Hampton Court, 78, 216, 234, 237
Handel, George Frederick, 229–30
Hanmer, Sir Thomas, 498
Hanover: interest in English politics, 209; negotiations with Anne over succession, 289–93; Marlborough visits, 292; Anne’s coolness towards, 448; soldiers unpaid by British, 489, 514; and possible acceptance of Pretender as successor, 505; demands on Anne, 512–13; see also George I, King; Sophia, Electress of Hanover
Hanoverians: and succession to English throne, 165–6, 170–1, 182, 192, 418; Whig attitude to, 447
Harcourt, Simon, 1st Viscount, 341, 424, 482, 496, 512, 524, 527
Harley, Robert see Oxford and Mortimer, Robert Harley, 1st Earl of
Harley, Thomas, 489, 509–10, 513–15
Hatsell, Sir Henry, 223
Haversham, John Thompson, 1st Baron, 290–2, 359–60, 367
Hawksmoor, Nicholas, 237
Hedges, Sir Charles, 204, 211, 219, 223, 247, 276, 301–4, 307
Heinsius, Anthonie, 221, 416, 487
Henrietta Maria, Queen of Charles I, 2, 4, 11, 509
Hervey, Carr, Lord, 493
Hervey, Lady, 230, 344
Heylyn, Peter: History of the Reformation, 13
Hill, Abigail see Masham, Abigail, Lady
Hill, Alice (Abigail’s sister), 127, 321, 323, 329
Hill, Jack (Abigail’s brother): career and character, 321–2, 324; Anne considers giving Essex’s regiment to, 395–7; Marlborough excludes from promotion list, 410; commands troops in Canada expedition, 444, 456; takes possession of Dunkirk, 479
Hoadly, Benjamin (later Bishop of Winchester), 225
Holland: Louis XIV’s war with, 15, 27, 122, 128; and War of Spanish Succession, 167–8, 258, 270, 284; and Prince George’s position as generalissimo, 183–4; British commitment to, 196–7; wariness of Tories, 209; Marlborough’s campaign in, 249, 258; and proposed peace terms, 299–300, 430, 444–5, 452, 457, 459, 462, 479–82; defensive line of fortresses, 300, 384, 470, 494, 538; reluctance to wage war in Low Countries, 334; Barrier Treaty with Britain (1709), 384–5, 444, 452, 457, 470; losses at Malplaquet, 387; Swift accuses of not fulfilling quotas for ships or men, 460; Commons criticises for inadequate contribution to war, 470–1; and Utrecht peace conference, 470, 475–6, 481, 487; modifies Barrier Treaty, 487; signs Peace of Utrecht, 493; complains of British violation of terms of Ryswick Treaty, 494
Holyrood House, Edinburgh, 35
Hooke, Nathaniel, 265, 343
Hooper, George, Dean of Canterbury (later Bishop of Bath and Wells), 157
Howe, Emmanuel Scope, 289–90
Hughes, Peg, 37
Huguenots: and revocation of Edict of Nantes, 64
Hull, William, 223
Huntingdon, Elizabeth, Countess of, 66
Hyde, Anne (Anne’s mother) see York, Anne, Duchess of
Hyde, Lady Henrietta, 29–30
Hyde, Lady (wife of Anne’s first cousin), 239, 404, 437
Iberville, Charles d’, 507–8, 511, 518, 529–30
Indians (North American): chiefs visit Anne, 443
Ireland: James II in, 112; Prince George accompanies William on campaign in, 120; Marlborough campaigns in, 123; William bestows estates on favourites, 155; Rochester as Lord Lieutenant, 203; Shrewsbury appointed Lord Lieutenant, 500; and support for Pretender, 518
Isabella, Princess, 22, 27, 32, 35
Italy: allied campaign in, 299
Jacobites: as threat, 119, 135, 138; and Mary’s death, 148–9; unhappiness at Treaty of Ryswick, 155; support for Anne, 200; and abjuration oath, 201; Scottish sympathisers, 213, 264–6; as potential assassins, 272–3; and Sacheverell trial, 402; sympathisers in 1710 Parliament, 425; and Anne’s supposed intention to restore Prince of Wales, 447; MPs threaten to alter succession conditions, 491; and Oxford’s attitude to Pretender, 504, 508; Bolingbroke seeks support of, 508–9; reaction to Anne’s death, 531; rebellion (1715), 534
James I, King of England (James VI of Scotland), 16, 348
James II, King (earlier Duke of York; Anne’s father): and birth of Anne, 1; escapes from Parliamentary custody as boy, 2; meets and marries Anne Hyde, 2–5; returns from exile on brother’s Restoration, 3; disowns son by Anne Hyde, 4; infidelities, 6, 38; lack of sense of humour, 6; London homes, 6; relations with children, 8–9; temperament and personality, 9; and Clarendon’s fall from power, 10; Catholicism, 12, 14–15, 20, 31, 57, 64, 73, 109; and first wife’s death, 14; and Anne’s religious upbringing, 20; second marriage (to Mary Beatrice of Modena), 22; consents to daughter Mary’s marriage to William of Orange, 27; and death of infant son, 29; and exclusion crisis, 31–3, 35–6; sent abroad and to Scotland (1679), 31–2, 34–5; returns to England, 35–6; Marlborough accompanies, 48–9; agrees to Sarah Churchill’s appointment as Lady of Bedchamber to Anne, 49; accession, 57–8; and Anne’s finances, 61; relations with Parliament, 61–2, 73, 79; hopes for Anne’s conversion to Catholicism, 62–4, 78; and birth of Anne’s daughter Anne Sophia, 63; advances Catholicism in England, 64, 73–6, 81, 88; enlarges army, 64–5; attacks on Church of England, 65; suspends Test Acts in Scotland and England, 75; progress through west of England, 79–80; and Mary Beatrice’s pregnancy, 80, 85; and Anne’s absence for birth of son James, 87; and birth of son James, 89; and threat of William of Orange’s invasion, 91; warned of William’s invasion plan, 95–6; testifies to legitimacy of son James, 96–7; unaware of Anne’s support of William, 96; proclaims William’s Declaration of Reasons illegal, 97; opposes William’s invasion army, 98; officers’ defections, 99; returns to London after nosebleed, 99–100; flees country and army disbanded, 102, 104, 110–11; sends commissioners to negotiate with William, 103–4; shock at Anne’s flight from London, 103; taken into custody at Faversham, 104–5; and Anne’s reluctance to accept as king, 107–8; Parliament declares throne vacant after flight, 109; campaign in Ireland, 112; plots to reinstate, 119; flees back to France from Ireland, 120; Anne sends letter of contrition to, 128–30, 140; Louis XIV supports in France, 128; Marlborough seeks renewed contact with, 128; plans and abandons invasion from France, 135–7; declares readiness to forgive Marlborough, 141; Anne requests support for accession to throne, 153; demands in 1697 peace negotiations, 154; daughter by Mary Beatrice, 155; children excluded from succession, 164; decline and death, 168–9; Tory and Whig views of, 189–90
James Francis Edward Stuart, Prince of Wales (‘the Old Pretender’): birth, 88–9; identity and legitimacy questioned, 92–3, 111, 402, 492, 514, 540; infant illness, 92; christened, 96; mother takes abroad as infant, 104; claim to succession, 106–7, 165; William declines to make successor, 147; and Anne’s claim to succession, 154; and father’s death, 168; Louis XIV recognises as James III of England, 169, 190; English measures against, 170; Parliamentary abjuration oath denying claims, 190–1, 201; Tories’ sympathy for, 192, 200; Scots reject as successor to throne, 257; and supposed Scottish Jacobite plot, 264–6; in Dunkirk for invasion of Scotland, 343–5; invoked in Sacheverell trial, 402; support from 1710 Parliament, 425; Jersey reports to Gaultier on chance of succeeding Anne, 429; and peace negotiations (1711), 444, 450, 452; Anne’s rumoured support for, 447–8; Anne’s contempt for, 448, 493, 540; letter to Anne claiming succession, 449; suggested conversion to Protestantism, 476, 492, 506–7; peace terms require expulsion from France, 478; and Duke of Hamilton’s apointment as peace negotiator, 486; Oxford communicates with, 490–1; settles in Lorraine, 490, 498, 504, 510; as successor threat to Hanoverians, 490; Oxford and Bolingbroke contact during Anne’s final year, 503–4, 507; Oxford’s prevarications over, 504–6; opposition to return as monarch, 505; dismisses Middleton, 506; writes to Anne, 508; bounty offered for apprehension of, 511, 518; Hanover Elector demands removal from Lorraine, 515; proclamation against, 518, 520; and Anne’s death, 530; Declaration, 534, 540; and rebellion (1715), 534; Whigs claim Anne’s intention to bequeath crown to, 540
Jennings, Sir John, 393
Jensen, Gerrit, 233
Jersey, Barbara, Countess of, 499
Jersey, Edward Villiers, 1st Earl of, 171, 204, 266, 268, 428–9, 444–5, 447, 449–51
Jews: accused of complicity with warmongering Whigs, 458
Johnson, Samuel, 227
Jones, Mary, 223
Joseph I, Holy Roman Emperor, 416, 418, 426; death, 445
Junto see Whigs
Kendal, Prince James, Duke of, 7, 9
Kensington Palace, 156, 231–2; paintings, 232
Kent, Henry Grey, Duke (earlier 11th Earl) of, 266, 403, 409, 493
King, Sir Peter, 425, 462
Kingston, Dr Richard, 139–40
Kit Kat Club, 180, 529
Kneller, Sir Godfrey, 233
Konigsmark, Karl Johann, Count von, 405
Kreienberg, C.F. von, 448–9, 457, 476, 482, 490, 514, 515
Ladies of the Bedchamber: duties, 239–40
La Hogue, Battle of (1692), 137–8, 140
Laine, Peter de, 17
Lake, Dr Edward, 28–30
Land Tax: Bill (1704), 275; Oxford halves, 497
Landrecies, siege of (1712), 480
Leake, Admiral Sir John, 299
Leather Tax (1711), 443
Lee, Nathaniel: Mithridates, 18, 26, 37
Leeds, Thomas Osborne, 1st Duke of (and Marquis of Carmarthen), 152, 248, 294, 399
Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, 292–3
Lente, Sieur de, 40
Leopold I, Emperor of Austria, 166–7, 257, 300, 539
lesbianism: Anne’s supposed, 24, 27, 39, 53–4, 361–4; in 17th-century England, 54
Leslie, Charles, 447–8
Leven, David Melville, 3rd Earl of, 344
l’Hermitage, René Saunière de, 203, 215, 380, 423, 513, 516, 518
Licensing Act: lapses (1695), 193
Life of James II, 84, 86, 140
Lille: siege and fall (1708), 357, 367–8, 376; excluded from Barrier fortresses, 538
Limerick, Treaty of (1691), 128
Lister, Dr Martin, 442
Lloyd, David, 129–30
Lloyd, William, Bishop of Llandaff, then of Norwich, 85, 90, 92–3
Lloyd, William, Bishop of Worcester, 137, 224–5, 398
Locke, John, 144
Lockhart, George, 241, 265, 284, 296–7, 313, 483, 491, 518, 520
London: anti-Catholic riots on James’s departure, 104; William III enters, 105; riots over Sacheverell trial, 403–4
London Gazette, 103
Lords, House of: proposes regency after James’s flight, 109; accepts William and Mary as joint sovereigns, 110; opposes Occasional Conformity bill, 248; and supposed Scottish Jacobite plot, 265–6; debates Union with Scotland, 316; Tories criticise war in Spain, 336; and vote on 1711 peace proposals, 460; new members created, 463–5; debates Protestant Succession, 511–12; debates Spanish trade treaty benefits, 520–1
Lorraine: Pretender in, 490, 498, 504, 507, 530
Lorraine, Leopold Joseph, Duke of, 498, 510, 514
Lottery Bill (1714), 521
Louis XIV, King of France: autocracy, 15; war with Holland (1672), 15; secret agreement with and subsidies to Charles II, 35–6, 40; and Mulgrave’s courting of Anne, 38; revokes Edict of Nantes, 64; England declares war on (1689), 112; supports James II in France, 128; and allied peace proposals, 154, 383–4, 400, 419, 444, 451–3, 485; recognises William as king, 154; and Spanish succession, 166–7; recognises James Francis as James III of England, 169, 190; and outbreak of War of Spanish Succession, 203, 258; sends secret agent to Scotland, 265; defeats in war, 271, 298; underestimates Marlborough, 298; supports plan for invasion of Scotland, 343; and cost of war, 376; withdraws army from Spain, 418; and Marlborough’s proposed advance on Paris, 455; deaths of son and grandsons and succession to, 472–3; letter to Anne on Utrecht peace conference, 472; and prospective final defeat, 474; offers aid to Anne in event of civil war, 518; refuses to see Pretender on Anne’s death, 530; on terms of Treaty of Utrecht, 538
Louis XV, King of France, 493
Lovat, Master of see Fraser, Simon
Lovett, Mary, 227
Lower, Dr Richard, 86, 138
Luttrell, Narcissus, 235
Macartney, General George, 431, 486
Mahon, Port, 450, 452, 478; see also Minorca
Makin, Bashua, 16
Malaga, Battle of (naval, 1704), 273
Malplaquet, Battle of (1708), 386–7
malt tax, 497
Manley, Mary Delarivier, 198, 442, 455, 510
Mantegna, Andrea, 234
mantoes (coats), 3242
Mar, John Erskine, 6th or 11th Earl of, 314–15, 317, 349, 502, 534
Marchmont, Patrick Hume, 1st Earl of, 178, 180, 186
Marie Louise d’Orléans, Queen of Spain, 11, 33
Marlborough, John Churchill, 1st Duke of: Harley demands obedience to ministerial control, 38, 430–1; courts and marries Sarah Jennings, 47–8; accompanies Duke of York, 48–9; marriage relations, 51; barony on James II’s accession, 58; opposes Monmouth, 59; religious views, 70–1, 74; meets Dykvelt for Anne, 75; opposes repeal of Test Acts, 83; informs Anne of William of Orange’s invasion plan, 94; James blames for persuading Anne to support William, 94–5; supports William, 94–5; promoted Lieutenant-General at William’s invasion, 98; defects to William, 99–100; flees north with Anne, 101; and Anne’s reluctance to accept William as sovereign, 108–10; earldom, 112; and outbreak of 1689 war with France, 112; William’s attitude to, 112–13, 123, 150, 168; campaign in Ireland, 123; Mary’s suspicion of, 123; seeks renewed contact with James, 127–8, 130; William dismisses from court and army positions, 130; confined in Tower, 136, 138; James’s readiness to forgive, 141; allies with political opposition, 142; Sunderland persuades to discontinue anti-government voting, 147; and Anne’s estrangement from royal couple, 149; William ends disgrace, 150; forwards Anne’s congratulatory letter to William on Namur victory, 152; appointed Duke of Gloucester’s governor and made Privy Councillor, 157; helps settle George’s financial difficulties, 160; and death of Duke of Gloucester, 163; and succession question, 166, 170; given command of forces in Holland, 167; as ambassador extraordinary in United Provinces, 168; on mourning for James II, 169; links with Saint-Germain court, 171, 425; awarded Garter and confirmed as Captain-General, 173–4; character and manner, 174; partnership with Godolphin, 174, 201, 263; power and influence under Anne, 174; considers Anne’s wishes in making promotions, 179, 385; George’s nominal superior position to, 183–4; Dutch appoint as commander-in-chief of allied forces in Netherlands, 184; and Anne’s first ministry, 201; differences with Rochester, 203; on subduing France, 203; liaises with Harley, 205; defends Tories to Dutch, 209; military campaign in Europe, 215–19, 249, 255, 258, 270–1, 284, 298–300, 334, 357, 367–8, 376, 386, 454–5, 539; supports Anne in public duties, 215, 217, 219–20; consulted on foreign relations, 220–1; Anne views as friend, 237; and Occasional Conformity bills, 248, 262; dukedom, 249; granted pension, 249–50, 252, 312; supports financial settlement for Prince George, 251; death of son John, 253; demoralised by Anne’s uncooperativeness, 255, 357, 364, 377–8; letter of encouragement from Anne, 255–6; and Nottingham’s transfer of troops to Spain, 260–1; welcomes Nottingham’s resignation, 267; victories, 271, 274, 295, 298, 357, 387–8, 454, 539; Anne gives Woodstock to, 278; and cost of Blenheim Palace, 279; suspects Buckingham of intrigue, 279; and Godolphin’s concessions to Whigs, 284–5, 331; Anne appeals to for support in resisting Cowper’s appointment, 286; tours European courts, 290; at court of Hanover, 292; seeks better negotiating conditions for peace settlement, 300; supports Godolphin’s proposal to appoint Sunderland Secretary of State, 301–2, 307, 309, 311; attempts to conciliate between Anne and Sarah, 302; recommendations for ecclesiastical preferments, 319; wariness of Abigail Masham, 328–9; and Godolphin’s offer to resign, 331; and Harley’s proposed new ministry, 335–7; Tories attack for neglecting war in Spain, 336; suspects Harley of disloyalty, 337–8; prepares to detach from Godolphin, 338–9; offers resignation, 340; and Harley’s di
smissal, 341–2; and planned Jacobite invasion (1708), 344; on Abigail’s influence on Anne, 350, 358–9; and proposed promotion of Somers, 350; cautions Sunderland about rudeness to Anne, 352; Anne writes to condemning Sunderland’s intrigues, 353; unease at Sarah’s virulence towards Anne, 357, 365, 385–6; Anne requests to remain as political adviser, 358; upsets Anne, 358; rumoured attempts to bring Hanover member to England, 359; applauds Sarah’s decision to cease contact with Anne, 365; Anne dissuades from resigning, 366; criticises Anne’s attachment to Tories, 367; Harley criticises military abilities, 368–9; press attacks on, 377, 454, 487; request for appointment as lifetime Captain-General declined by Anne, 378–80, 386–7; and failure of peace negotiations, 382, 384–5; writes criticising Anne over treatment of Sarah, 386–7; seeks showdown with Anne, 392; on Anne’s acceptance of Whig demands, 393; and Anne’s appointment of Rivers to Constable of Tower, 395; objects to Anne’s appointment of Jack Hill, 395–6; fails to attend Cabinet meeting, 396; letter to Anne requesting Abigail’s dismissal and offering resignation, 396–7, 399; Anne receives and pacifies, 399; pleads for Sarah’s retention by Anne, 400, 435–6; excludes Jack Hill and Samuel from promotion list, 410; and Anne’s dismissal of Sunderland, 412–15; in peace negotiations at Geertrudenberg, 418; declines to resign on Godolphin’s dismissal, 426; hostility to Anne, 426; maligns Harley to foreign powers, 426–7; Swift attacks in Examiner, 432; Anne wishes to retain, 433–4; and Sarah’s intemperate criticism of Anne, 435–6; resumes command overseas (1711), 438; satirised in Arbuthnot’s History of John Bull, 441; unaware of 1711 peace negotiations, 453; hopes for revolution in France, 455–6; attitude to 1711 peace terms, 458–9; persuades Anne to dismiss Oxford, 459; receives money from Medina, 459; investigated by Commissioners of Accounts, 463, 465, 468–9, 486–7; deprived of offices, 465, 468–9; daughters miss Anne’s birthday celebrations, 469–70; challenges Oxford on Ormonde’s orders, 476–7; visits Kreienberg to urge Hanoverian invasion of England, 476; attacks peace terms (1712), 478; moves abroad and plots invasion of England, 486–7, 490, 541; satirised in Farquhar’s Recruiting Officer, 487; Oxford attempts to form partnership with, 517; return to England, 521–2, 524–5, 529; Oxford warns Anne against, 524; disappointment at Oxford’s acquittal, 535; George I reinstates as commander of army, 536; sends money to Pretender (1715), death, 536; reputation, 537; view of Anne, 542
Queen Anne: The Politics of Passion Page 87
