41 “hysterical enthusiasm” and Hanfstaengl’s introduction of Harvard marching songs and Hitler’s reactions: Ibid., 51.
41 he put up $1,000: Ibid., 53.
41 “If there is” and Hitler’s views of the U.S., Henry Ford and Ku Klux Klan: Ibid., 40–41.
42 the price for the three beers: Ibid., 96.
42 “Quiet!” and most of Beer Hall Putsch account: John Toland, Adolf Hitler, Vol. I, 163–165.
42 “Gentlemen, not one of us”: Otto Strasser, Hitler and I, 41.
42 press conference: Hanfstaengl, 99.
42 “REBELS IN COUP”: Wiegand Papers, box 26, Hoover.
43 Fourteen Nazis died and other putsch details: Ian Kershaw, Hitler, 1889–1936: Hubris, 210–11. (Other accounts put the number of Nazis shot and killed as sixteen, not fourteen. Hitler would regularly honor sixteen “martyrs” of the Beer Hall Putsch once he took power.)
43 “I can testify”: Murphy, 39–40.
43 Ludendorff surrendered: Kershaw, 211.
43 “My God” and Hanfstaengl’s actions and “The last place”: Hanfstaengl, 105–106.
44 “one of his theoretical passions”: Ibid., 50–51.
44 “a neuter”: Niemeyer interviewed by Toland.
44 “To my utter amazement” and rest of account of Hitler’s arrival through doctor’s explanation of how they got to the Hanfstaengl house: Niemeyer “Notes.”
45 The next morning and events then in Hanfstaengl’s house: Toland, 183–184.
45 “Now all is lost” and rest of Helen’s account of Hitler when facing arrest, along with scene with gun: Niemeyer “Notes” and Niemeyer interviewed by Toland.
46 “What are the bad”: Niemeyer “Notes.”
47 “a cultural riot” and “the leaders of” and other Mowrer descriptions: Edgar Ansel Mowrer, Triumph and Turmoil, 194–197.
47 “In Berlin ice” and other Lilian quotes about initial impressions: Lilian Mowrer, Journalist’s Wife, 180–183.
47 “but something in” and other comments on appeal: Ibid., 190.
48 “the most vital”: Ibid., 201.
48 “Nowhere in the world”: Ibid., 205–206.
48 “They were so wonderfully”: Ibid., 190–191.
48 “a full-fledged” and Lilian’s other comments about women: Ibid., 192.
48 “It was the greatest” and other film observations: Ibid., 213–214.
49 “Quit bothering”: Edgar Ansel Mowrer, 199.
49 “I was becoming”: Lilian Mowrer, 191.
49 “All in all”: Matthews, Alanson B. Houghton, Ambassador of the New Era, 75–76.
49 “to save what is”: Ibid., 77.
49 “I feel as if”: Ibid., 87.
50 “just claims”: Manfred Jonas, The United States and Germany: A Diplomatic History, 172.
50 “The United States is”: Ibid., 181.
50 “The Americanization”: Wiegand Papers, box 27, Hoover.
51 “By the early twenties” and “that complex of factors”: Edgar Ansel Mowrer, 187, 189.
51 “It’s madness” and “an intensity” and details of Baker’s stay, including gifts: Jean-Claude Baker and Chris Chase, Josephine: The Hungry Heart, 124–129.
52 “The period immediately”: Edgar Ansel Mowrer, Germany Puts the Clock Back, 153.
52 “sexual perversions”: Ibid., 155.
52 “These were elegant”: Hecht, 256.
52 “The air we breathed”: Franz Schulze, Philip Johnson: Life and Work, 412.
52 “I think if it” and “The Americans”: Ibid., 53–54.
53 “Treason to the Republic”: Lilian Mowrer, 186.
53 “had the same goal”: William Shirer, The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich: A History of Nazi Germany, 115.
53 “You may pronounce”: Ibid., 118.
54 “He spoke with” and rest of Mowrer report: Lilian Mowrer, 186.
54 “While the putsch” and “vanished into oblivion”: Murphy, Diplomat Among Warriors, 40.
55 “even as a side issue” and “as far as”: Hamilton Fish Armstrong, Peace and Counter-peace: From Wilson to Hitler, 309–310.
55 “Hemingway by the way”: Hubert Renfro Knickerbocker Papers, Columbia University Rare Book and Manuscript Library.
55 Knickerbocker, who would: Richard Lingeman, Sinclair Lewis: Rebel from Main Street, 313.
55 some accounts claim: Peter Kurth, American Cassandra: The Life of Dorothy Thompson, 487.
56 “Do come on up” and rest of Lilian Mowrer’s account: Lilian Mowrer, 221.
56 “International relations”: Victoria de Grazia, Irresistible Empire: America’s Advance Through Twentieth-Century Europe, 75.
56 “These were the brilliant”: Kurth, 93.
57 “an authentic record” and “The Graf Zeppelin is more than”: Wiegand Papers, box 30, Hoover.
57 “You have indeed cared” and other correspondence: Wiegand Papers, box 8, Hoover.
57 “brilliant British woman” and “internationally-known”: New York American, Sept. 1, 1929; and Wiegand Papers, box 30, Hoover.
58 “full of promise”: Kurth, 92.
58 “Though externals”: Lilian Mowrer, 247.
58 “Where but”: Edgar Ansel Mowrer, Triumph and Turmoil, 160.
58 “They all had” and “These Germans”: Lilian Mowrer, 254.
58 “loose emotional fervor” and subsequent Lilian Mowrer quotes: Ibid., 255.
59 “If one wants”: Kurth, 93.
59 “like a death’s head” and “If only I could”: Lilian Mowrer, 225.
59 “Do you think”: Ibid., 224.
59 “The strange bit of history”: Hecht, 296–297.
60 “In him all morality”: Ibid., 298.
60 “I know who caused”: Max Wallace, The American Axis: Henry Ford, Charles Lindbergh, and the Rise of the Third Reich, 20.
60 “I regard Henry Ford” and description of Annetta Antona interview with Hitler: Ibid., 1–2.
60 “Mr. Ford’s genius”: Prince Louis Ferdinand, The Rebel Prince: Memoirs of Prince Louis Ferdinand of Prussia, 241.
61 “a prosperous, energetic”: Wiegand Papers, box 8, Hoover.
61 “a high proportion of” and “One could sense”: Wilson, A Diplomat Between Wars, 115.
61 “Look out” and Bouton’s account of encounter with Sinclair Lewis: S. Miles Bouton Papers, box 4, Hoover.
62 In 1925, Jacob Gould Schurman and his building fund for Heidelberg University: Maynard Moser, Jacob Gould Schurman: Scholar, Political Activist, and Ambassador of Good Will, 1892–1942, 156–158.
62 “the will to war”: Ibid., 169.
62 “The Republic”: Ibid., 170.
63 “itch to pour”: Ibid., 191.
63 “You see we” and rest of Mowrer-Friday exchange: Lilian Mowrer, 236.
63 “an orgy of spending” and “the stunning new” and “the entire rolling stock”: Ibid., 239.
63 Schurman received a warning: Moser, 204.
63 “Hey, this thing’s a fake”: Robert C. Perez and Edward F. Willett, The Will to Win: A Biography of Ferdinand Eberstadt, 44.
64 $300 million in new American loans: Moser, 206.
CHAPTER THREE: WHALE OR MINNOW?
PAGE
65 “I’m going to have to start”: Bella Fromm, Blood and Banquets: A Berlin Social Diary, 18; Fromm biographical details, ibid., 3–6.
65 “Let’s have”: Ibid., 19.
66 diary entry of July 16 and all quotes: Ibid., 20.
66 “a gentle-looking man” and “an attractive woman”: Ibid., 24.
66 “Even the international” and “I like Berlin”: Ibid., 28.
67 “Fortunately for us” and other Knickerbocker quotes: “Covering Berlin,” Public Ledger, April 21, 1930, Knickerbocker Papers, Columbia.
67 the party boasted 108,000: Frederick L. Schuman, The Nazi Dictatorship: A Study in Social Pathology and the Politics of Fascism, 72.
68 “Now he is again” and all other quotes fr
om Wiegand’s session with Hitler: Wiegand Papers, box 30, Hoover.
69 “The German people”: Mowrer, Germany Puts the Clock Back, 198.
70 “So had a majority” and “flocked to the Nazis”: Charles W. Thayer, The Unquiet Germans, 12–13.
70 “The most remarkable”: Mowrer, Germany Puts the Clock Back, 22.
70 “with the raucous voice” and rest of incident on train: Lilian Mowrer, 234.
71 “The seats swarmed” and rest of Enid Keyes’s account from her letter: American Girl, German Wife: The Letters of Enid Keyes Mehnert, 1931–1935, Enid Keyes Mehnert Papers, Vol. 1, Hoover.
72 “Dad, what do you think” and rest of exchange between Arthur and his father, along with “chariot bumping”: Mowrer, Germany Puts the Clock Back, 120–121.
73 “I never saw” and rest of quotes from December 27, 1931, letter: Knickerbocker Papers, Columbia.
73 “We are for” and rest of exchange with streetwalkers: Mowrer, Triumph and Turmoil, 210–211.
73 “too hot to publish”: Ibid., 211.
73 “I can’t ever walk” and other Mehnert quotes: Mehnert Papers, Hoover.
74 “You see defiance” and “This country has”: Morrison letter, Knickerbocker Papers, Columbia.
75 “Hitler is a homo-sexual” and rest of letter to Winner: Knickerbocker Papers, Columbia.
77 Abraham Plotkin was and other information about his background and trip: Plotkin, An American in Hitler’s Berlin: Abraham Plotkin’s Diary, 1932–33, Introduction, xii–xl.
77 “hide their poverty very well” and “from their appearances”: Ibid., 6.
77 “You Americans”: Ibid., 62.
78 one family’s diet: Ibid., 58.
78 The head of a district health department: Ibid., 75.
78 “fascinated by” and rest of exchange with streetwalkers: Ibid., 12–16.
78 “Do you have a fascist party” and rest of exchange with German Jews: Ibid., 38–39.
79 “Hitlerism is rapidly going”: Ibid., 29.
79 “One felt as if”: Ibid., 67.
79 “showmanship” and “So this was”: Ibid., 68, 70.
80 “like a faithful dog” and rest of Corwin’s visit to Heidelberg: R. LeRoy Bannerman, On a Note of Triumph: Norman Corwin and the Golden Years of Radio, 22.
80 “We are beyond”: Ibid., 22–23.
80 On Saturday, December 5, 1931, and quotes from Hitler and Sackett at and about their meeting: Bernard V. Burke, Ambassador Frederic Sackett and the Collapse of the Weimar Republic, 1930–1933, 8–9, 185–186.
81 “If only I” and rest of scene between Hitler and Helen: Niemeyer interviewed by Toland, Library of Congress.
82 “I felt Hitler”: Hanfstaengl, 123.
82 “Why don’t you find”: Niemeyer interviewed by Toland.
82 “an empty-headed”: Hanfstaengl, 162.
82 “I always had the feeling”: Niemeyer interviewed by Toland.
82 Otto Strasser and his claims about Geli and Hitler: Ronald Hayman, Hitler + Geli, 145.
83 “The whole affair”: Hanfstaengl, 165.
83 “of an American woman” and “a German propagandist”: Dorothy Thompson, “I Saw Hitler!,” 3–4.
83 “lofty and remote”: Ibid., 5.
83 “Fussy. Amusing”: Ibid., 13.
83 “an immense, high-strung”: Peter Kurth, American Cassandra: The Life of Dorothy Thompson, 160.
83 John Farrar: Marion K. Sanders, Dorothy Thompson: A Legend in Her Time, 166.
84 “The times in which”: Thompson, vi.
84 “Gone ‘legal’”: Ibid., 4.
84 “terrorizes the streets”: Ibid., 12.
84 “When finally I walked”: Ibid., 13.
85 “He is formless”: Ibid., 13–14.
85 “an insignificant” and contrast with Hindenburg and Brüning: Ibid., 14–15.
85 “The Jews are”: Ibid., 34.
85 “Hitler’s tragedy”: Ibid., 35.
85 “If Hitler comes into”: Ibid., 36.
86 “Mrs. Lewis, the wife” and rest of Ludecke-Hitler exchange: Ludecke, I Knew Hitler, 531.
86 One of Putzi’s classmates and rest of Harvard connections with Kaltenborn: H. V. Kaltenborn, Fifty Fabulous Years, 1900–1950, 51.
86 “felt that any” and details of interview procedures: Hans V. Kaltenborn, “An Interview with Hitler,” Wisconsin Magazine of History, Summer 1967.
87 “Why does your” and Hitler’s response: Kaltenborn, Fifty Fabulous Years, 186–187.
87 “he has no capacity”: Kaltenborn, “An Interview with Hitler.”
88 “A dictatorship is”: Kaltenborn, Fifty Fabulous Years, 188.
88 “I could understand”: Kaltenborn, “An Interview with Hitler.”
88 “After meeting Hitler”: Kaltenborn, Fifty Fabulous Years, 186.
88 “Most people”: Ibid., 185.
CHAPTER FOUR: “I WILL SHOW THEM”
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89 “I’ll give the Hitlerites” and other quotes from Lochner: Louis Lochner, Always the Unexpected, 209–210.
90 “it was obviously”: Burke, Ambassador Frederic Sackett, 262.
90 “rule alone” and descriptions of Hitler and Goebbels: Ibid., 247.
91 “I am told that” and “The Nazi meetings”: Plotkin, 102–103.
91 “the bloody Jews” and “run out of his control” and “like a bunch of schoolboys”: Ibid., 108.
91 “a banker named Arnholt” and “Merely wondering” along with the rest of Mowrer account: Mowrer, Triumph and Turmoil, 212.
92 “I am going to Munich” and rest of Schacht-Mowrer exchange: Ibid., 213.
92 “whenever a political melodrama” and rest of Fromm-Wiegand exchange: Fromm, 62–63.
93 While Ambassador Sackett: Burke, 274.
93 “The German government” and “I do not think”: Fromm, 67.
93 At an “intimate” dinner and rest of Schleicher-Fromm exchange: Ibid., 68–69.
94 “dancing between four masters” and rest of Plettl-Plotkin exchange: Plotkin, 122–123.
95 “in no way alarmed” and “rapidly increasing”: Burke, 277.
95 “sudden and unexpected”: Ibid., 281.
95 “We have hired Hitler” and “in the driver’s seat”: Lochner, Always the Unexpected, 210–211.
95 He had arrived in Germany: Bouton, “My Years in Germany” (Reprinted from the Proceedings of the Institute of Public Affairs, Ninth Annual Session, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, January 23–25, 1935), S. Miles Bouton Papers, box 4, Hoover.
96 “It requires no great skill”: “Bouton, Home from Europe, Tells of Germany in 1925,” Baltimore Sun, box 1, Hoover.
96 “Read that treaty”: Bouton Collection, box 4, Hoover.
96 “It was several minutes”: “A Veteran Journalist Reports,” c. 1962, Bouton Papers, box 6, Hoover.
96 “does not come into consideration”: Untitled copy of dispatch dated August 9, 1930, Bouton Papers, box 1, Hoover.
96 “For the last five years”: Bouton, “My Years in Germany,” box 4, Hoover.
97 “represents a remarkable” and rest of quotes from original manuscript of March 1932 article “Hitler’s Shadow Across Germany”: Bouton Papers, box 1, Hoover.
98 “That they put me down” and rest of Lochner’s letter: “Round Robins from Berlin: Louis P. Lochner’s Letters to His Children, 1932–1941,” Wisconsin Magazine of History, Summer 1967.
99 “foreigners and Jews” and rest of Lilian Mowrer’s account, including description of Edgar Mowrer’s conversations with Nazis over beers: Lilian Mowrer, 266–268.
100 “But I have only heard” and rest of Lilian’s conversation with her daughter: Ibid., 275.
100 “sick of everything” and other quotes from book: Mowrer, Germany Puts the Clock Back, 196–198.
100 “Did he believe”: Ibid., 194.
101 “I could see the man’s face”: Sigrid Schultz, Germany Will Try It Again, 87–88.
&
nbsp; 101 “While others slept”: Mowrer, Germany Puts the Clock Back, 207.
101 “singularly unmoved” and “Certainly it was”: Hanfstaengl, 196.
102 “I sent for” and “was, needless to”: Ibid., 199.
102 “In strode” and rest of dinner description: Lochner, Always the Unexpected, 186–187.
103 “a court jester” and account of Messersmith-Hanfstaengl encounter: Jesse H. Stiller, George S. Messersmith: Diplomat of Democracy, 40.
103 “I knew he was crazy”: Lilian Mowrer, 299.
104 “secret” Jew: Mowrer, Triumph and Turmoil, 219.
104 “Of course, he is”: Richard Breitman, Barbara McDonald Stewart and Severin Hochberg, eds., Advocate for the Doomed: The Diaries and Papers of James G. McDonald, 1932–1935, 28.
104 “Edgar a Jew?”: Mowrer, Triumph and Turmoil, 219.
104 According to Putzi: Hanfstaengl, 175.
104 “the greatest torchlight procession” and “Hitler stationed himself”: Manuscript of article for Public Ledger, May 15, 1933, H. R. Knickerbocker Papers, Columbia.
104 “The Nazis will make”: Burke, 282.
104 “the purely political” and Sackett’s views of Papen and Hugenberg: Ibid., 283–284.
105 Marinus van der Lubbe: Kershaw, 456–457.
105 “a dupe of the Nazis”: Shirer, The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich, 269.
105 “For the Protection”: Kershaw, Hitler, 1889–1936: Hubris, 459.
105 “deeply displeased”: Fromm, 79.
106 “might deviate from”: Shirer, The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich, 276.
106 “The nation turned”: Manuscript of article for Public Ledger, May 15, 1933, H. R. Knickerbocker Papers, Columbia.
106 “It is really as bad” and other quotes from letter to Lewis: Sanders, Dorothy Thompson, 185.
106 “perfectly mad” and rest of letter to Cohen: Kurth, 187.
107 “the auto da fé”: Manuscript of article for Public Ledger, May 15, 1933, H. R. Knickerbocker Papers, Columbia.
107 “These flames do not only” and authors of burned books: Philip Metcalfe, 1933, 123.
107 “that the truth”: Undated manuscript titled “Education Is Not Enough” in S. Miles Bouton Papers, box 1, Hoover.
107 “change his style of reporting”: Deborah E. Lipstadt, Beyond Belief: The American Press and the Coming of the Holocaust, 1933–1945, 22.
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