Marlborough, Sarah Churchill, Duchess of (née Jennings): vindictiveness, 5; on Anne’s concern for ceremony, 11; on Anne’s features and expression, 12; on Anne’s silences, 14; on Anne’s dislike of aunt Lady Clarendon, 16; on Anne’s lack of vigilance with household accounts, 17; on Anne’s letters, 19; on Anne’s distaste for nonconformists, 20; on Anne’s inadequate education, 20; religious views, 21, 70–1; in Anne’s social circle as girl, 25; as maid of honour to Mary Beatrice, 25; disparages Anne’s marriage relations, 44–5; appointed Lady of Bedchamber to Anne, 47–9; marriage, 47–8; character and appearance, 48–6; Anne’s devotion to, 49–52, 55, 66, 68, 124–5, 237; marriage relations and family life, 51, 68, 124; frankness with Anne, 52–3; uses pseudonym (Mrs Freeman) in correspondence with Anne, 52, 124; friendship with Countess of Sunderland, 54, 67; and lesbian love, 54–5; pregnancies and children, 54, 70; and care of Anne’s daughter Mary, 58; and Anne’s expenses, 60; made First Lady of Bedchamber and Groom of the Stole, 61, 66–8; influence in Anne’s household, 66–7; reports on condition of Anne’s children, 69; health concerns, 70; with Anne on James’s return from William’s advance, 100; and Anne’s ignorance of William’s assuming throne, 106; persuades Anne to accept William’s accession, 109–10; William’s attitude to, 112–13; on Anne-Mary incompatibility, 113; persuades Anne to press for independent revenue from Parliament, 116–17; mistrusted by William and Mary, 119; and Anne’s deteriorating relations with Mary, 122; Anne increases annual allowance, 124, 250; reading and translating, 124; Anne visits in St Albans, 125, 138, 164; relations with Lady Fitzharding, 127, 131; accompanies Anne to Mary’s Drawing Room, 131; and Anne’s breach with Mary, 133, 136, 138; death of infant son, 137; and Anne in Bath, 139; and Anne’s taking medicine in pregnancy, 146; mother’s illness and death, 147; and Anne’s conciliatory letter to William on death of Mary, 149; maintains grudge against William, 150; unmasks Bathurst’s fraud, 158; and death of Duke of Gloucester, 163; and restrictions on Anne’s financial giving, 176; and Anne’s childlessness, 181; and George’s political influence on Anne, 187; on Anne’s antipathy to Whigs, 199; on Anne’s title to rule, 200; and Anne’s first government, 204, 208; disparages Harley, 206; proposes bringing George August of Hanover to England, 210; on Anne’s inexperience in policy discussions, 221–2; and Anne’s Church patronage, 225–6; and Anne’s touching for ‘King’s evil’, 226; on Anne’s drinking, 229; and Anne’s social commitments, 231; on Anne’s restraint in spending, 233; differences and growing estrangement from Anne, 237, 246, 254–5, 258, 262, 267–9, 272–6, 301–2, 304, 309, 347, 351, 353–4, 357, 362, 364–5, 380, 385, 387–92, 400, 537; occupies lodge in Windsor Great Park, 238; position and duties in Anne’s household on accession, 238–44; on Anne as considerate employer, 240; women of bedchamber accuse of meanness, 240; and charitable donations, 241; takes money from Queen’s Privy Purse, 241, 366, 436; Anne resists advice from, 244–5; Godolphin’s devotion to, 244, 411–12; Whig views, 245, 537; reaction to husband’s elevation to dukedom, 249; and financial settlement for Prince George, 251–2; death of son John, 253–4; intractability, 254, 258, 301; political activism and interference, 254, 260, 274; differences with Anne over Scottish policy, 256–7; hostility to Tories, 260–1, 268, 272, 274; visit to Bath, 260; opposes Occasional Conformity bill, 262; accompanies Anne to thanksgiving service for Oudenarde, 264–5; Godolphin rebukes for behaviour towards Anne, 267–8; and Blenheim victory, 271–2; exaggerates Jacobite threat to Anne, 272; Anne gives portrait miniature of Marlborough to, 278; reservations over Blenheim Palace, 278–9; supports appointment of Cowper as Lord Keeper, 285–6; accompanies Anne on progress to Winchester, 286; on Anne’s opposition to Sophia of Hanover settling in England, 288, 290; letter from Anne on Regency Bill, 292; promotes Sunderland as Secretary of State, 301–2, 304, 306, 310; response to grant of pension to Marlborough and family, 312; on Anne’s ecclesiastical appointments, 319; mistrusts and criticises Abigail Hill (Masham), 321–3, 327–9, 331–4, 339, 348–9, 353–4, 390–1, 393, 537, 542, 544; opposition to Harley, 321; unaware of Abigail’s marriage, 326; alleges Anne’s immoral relations with Abigail, 329, 362–3, 374, 388, 434, 537; learns of Abigail’s marriage, 331–2; confronts Abigail, 333; birthday visit to Anne (1708), 339–40; offers to resign from Anne’s service, 340; warns Anne of Harley, 342; Maynwaring advises, 347–9; upbraids Anne for relations with Abigail, 347; tenders resignation to Anne, 348; writes to Anne on George Churchill and Abigail, 353; believes Anne intriguing with Harley, 354; Marlborough attempts to modify incivility to Anne, 357, 365, 385–6; fury at Haversham’s meetings with Anne and Abigail, 360; on Maynwaring’s ballads and writings of Anne’s relations with Abigail, 362; attacks Anne for effect on Marlborough, 364; Anne gives London land to, 365; on Anne at George’s death, 370–2; breaches mourning code for George, 375; criticises Somers, 376–7; attacked in A Dream at Harwich, 377; counters attacks on Marlborough, 379; disrespect for Anne widely known, 380; protectiveness of household prerogatives, 381–2, 390; harangues Anne with demands and accusations, 388–9; Anne replies to criticisms, 389–90; sends document of grievances to Anne, 390–1; encourages Marlborough in dispute with Anne, 397; William and Mary demand dismissal from Anne’s household, 398; hopes daughters succeed to offices on resignation, 400; hostility to Duke of Somerset, 404–5, 411; disparages Duchess of Somerset, 405, 437; final meeting with Anne at Kensington, 405–6; influence on Godolphin and Marlborough, 411–12; strained relations with Godolphin, 411–12; protests at dismissal of Sunderland, 413–14; threatens to publish Anne’s letters, 413, 417; Hamilton acts as intermediary with Anne, 416–17; Swift accuses of embezzlement, 432; removed from offices by Anne, 433–6; abuses Oxford and St John, 454; Anne asks to vacate St James’s lodgings, 454; and accusations against Marlborough, 468; pleasure at Anne’s decline, 503; receives and publishes copies of Anne’s letters to Sophia, 515, 519; return to England, 522, 529; disappointment at Oxford’s acquittal, 535; memoir, 536; widowhood and death, 536; on Anne’s attitude to Pretender, 540; supposed power as favourite, 542; underestimates Anne, 542, 544; An Account of the Conduct of the Dowager Duchess of Marlborough, 536
Mary I (Tudor), Queen, 15, 182
Mary II (Stuart), Queen (Anne’s sister): birth, 7; in line of succession, 8, 31–2; eye trouble, 12; talkativeness, 14, 113; drawing lessons, 18; religious studies, 21; on men’s infidelity, 24; strong moral values, 24; close relations with Anne, 25; friendship with Frances Apsley, 25–6; marriage, 27–8; pregnancies, 30; and Anne’s reputation, 38–9; and Anne’s marriage to George, 43; falls out with Anne, 45; childlessness, 56; Protestantism, 62; and Anne’s refusing conversion to Catholicism, 63; and Anne’s dislike of Sunderland family, 68; attitude to Sarah Churchill, 70–1; Anne’s correspondence with, 74–8, 83, 90–1; and Anne’s opposition to father’s Catholicism, 74–5; doubts on Mary Beatrice’s pregnancy, 80, 83, 85, 92; upbraids Anne for absence from birth of James Francis Edward, 91–2; and William’s invasion plan, 96; as joint sovereign with William, 107–8, 110, 177; changing relations and breakdown with Anne, 110, 113, 118–20, 122–3, 129, 132–5, 138, 140, 147; disquiet at father’s misfortunes, 111; present at birth of Anne’s son, 113; and Anne’s request for Parliamentary allowance, 116–18; introduces religious innovations, 118; fondness for Anne’s son William, 121, 142–3, 145, 149; forbids Prince George to take up naval service, 122–3; accuses Anne of disloyalty, 130; and Anne’s continuing attachment to Sarah Marlborough, 131, 135–6; removes Marlborough from Privy Council, 138; concern for Anne’s health, 148; smallpox and death, 148, 169; funeral, 150; phantom pregnancy, 151
Mary Beatrice (of Modena), Queen of James II (earlier Duchess of York): Catholicism, 22–3, 65; children and pregnancies, 22–3, 27–9; marriage, 22; relations with Anne and Mary Stuart, 22; visits Holland with Anne, 30; sent abroad and to Scotland (1679), 33, 35; Anne accompanies to Tunbridge, 56; miscarriage, 56; Anne’s hostility to, 65–6, 73, 77, 83; suspect pregnancy, 80–1, 83–6; gives birth to son James (1888), 88–9; treatment of
baby son, 92; measures against Sarah Churchill and Anne during William’s invasion, 100; flees abroad with son, 104; exile in France, 128; birth of daughter, 155; writes to Anne as regent for son, 170–1; Marlborough attempts to make contact with Abigail Masham, 425–6
Mary, Princess (Anne’s daughter): birth, 58; sickness, 59–60, 69, 71; death, 72
Mary (Stuart), Princess Royal of England and Princess of Orange, 2–3
Masham, Abigail, Lady (née Hill): relations with Anne, 53, 260, 322–4, 332, 339, 342, 356, 363, 484–5, 500; enters Anne’s household, 126; as Woman of Bedchamber, 240, 322; acts as Deputy Keeper of Privy Purse, 241; Sarah mistrusts and demonises, 321–2, 327–8, 333–4, 348–9, 353–4, 390–1, 393, 537; character, 322–3; as intermediary for Harley with Anne, 324–5, 355, 379–80, 385, 407–8; courtship and marriage, 325–6, 331; Sarah hints at immoral relations with Anne, 329, 361–2, 374, 434; Sarah confronts, 333; Sarah accuses of occupying rooms in Kensington, 347; Sarah demands dismissal, 347, 412; Marlborough suspects of influencing Anne, 350, 358–9, 377–8, 386–7; resumes communication with Harley, 355, 369; on Anne’s subservience to ministers, 356; slandered in Maynwaring’s ballad, 360–1; birth of children, 368, 388; and Anne’s grief at death of George, 370–1; sympathy for Anne at George’s death, 372–3; and Marlborough’s request for lifetime appointment as Captain-General, 378–9; disparages Marlborough to Anne, 379; and Eizabeth Abrahal’s salary, 381; Marlborough attacks in letter to Anne, 396; Anne resists campaign to dismiss, 397–9; supports Sacheverell, 401; Shrewsbury criticises for influence on Anne, 417; Gaultier reports on, 428; succeeds Sarah as Keeper of Privy Purse, 437; and Hamilton’s influence on Anne, 442; protests at sacking of Whig friend, 447; Anne’s gift to infant daughter, 448; Oxford uses as intermediary, 449; and brother Jack’s failure in Quebec expedition, 456; and peace settlement, 458; and husband’s peerage, 464–5; Oxford’s diminishing reliance on, 483–4; falls while pregnant, 484–5; and Anne’s declining Oxford’s request for dukedom for son, 499; Bolingbroke woos, 499; on Anne’s illness, 502; Oxford hopes to regain favour with, 513, 522; suspected of opposing Protestant Succession, 514; and Hanover’s demands, 516; rebuffs Oxford, 517; benefits from Spanish trade treaty, 520–2; and Anne’s turning against Oxford, 523; and Oxford’s dismissal, 524; blames Oxford for Anne’s decline, 526; and Anne’s final illness, 527–8; financial situation at Anne’s death, 530; situation after Anne’s death, 533; supposed power, 542–3
Masham, Brigadier Samuel, 1st Baron: background, 325; marriage to Abigail, 325–6, 331; in Ireland, 331; Marlborough excludes from promotion list, 410; peerage, 464–5; and Anne’s final illness, 528; situation after Anne’s death, 533
masques, 23
Maul, Thomas, 135–6, 138
Maximilian, Elector of Bavaria, 258, 271, 470
Maynwaring, Sir Arthur: disparages Abigail Hill, 322; advises Sarah Marlborough, 347–9, 360; ballads and prose tract on Abigail, 360–3; letter from Sarah attacking Anne, 392; on ministerial support for Marlborough, 396; and proposed dismissal of Abigail, 398; attacks Tories in The Medley, 454; on Anne’s self-effacing manner, 544; Bouchain (pamphlet), 455
Mazarin, Hortense Mancini, Duchesse, 85
Mead, Dr Richard, 441
Medina, Sir Solomon de, 458–9
Medley, The (Whig journal), 442, 454
Melfort, John Drummond, 1st Earl (and titular Duke) of, 140
Mercarty, Lady Arabella, 66
Mesnager, Nicholas, 450–3
Middleton, Charles, 2nd Earl of: sons in failed Jacobite invasion, 345–6; letter for Duke of Hamilton, 486; Buckingham writes to on Pretender, 491; and Jacobite MPs’ proposals to alter succession rules, 491; Pretender dismisses, 506
Minorca, 494; see also Mahon, Port
‘Mohocks’ (gang), 471
Mohun, Charles, 5th Baron, 486
monarchy: Tory–Whig views on, 189–90
Monmouth, Anne, Duchess of, 29, 30
Monmouth, James Scott, Duke of, 33, 59, 61
Mons, siege of (1709), 386–7
Montagu, Sir James, 349, 351, 367
Montagu, Mary, Duchess of (née Churchill), 433, 458, 487
Montagu, Lady Mary Wortley, 16
Montaigne, Michel de, 55
Montpensier, Anne Marie Louise d’Orléans, Duchesse de, 11
Moore, Arthur, 519–20
Moore, John, Bishop of Ely, 320
Morrice, Roger, 17–18, 61, 176
Mulgrave, 3rd Earl of see Buckingham and Normanby, 1st Duke of
Musgrave, Sir Christopher, 250
Namur, siege of (1695), 152
Nantes, Edict of: revoked (1685), 64
national debt, 196
Ne Plus Ultra lines, 454
Netherlands see Holland
New Party (Scotland), 269
Newcastle, John Holles, Duke of: as Lord Privy Seal, 280; Harley favours, 310, 408; demands reinstatement of Marlborough, 341; proposes Somers’ appointment to Cabinet, 350
Newcastle, Margaret Cavendish, Duchess of: The Convent of Love, 54
Newfoundland, 450, 453
Newmarket, 235–6, 309, 332
newspaper: freedom, 193–4; and political parties, 198
Nicolini see Grimaldi, Nicolini
Nicolson, William, Bishop of Carlisle, 232
Noble, Richard, 223
nonconformists see dissenters
North America: British interests in, 443, 450
Nottingham: Anne reaches in flight from London, 101
Nottingham, Anne, Countess of (née Hatton), 150
Nottingham, Daniel Finch, 2nd Earl of (later 7th Earl of Winchilsea): sends Kingston to Bath on spying mission, 139–40; weeps at abjuration oath, 190; accepts abjuration oath, 201; character and policies, 203–4; as Secretary of State, 203; diplomatic mission to Hanover, 210–11; in Cabinet, 219; and Anne’s judicial compassion, 223; and Anne’s Church patronage, 224; William purchases Kensington Palace from, 232; opposes Occasional Conformity, 248, 262, 274, 460; criticises Dutch in War of Spanish Succession, 258; transfers troops to Spain, 260–1; and supposed Scottish Jacobite plot, 266; resigns as Secretary of State, 267; suspected of intrigue with Buckingham, 279; intransigence, 286; on proposal to bring Sophia of Hanover to England, 288, 291; Anne never forgives, 291, 423, 446; and Regency Bill, 291; in debate on Union with Scotland, 316; criticises Marlborough’s conduct of war, 336; supports Sacheverell, 403; allies with Whigs, 459–60, 463; opposes 1711 peace proposals, 462
Oates, Titus, 31
Occasional Conformity, 183, 197–8, 245, 248, 262, 279, 460, 463; and ‘tacked’ Land Tax Bill, 274–7
Oglethorp, Colonel James Edward, 89
Oglethorp, Lady, 243
Oldmixon, John, 451
opera, 229
Orford, Edward Russell, Earl of: and William of Orange’s invasion plans, 91, 94; impeached, 192; in Whig Junto, 194; entertains Anne at Cambridge, 280; Whigs propose for Lord High Admiral, 377; appointment to Admiralty, 392–3; Harley hopes to retain, 418; opposes dissolution of Parliament, 419; resigns (1710), 424
Orkney, Elizabeth Villiers, Countess of, 155, 160, 231
Orkney, General George Hamilton, 1st Earl of, 386
Orléans, Elisabeth Charlotte, Duchesse d’, 72
Orléans, Henrietta, Duchesse d’, 1, 11–12
Orléans, Philippe, Duc d’, 11
Ormonde, James Butler, 2nd Duke of: on impermanence of Franco-Danish alliance, 42; invites William to England, 95; joins William in west country, 99; succeeds Marlborough as commander in Netherlands, 471; Anne’s Restraining Order to, 473–6; and peace proposals, 477, 479; appoints Swift Dean of St Patrick’s, Dublin, 500; and Pretender’s hopes of acceptance as successor, 508; and purge of army Whigs, 509; and Anne’s final illness, 527; in exile to avoid impeachment for treason, 534
Ormonde, Mary, Duchess of, 527
Orrery, Charles Boyle, 4th Earl of, 445
Ossory, James Butler, 5th Earl of, 3
Oudenarde, Battle of (1708), 3
57, 364
Oxford and Mortimer, Robert Harley, 1st Earl of: as Speaker, 170, 205–6; Anne dismisses, 187, 341, 343, 349, 524–5; and taxes, 196; ambiguous speaking and duplicity, 205–6, 516; liaises with Marlborough and Godolphin, 205–7; character, 206; discusses with Anne, 207; on Anne’s political impartiality, 208; in Anne’s inner circle, 217; Anne seeks advice from, 222; appointed Secretary of State, 267; favours peace negotiations with France, 300; favours detaching extreme Tories from government, 301, 310; opposes appointment of Whigs to ministerial posts, 310–11; employs Defoe as secret agent, 313; responsibility for ecclesiastical preferments, 318, 320; Godolphin accuses of influencing Anne, 321, 329; communicates with Anne through Abigail Masham, 324–5, 355, 379–80, 385; proposes reconstituted ministry, 335–7; failure to manage Parliament, 337–8; Marlborough and Godolphin suspect of disloyalty, 337–8; secretary William Greg arrested for passing secrets to French, 337; and resignations of Godolphin and Marlborough, 340–1; accused of league with French, 344; Anne denies contact with, 350; Sarah Marlborough believes Anne intriguing with, 354; Abigail resumes communication with, 355; regains Anne’s confidence, 355–6; Sarah criticises to Anne, 365; attacks Marlborough’s military skills, 368–9; attempts to mediate with Junto for Anne, 368; and Prince George’s death, 373; on Parliament’s wishing for second marriage for Anne, 374; and Marlborough’s request for lifetime Captain-Generalcy, 379; Marlborough believes influences Anne, 386; Abigail’s supposed influence on, 389; and Anne’s military appointments, 395; secret meetings with Anne, 407–8; intrigues against Whigs, 408–9, 418; growing influence on Anne, 417–18; peace policy, 419; persuades Anne to dismiss Godolphin, 419–20; appointed Chancellor and heads government, 421, 424; makes government appointments from both parties, 422–3, 438, 496; dissolves Parliament and forms new government (1710), 423–4; Marlborough maligns to allied powers, 426–7; sends envoy to Hanover, 426; and Jersey’s contact with French, 428–9; demands obedience of Marlborough, 430–1; Gaultier reports on, 430; employs Swift for propaganda, 431–2; disapproves of Duchess of Somerset’s appointment as Groom of the Stole, 437; and Tory trouble-making, 438–9; hostility with St John (Bolingbroke), 439, 485, 496, 498, 516, 523; injured in attack by Guiscard, 440–1, 443–19; scepticism over Canada expedition, 443; and peace negotiations with France (1711–12), 444–5, 450–3, 477, 480, 539; and national finances, 445–6; earldom and appointment as Lord Treasurer, 446; and Prince of Wales’s claim to succession, 449; proposes Jersey for place in Cabinet, 449; and Marlborough’s final campaign, 455; and failed Quebec expedition, 456; and Parliamentary vote on peace proposals, 460; threatened with impeachment over 1711 peace vote, 463; and creation of new peers, 464, 466; writes to Torcy on Eugene’s visit to Anne, 467; and Marlborough’s dismissal, 468; communicates with Torcy on Utrecht peace conference, 470–1; in danger from Mohock gangs, 471; proposals to Philip V of Spain, 473; and Restraining Order to Ormonde, 475–7; Whigs threaten with Tower, 476; St John blames for receiving mere viscountcy, 480; and St John’s mission to France, 480–2; accepts Dutch peace conditions, 482; inefficiency and unpunctuality, 482–3, 500; drinking, 483; awarded Garter, 485; and Marlborough’s leaving country, 487; communication with Pretender, 490–1, 503, 507–8; Hanover’s suspicion of, 490–1; and signing of Peace of Utrecht, 493; and conduct of Parliamentary business (1713), 497; absence from Parliament, 499; requests dukedom for son on marriage, 499; death of daughter, 500; reaction to Anne’s illness and decline, 502–3; prevaricates over Pretender as possible successor, 503–6; considers resignation, 509; sends cousin Thomas to Hanover, 509–10; and control of Parliament, 510–11; and Hanover’s demands on Anne, 512–13, 516; attempts to regain confidence of Abigail Masham, 513, 516–17, 522; modifies Schism Bill, 517–18; claims to champion Protestant Succession, 518–19, 521; initiates proclamation against Pretender, 518; decline of power, 522; hissed by crowd, 530; situation under George I, 534; impeachment and acquittal, 535; on increase in trade, 539; on Anne’s strong will, 544
Queen Anne: The Politics of Passion Page 88
