China at War
Page 44
100. SLGB, vol. 43 (January–June 1940), 523.
101. Arthur Waldron, ‘China’s New Remembering of WWII: The Case of Zhang Zizhong’, Modern Asian Studies 30:4 (1996), 953–4.
102. Quoted in ibid., 954.
103. Ibid., 965–9.
104. Chen Kewen, ‘Recollecting Chen Bijun and Chen Chunpu’, in Chen Kewen, Chen Kewen Riji, 1435–6.
105. Yang Zhiyi, ‘The Road to Lyric Martyrdom’, 162.
106. Boyle, China and Japan at War, 6 –11.
Chapter 8: War Communism
1. https://www.csee.umbc.edu/~stephens/POEMS/brecht1.
2. Lyman Van Slyke, ‘The Chinese Communist Movement during the Sino-Japanese War 1937–1945’, in CHOC, vol. 13, 632.
3. Edgar Snow, Red Star over China (originally published London: Victor Gollancz, 1937; New York: Grove Press, 1961), 63–4; Mark Selden, The Yenan Way in Revolutionary China (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1971), 3.
4. J. C. Keyte, The Passing of the Dragon, 227, quoted in Selden, The Yenan Way, 4.
5. Alexander Pantsov and Steven I. Levine, Mao: The Real Story (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2012), 289.
6. Ibid., 287–8.
7. Li Zhisui, The Private Life of Chairman Mao: The Inside Story of the Man Who Made China (London: Chatto & Windus, 1994), 568.
8. Xinhua, ‘Zhengque Chuli Mao Zedong “Ganxie Ribin Qinlue” Yiyu’ (‘Correctly Handling Mao Zedong’s Statement “With Thanks to Japanese Aggression”’, 17 December 2008 http://news.163.com/08/1217/08/4TBQLDI200011247.html
9. Karl Marx, The Class Struggles in France, in Lewis S. Feuer, ed., Marx and Engels: Basic Writings on Politics and Philosophy (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1959), 319.
10. Karl Marx, The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte, chapter 7, https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1852/18th-brumaire/ch07.htm
11. On Tawney as a moral economist, see Tim Rogan, The Moral Economists: R. H. Tawney, Karl Polanyi, E. P. Thompson and the Critique of Capitalism (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2017). R. H. Tawney, Land and Labor in China (Boston, MA: Beacon Press, 1966), 74.
12. Timothy Cheek, Propaganda and Culture in Mao’s China: Deng Tuo and the Intelligentsia (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1997), 49–51.
13. For an excellent introduction to literary and scholarly writings about the countryside, see Zhang Yu, To the Soil: The Rural and the Modern in Chinese Cultural Imagination, 1915–1935 (Stanford University Ph.D. dissertation, 2014), chapter 1.
14. Pantsov and Levine, Mao, 11–21.
15. Quoted in Hans van de Ven, From Friend to Comrade: The Founding of the Chinese Communist Party, 1920–1927 (Berkeley: University of Califonria Press, 1991), 23.
16. Ibid., 157–60.
17. Cheek, Propaganda and Culture in Mao’s China, 43.
18. Ibid., 47.
19. Hans van de Ven, From Friend to Comrade: The Founding of the Chinese Communist Party, 1920–1927 (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1992), 52.
20. Quoted in Su Yu, Su Yu Zhanzheng Huiyilu (War Memoirs of Su Yu) (Beijing: Jiefangjun Chubanshe, 1988), 72.
21. Stephen Averill, ‘The Origins of the Futian Incident’, in Tony Saich and Hans van de Ven, New Perspectives on the Chinese Communist Revolution (Armonk, NY: M E. Sharpe, 1995), 100–110.
22. Mao Zedong, On Protracted War, in Selected Works of Mao Tse-tung (Beijing: Foreign Languages Press, 1969), vol. 2, 131.
23. Pantsov and Levine, Mao, 255.
24. Quoted in Pantsov and Levine, Mao, 268.
25. Mao Zedong, ‘A Single Spark Can Start a Prairie Fire’, in Selected Works of Mao Tsetung, vol. 1, 124.
26. Pantsov and Levine, Mao, 280.
27. Snow, Red Star over China, part 3, chapter 1.
28. James M. Bertram, North China Front (London: Macmillan & Co., 1939), 151.
29. Panstov and Levine, Mao, 309.
30. Ibid., 279.
31. Raymond F. Wylie, The Emergence of Maoism: Mao Tse-tung, Chen Po-ta, and the Search for Chinese Theory 1935–1945 (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1980).
32. Jin Chongji, Mao Zedong Zhuan, 1883–1949 (Biography of Mao Zedong, 1893–1949) (Bejing: Zhongyang Wenxian Chubanshe, 1996), 498.
33. Jin Chongji, Mao Zedong Zhuan, 497–8; Wu Xiuquan, ‘Zai Yan’an Junwei Zongbu’ (‘At the Yan’an HQ of the Military Affairs Committee’), in Zhongguo Renmin Jiefangjun Lishi Ziliao Congshu Bianshen Weiyuanhui, eds., Zhongguo Renmin Jiefangjun Lishi Ziliao: Zong Canmou Bu Huiyi Shiliao (Historical Materials for the People’s Liberation Army: Recollections from the General Staff Office) (Beijing: Jiefangjun Chubanshe, 1995), 125.
34. Mao Zedong, On Protracted War, in Stuart R. Schram, ed., Mao’s Road to Power, 1912– 1949: Volume 6: The New Stage, August 1937–1938 (Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 2004), 356–9.
35. Ibid., 329.
36. https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/mao/selected-works/volume-2/mswv2_08.htm. May 1938. This is a draft of a piece that Mao abandoned.
37. Mao Zedong, On Protracted War, in Schram, ed., Mao’s Road to Power, vol. 6, 374.
38. Ibid.
39. Ibid.
40. Ibid.
41. Ibid.
42. Carl von Clausewitz, On War, J. J. Graham, trans., revised by F. N. Mause, abridged by Louise Wilmot (London: Wordsworth, 1997), 150–51.
43. Van Slyke, ‘The Chinese Communist Movement during the Sino-Japanese War’, in CHOC, vol. 13, 646–58.
44. Peng Zhen, quoted in ibid., 654.
45. Quoted in Yang Kuisong, ‘Nationalist and Communist Guerrilla Warfare in North China’, in Mark Peattie, Edward J. Drea and Hans van de Ven, eds., The Battle for China: Essays on the Military History of the Sino-Japanese War of 1937–45 (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2011), 321.
46. Ch’en Yung-fa, ‘The Blooming Poppy under the Red Sun’, in Tony Saich and Hans van de Ven, eds., New Perspectives on the Chinese Communist Revolution (Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, 1995), 263–98.
47. Peter Vladimirov, The Vladimirov Diaries: Yenan, China, 1942–1945 (London: Robert Hale, 1976), 43.
48. Zhang Xianwen, Zhonghua Minguo Shi (History of the Republic of China) (Nanjing: Nanjing University Press, 2005), vol. 2, 343–57.
49. Ibid., vol. 3, 24–5.
50. Ibid., vol. 3, 22.
51. Yang Kuisong, Geming (Revolution) (Nanning: Guangxi Renmin Chubanshe, 2012), vol. 3, 446.
52. Ibid., vol. 3, 448.
53. Quoted in Lloyd E. Eastman, The Nationalist Era in China, 1927–1949 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991), 207.
54. Mao Zedong, ‘The Luochuan Meeting Will Discuss Major Military Issues’, 18 August 1937, in Schram, ed., Mao’s Road to Power, vol. 6, 22; ‘Three Telegrams from Mao Zedong on the Issue of Guerrilla Warfare’, September 1937 and April 1938, in Tony Saich and Bingzhang Yang, eds., The Rise to Power of the Chinese Communist Party: Documents and Analysis (Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1996), 793–5.
55. Mao Zedong, ‘Resolutely Maintain the Principle of Independent and Self-Reliant Warfare’, in Schram, ed., Mao’s Road to Power, vol. 6, 51.
56. Mao Zedong, ‘Opinion Concerning the 115th Division Advancing to Hebei, Shandong, and Other Places in Three Steps’, in Schram, ed., Mao’s Road to Power, vol. 6, 218–19.
57. Mao Zedong, ‘We Must Deploy Sufficient Forces on Exterior Lines’, in Schram, ed., Mao’s Road to Power, vol. 6, 222–5.
58. Mao Zedong, ‘Opinion Concerning the 115th Division Advancing to Hebei, Shandong, and Other Places in Three Steps’, in Schram, ed., Mao’s Road to Power, vol. 6, 218–19.
59. Van Slyke, ‘The Chinese Communist Movement during the Sino-Japanese War’, CHOC, vol. 13, 640.
60. Ibid., 641.
61. Sherman Lai, A Springboard to Victory: Shandong Province and Chinese Communist Military and Financial Strength, 1937–1945 (Leiden: Brill, 2011), 15–17.
62. Van Slyke. ‘The Chinese Communist Movement during the Sino-Japanese War’, CHOC, vol. 13, 620–21.
63. Zhang Guotao, ‘Earnest Letter to the Chinese People’, 6 May 1938, in Saich and Yang, eds., The Rise to Power of the Chinese Communist Party, 762, 764.
64. Quoted in Yang Kuisong, ‘Kangzhan Shiqi Zhonggong Junshi Fazhan Biandong de Shishi Kaoxi’ (‘An Examination of the Facts about Changes in the Military Development of the Chinese Communist Party during the War of Resistance’), in Jindaishi Yanjiu (Research on Modern Chinese History), vol. 210 (2015: 11), 5.
65. See Yang Kuisong, ‘Kangzhan Shiqi Zhonggong Junshi Fazhan Biandong de Shishi Kaoxi’, http://jds.cass.cn/ztyj/gms/201605/t20160506_3324941.shtml.
66. Chiang Kaishek, Kunmianji (Diary Entries on Striving in Adversity), Huang Zijin and Pan Guangzhe, eds., (Taipei: Guoshiguan, 2011), 648.
67. Yang Kuisong, Geming, vol. 3, 468.
68. Ibid., 462.
69. Ibid., 476–7.
70. Ibid., 477.
71. Van Slyke, ‘The Chinese Communist Movement during the Sino-Japanese War’, in CHOC, vol. 13, 659.
72. Ibid., 620–21.
73. Lai, A Springboard to Victory, 44.
74. Ibid., 46–7.
75. Ibid., 47– 9.
76. Quoted in Yang Kuisong, Geming, vol. 3, 479.
77. Yang Kuisong, Geming, vol. 3, 483–5.
78. Ibid., 485–512.
79. Jin Chongji, Mao Zedong Zhuan, 624–5.
80. Ibid., 639, quoting ‘Mao Zedong Zai Zhongyang Xuexizu Fayan Jilu’ (‘Record of Mao Zedong’s Speeches at the Central Study Group’), 28 May 1942.
81. ‘To 10 from 12’, 12 October 1944, in Government Code and Cypher School: Decrypts of Communist International Messages, in UK National Archives, HW 17/42.
82. Quoted in Jin Chongji, Mao Zedong Zhuan, 653.
83. Quoted in Van Slyke, ‘The Chinese Communist Movement during the Sino-Japanese War’, in CHOC, vol. 13, 690.
84. The definitive work is Gao Hua, Hong Taiyang Shi Zen Yang Shengqide: Yan’an Zhengfeng Yundong De Lailong Qumai (How Did the Red Flag Rise Above Yan’an: The History of the Yan’an Rectification Movement) (Hong Kong: Chinese University of Hong Kong Press, 2002).
85. Jin Chongji, Mao Zedong Zhuan, 651.
86. Quoted in Van Slyke, ‘The Chinese Communist Movement during the Sino-Japanese War’, in CHOC, vol. 13, 692.
87. David E. Apter and Tony Saich, Revolutionary Discourse in Mao’s Republic (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1994), 285.
88. Ibid., 285.
89. This collection would become Liuda Yilai (Since the Sixth Congress), published internally in 1950 and 1980 by the Office of the Central Committee of the CCP. The collection Zhonggong Zhongyang Wenjian Xuanji (Selection Documents of the CCP Central Committee) (Beijing: Central Party School, 1989–1992) is based on these.
90. Vladimirov, The Vladimirov Diaries, 105–10.
91. Apter and Saich, Revolutionary Discourse in Mao’s Republic, 287.
92. Dai Qing, Wang Shiwei and ‘Wild Lilies’: Rectification and Purges in the Chinese Communist Party, 1942–1944 (Arnak, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1994), 5.
93. Jin Chongji, Mao Zedong Zhuan, 652.
94. Apter and Saich, Revolutionary Discourse in Mao’s Republic, 289.
95. Jin Chongji, Mao Zedong Zhuan, 653.
96. Quoted in ibid., 655.
97. See Saich and Yang, eds., The Rise to Power of the Chinese Communist Party, 912–29.
98. Ibid., 915.
99. Ibid., 928.
100. Ibid., 927.
Chapter 9: The Allies at War
1 Sir Adrian Carton de Wiart, Happy Odyssey: The Memoirs of Lieutenant-General Sir Adrian Carton de Wiart (London: Jonathan Cape, 1950; Barnsley: Pen & Sword Military, 2007), 271.
2 Winston S. Churchill, History of the Second World War, Volume 3: The Grand Alliance (London: Cassell & Co. Ltd, 1950), 538–40.
3 https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/churchill/wc-sword.html
4 SLGB, vol. 47 (September–December 1941), 593.
5 Ibid., 487–92.
6 Ibid., 492–530.
7 ‘Omita to Currie’, 27 November 1941, in Hoover Institution Archives, Laughlin Currie Papers, Owen Lattimore Correspondence.
8 ‘Sharp Statement Indicates Talks with Kurusu Near Collapse’, Washington Post, 4 December 1941.
9 Jay Taylor, ‘China’s Long War with Japan’, in John Ferris and Evan Mawdsley, eds., The Cambridge History of the Second World War, Volume 1: Fighting the War (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2015), 65.
10 SLGB, vol. 47 (September–December 1941), 607–8.
11 Chiang Kaishek, Kunmianji (Diary Entries on Striving in Adversity), Huang Zijin and Pan Guangzhe, eds. (Taipei: Guoshiguan, 2011), 813.
12 Ibid.
13 John Thompson, A Sense of Power: The Roots of America’s Global Role (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2015), 194, 201–2.
14 Barbara W. Tuchman, Stilwell and the American Experience in China, 1911–1945 (London: Macmillan, 1971), 320.
15 Quoted in Thomas G. Mahnken, ‘US Grand Strategy’, in Ferris and Mawdsley, eds., The Cambridge History of the Second World War, Volume 1: Fighting the War, 193.
16 Mark A. Stoler, Allies and Adversaries: The Joint Chiefs of Staff, the Grand Alliance, and the US Strategy in WWII (Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 2000), 31.
17 Mark Watson http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/csppp/ch12.htm
18 ‘Notes of Meeting at the White House’, Larry Bland, ed, The Papers of George Catlett Marshall (6 volumes) (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1981), vol. 3, 30–34.
19 Chiang Kaishek, Kunmianji, 813–15.
20 SLGB, vol. 47 (September–December 1941), 713.
21 Zhang Xianwen, Zhonghua Minguo Shi (History of the Republic of China) (Nanjing: Nanjing University Press, 2005), vol. 3, 135.
22 Mahnken, ‘US Grand Strategy’, in Ferris and Mawdsley, eds., The Cambridge History of the Second World War: Volume 1: Fighting the War, 189.
23 ‘The Military Mission in China to the War Department’, 10 February 1942, in FRUS, 1942, China, 13–16.
24 ‘Airmen Decorated’, The New York Times, 20 May 1942.
25 ‘The Chinese Campaign’, The New York Times, 7 June 1942.
26 R. Keith Schoppa, In a Sea of Bitterness: Refugees during the Sino-Japanese War (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2011), 249.
27 Schoppa, ‘Self-inflicted Wounds: Scorched Earth Strategies in Zhejiang, 1937–1945’, paper presented at the Conference on the Scars of War at the University of British Columbia, April 1998, 15.
28 Tuchman, Stilwell and the American Experience in China, 359.
29 The New York Times, 21 April 1942.
30 ‘We Mean Business, Stilwell Asserts’, The New York Times, 21 March 1942.
31 Thompson, A Sense of Power, 199.
32 Hans van de Ven, War and Nationalism in China, 1925–1945 (London: Routledge, 2003), 22–3.
33 Ibid., 22–4.
34 For relevant documents, see ZHMGZYSLCB, series 2, vol. 3, 221–60, consisting of minutes of discussions between Chiang Kaishek and General Joseph Stilwell, as well as Chiang Kaishek’s instructions to his commanders.
35 Tuchman, Stilwell and the American Experience in China, 330.
36 Hsi-sheng Ch’i, The Much Troubled Alliance: US–China Military Cooperation during the Pacific War, 1941–1945 (Singapore: World Scientific Publishing, 2015), 65.
37 Ibid., 85.
38 Peter Paret, ed., Makers of Modern Strategy from Machiavelli to the Nuclear Age (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1986), 681.
39 Theodore H. White, ed., The Stilwell Papers (New York: William Sloane Assoc., 1948), 214, 315, 340.
40 Ibid., 53.
41 Ibid., 80.
42 ‘Stilwell, After “a Beating” in Burma Would Hit Back’, The New York Times, 26 May 1942.
43 Hsi-sheng Ch’i, The Much Troubled Alliance, 140.
44 Ibid.
45 ‘What Caused It’, The New York Times, 2
6 May 1942.
46 Chiang Kaishek, Kunmianji, 845; Hsi-sheng Ch’i, The Much Troubled Alliance, 137.
47 I am grateful to Richard Frank for bringing this detail to my attention.
48 I am grateful to Richard Frank for spelling out in this way the implications of the logistical problems the Allies faced in supplying China.
49 ‘Record of Conversation following Chiang Kaishek’s Welcoming Banquet for General Stilwell, Chief of Staff of Allied Forces in the China Theatre’, 9 March 1942, ZHMGZYSLCB, series 2, vol. 3, 221–3.
50 Tuchman, Stilwell and the American Experience in China, 404–5.
51 Ibid., 418–19.
52 Charles F. Romanus and Riley Sunderland, China–Burma –India Theater: Stilwell’s Mission to China (Washington, DC:, Office of the Chief of Military History, 1956), 152–8; Louis Allen, Burma: The Longest War 1941–45 (London: J. M. Dent, 1984), 156; Tuchman, Stilwell and the American Experience in China, 1911–1945, 386–7.
53 ‘Subject: Retaking of Burma’, in Bland, ed., The Papers of George Catlett Marshall, vol. 3, 319–20.
54 Tuchman, Stilwell and the American Experience in China, 389.
55 ‘Subject: Operation in Burma, March 1943’, in Bland, ed., The Papers of George Catlett Marshall, vol. 3, 476–7.
56 Claire Lee Chennault, Way of a Fighter: The Memoirs of Claire Lee Chennault (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1946), 4.
57 Ibid., 21.
58 Herbert O. Yardley, The Chinese Black Chamber: An Adventure in Espionage (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1983).
59 Carton de Wiart, Happy Odyssey, 124–5.
60 Ibid., 89.
61 Chennault, Way of a Fighter, 73.
62 Ibid., 114–15.
63 ‘Labels Americans “Flying Tigers”’, The New York Times, 27 January 1942.
64 Chennault, Way of a Fighter, 144.
65 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Tq0ivpKAvn4.
66 Washington Post, 17 April 1942.
67 Romanus and Sunderland, China –Burma–India Theater: Stilwell’s Mission to China, 253–4; Wesley Marvin Bagby, The Eagle–Dragon Alliance: America’s Relations with China in World War II (Newark, NJ: University of Delaware Press, 1992), 75.