1054–9.
31 Ibid., 1064 –7.
32 Ch’en Yung-fa, ‘Guanjian de Yinian’, 361.
33 Ibid., 371.
34 Ibid., 362.
35 Ibid., 349.
36 Stephen R. Platt, Autumn in the Heavenly Kingdom: China, the West, and the Epic Story of the Taiping Civil War (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2012), 358–9.
37 Wang Qisheng, ‘The Battle of Hunan and the Chinese Military’s Response to Operation Ichigo’, in Peattie et al., eds., The Battle for China, 407–8; Van de Ven, War and Nationalism in China, 19–63.
38 Ch’en Yung-fa, ‘Guanjian de Yinian’, 376.
39 Zhang Xianwen, ed., Kang Ri Zhanzheng de Zhengmian Zhanchang (Battles at the Front during the War of Resistance) (Zhengzhou: Henan Renmin Chubanshe, 1996), 1069–74.
40 Ibid., 1076–8; Ch’en Yung-fa, ‘Guanjian de Yinian’, 378–81.
41 Zhang Xianwen, Zhongguo Kang Ri Zhanzheng Shi, 1082–4; Hara Takeshi, ‘The Ichigo Offensive’, 394; Ch’en Yung-fa, ‘Guanjian de Yinian’, 382–3.
42 Ch’en Yung-fa, ‘Guanjian de Yinian’, 384.
43 Ibid., 385–6.
44 Zhang Xianwen, Zhongguo Kang Ri Zhanzheng Shi, 1084–7.
45 Quoted in ibid., 1087.
46 Ibid., 1088.
47 Ibid.
48 Ibid.
49 Chen Yung-fa, ‘Guanjian de Yinian’, 390–91.
50 Deng Ye, ‘Chiang Jieshi Dui Fang Xianjue Tou Di de Caijue’ (‘Chiang Kaishek’s Ruling on Fang Xianjue’s Surrender’), in Lishi Yanjiu (Historical Research), vol. 5 (2006), 136–48; Ch’en Yung-fa, ‘Guanjian de Yinian’, 391–3.
51 ‘Major General Claire Chennault to President Roosevelt’, 19 April 1944, FRUS, 1944, vol. 6, China, 83.
52 Van de Ven, War and Nationalism in China, 52–3.
53 Chennault, Way of a Fighter, 258.
54 Chen Kewen, Chen Kewen Riji, 898.
55 Ibid., 906.
56 Ibid.
57 Ibid., 717.
58 ‘The Chinese Famine’, The Times, 5 February 1944.
59 Chen Kewen, Chen Kewen Riji, 885.
60 Chi Pang-yuan, Juliuhe (The Great Flowing River) (Taipei: Yuanjian Tianxia, 2014), 196.
61 Ibid., 197.
62 Ibid., 198.
63 Chen Yung-fa, ‘Guanjian de Yinian’, 394.
64 ‘Behind the Removal of General Stilwell’, The New York Times, 30 October 1944.
65 Tuchman, Stilwell and the American Experience in China, 624. ‘US Air Base Peril’, The New York Times, 26 October 1944.
66 ‘Consul at Kweilin (Ringwalt) to Ambassador (Gauss)’, 25 May 1944, FRUS, 1944, vol. 6, China, 83.
67 Chen Yung-fa, ‘Guanjian de Yinian’, 399.
68 Ibid., 403–4.
69 ‘Albert Wedemeyer to Dwight Eisenhower’, February 1946, Hoover Institution Archives, Wedemeyer Papers, box 86, folder 3.
70 ‘Albert Wedemeyer to George Marshall’, 10 December 1944, Hoover Institution Archives, Wedemeyer Papers, box 82, folder 23.
71 ‘Albert Wedemeyer to Stanley Embick’, 7 December 1945, Hoover Institution Archives, Wedemeyer Papers, box 81, folder 4.
72 Chen Yung-fa, ‘Guanjian de Yinian’, 406.
73 Wesley Frank Craven and James Lea Cate, eds., The Army Air Forces in World War II: Volume 5: The Pacific – Matterhorn to Nagasaki, June 1944 to August 1945 (Washington DC: Office of Air Force History, 1983), 142–4; http://www.afhso.af.mil/shared/media/document/AFD-101105–012.pdf.
74 Okamura Yasuji, Gangcun Ningci Huiyilu (Memoirs of Okamura Yasuji), Tianjin Shi Zhengxie Weiyuanhui, trans. (Beijing: Xinhua Shudian, 1981), 248–9.
75 Mitter, China’s War with Japan, 377–80.
76 Theodore H. White, ed., The Stilwell Papers (New York: William Sloane Assoc., 1948), 45.
77 Tuchman, Stilwell and the American Experience in China, 329.
78 Ibid., 347.
79 Ibid., 547.
80 White, ed., The Stilwell Papers, 305.
81 Tuchman, Stilwell and the American Experience in China, 531.
82 ‘Carton de Wiart to PM’, 18 December 1943, in ‘Use of Yunnan Force’, UK National Archives, PREM 3/148/6.
83 Larry Bland, ed., The Papers of George Catlett Marshall (6 volumes) (Baltimore, MD: John Hopkins University Press, 1981), vol. 4, 568, nn. 1 and 2. See also ‘Prime Minister to General Carton de Wiart’ and ‘Prime Minister to Chiang Kaishek’, in ZHMGZYSLCB, series 2, vol. 3, 468–71.
84 Tuchman, Stilwell and the American Experience in China, 567, 579.
85 Ibid., 596–7.
86 Mitter, China’s War with Japan, 331.
87 Ibid., 332; Tuchman, Stilwell and the American Experience in China, 596–7.
88 ‘Political Obstacles to Military Unity’, The New York Times, 18 December 1944.
89 Ibid.
90 Tuchman, Stilwell and the American Experience in China, 600–601.
91 Ibid., 302.
92 Van de Ven, War and Nationalism in China, 56.
93 Tuchman, Stilwell and the American Experience in China, 631.
94 Ibid.
95 Message from Chiang Kaishek, passed on by Ambassador Patrick J. Hurley, see ‘Major General Patrick Hurley to President Roosevelt’, FRUS, 1944, vol. 6, China, 167–9.
96 Daniel Katz, ‘The Polls and the 1944 Election’, in Public Opinion Quarterly, vol. 8 (1944– 5), 468, 481.
97 ‘President Roosevelt to Generalissimo Chiang Kaishek’, 5 October 1944, FRUS, 1944, vol. 6, China, 165.
98 ‘Ambassador Hurley to President Truman’, 20 May 1945, FRUS, 1945, vol. 8, China, 107.
99 ‘Draft of Message from the President to the Generalissimo’, 16 October 1944, in Bland, ed., The Papers of George Catlett Marshall, vol. 4, 627.
100 Tuchman, Stilwell and the American Experience in China, 646; ‘Long Schism Seen’, The New York Times, 31 October 1944.
101 ‘Long Schism Seen’, The New York Times, 31 October 1944.
102 Van de Ven, War and Nationalism in China, 60.
103 ‘Albert Wedemeyer to Dwight Eisenhower’, February 1946, Hoover Institution Archives, Wedemeyer Collection, box 86, folder 3.
104 ‘Marshall to Stilwell’, 26 May 1944, in Bland, ed., The Papers of George Catlett Marshall, vol. 4, 466.
105 ‘George Marshall to Joseph Stilwell’, 7 June 1944, in Bland, ed., The Papers of George Catlett Marshall, vol. 4, 472–3.
106 ‘Superforts Make Records in Orient’, The New York Times, 17 December 1944.
107 Ibid.
108 Jeremy Harwood, World War II: From Above: An Aerial View of the Global Conflict (Brighton: Qu:id Publishing, 2014), 150–52, 192.
109 Craven and Cate, eds., The Army Air Forces in World War II: Volume 5: The Pacific – Matterhorn to Nagasaki June 1944 to August 1945, 142–4; Chennault, Way of a Fighter, 295; Wuhan Shizhi Biancuan Wiyuanhui (Editorial Committee for the Wuhan Local Gazetteer), eds., Wuhan Shizhi: Junshi Zhi (Gazetteer of Wuhan: Military Gazetteer), 412.
110 ‘Hankow Blow to be Type’, The New York Times, 22 December 1944.
111 Quoted in Richard Overy, The Bombing War: Europe 1939–1945 (London: Allen Lane, 2013), 637.
112 ‘Albert Wedemeyer to George Marshall’, 1 August 1945, in Keith E. Eiler, ed., Wedemeyer on War and Peace (Stanford, CA: Hoover Institution Press, 1987), 127.
113 ‘Albert Wedemeyer to Dwight Eisenhower’, February 1946, Hoover In
stitution Archives, Wedemeyer Papers, box 86, folder 3.
114 Ibid.
115 ‘Albert Wedemeyer to George Marshall’, 25 April 1945, Hoover Institution Archives, Wedemeyer Papers, box 82, folder 23.
116 ‘Albert Wedemeyer to Stanley Embick’, 7 December 1944, Hoover Institution Archives, Wedemeyer Papers, box 81, folder 4.
117 ‘Efficiency Report’, 25 January 1945, Hoover Institution Archives, Wedemeyer Papers, box 87, folder 9.
118 ‘Smuggling in China’, Claire Chennault Papers, Hoover Institution Archives, box 9, folder 8.
119 Ibid.
120 ‘Albert Wedemeyer to Dwight Eisenhower’, February 1946, Hoover Institution Archives, Wedemeyer Papers, box 86, folder 3.
121 Albert Wedemeyer, ‘Memorandum for Chiang Kaishek’, 10 November 1945, Hoover Institution Archives, Wedemeyer Papers, box 81, folder 2.
122 ‘Albert Wedemeyer to George Marshall’, 16 August 1945, Hoover Institution Archives, Wedemeyer Papers, box 87, folder 1.
123 ‘George Marshall to Arthur Wedemeyer’, 12 and 14 August 1945, Hoover Institution Archives, Wedemeyer Papers, box 87, folder 1.
124 Lyman Van Slyke, ‘The Chinese Communist Movement during the Sino-Japanese War 1937–1945’, in CHOC, vol. 13, 708–9.
125 Yang Zhesheng, Qingbao Yingxiong Xiong Xianghui: Zai Hu Zongnan Shenbian de Shiernian (Intelligence Hero Xiong Xianghui: Twelve Years by the Side of Hu Zongnan) (Shanghai: Shanghai Renmin Chubanshe, 2007), 191–208.
126 Van Slyke, ‘The Chinese Communist Movement during the Sino-Japanese War’, in CHOC, vol. 13, 709.
127 Deng Ye, Lianhe Zhengfu yu Yidang Xunzheng: 1944–1946 Nian jian Guo Gong Zhengzhen (Joint Government and One Party Political Tutelage: The Political Struggle between the Communists and the Nationalists, 1944–1946) (Beijing: Shehui Wenxue Wenxian Chubanshe, 2011), 17.
128 Ibid., 49.
129 Ibid., 47–8.
130 Ibid.
131 Ibid., 6.
132 Ibid., 7–10.
133 Ibid., 14.
134 Ibid., 31.
135 Ibid., 35.
136 Ibid., 35–6.
137 Guo Moruo, ‘Jiashen Sanbainian Ji’ (‘In Commemoration of the 300th Anniversary of 1644’), in Guo Moruo, Guo Moruo Wen Ji (1937; reprinted Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2009).
138 Zhongyang Ribao (Central Daily News), 24 March 1944.
139 Mao Zedong, ‘Our Study and the Current Situation’, in Selected Works of Mao Tse-tung (Beijing: Foreign Languages Press, 1969), vol. 3, 174.