This Changes Everything
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4. Personal interview with Jonathan Henderson, May 25, 2010.
5. Cain Burdeau and Seth Borenstein, “6 Months After Oil Spill, Scientists Say Gulf Is Sick but Not Dying,” Associated Press, October 18, 2010.
6. Doug O’Harra, “Cordova on the Brink,” Anchorage Daily News, May 1, 1994.
7. Sandra Steingraber, Raising Elijah: Protecting Our Children in an Age of Environmental Crisis (Philadelphia: Da Capo, 2011), 28; Sandra Steingraber, Having Faith: An Ecologist’s Journey to Motherhood (Cambridge, MA: Perseus, 2001), 88.
8. Lisa M. McKenzie et al. “Birth Outcomes and Maternal Residential Proximity to Natural Gas Development in Rural Colorado,” Environmental Health Perspectives 122 (2014): 412–417.
9. Mark Whitehouse, “Study Shows Fracking Is Bad for Babies,” Bloomberg View, January 4, 2014.
10. Constanze A. Mackenzie, Ada Lockridge, and Margaret Keith, “Declining Sex Ratio in a First Nation Community,” Environmental Health Perspectives 113 (2005): 1295–1298; Melody Petersen, “The Lost Boys of Aamjiwnaang,” Men’s Health, November 5, 2009; Nil Basu et al., “Biomarkers of Chemical Exposure at Aamjiwnaang,” McGill Environmental Health Sciences Lab Occasional Report, 2013.
11. Personal email communication with Monique Harden, codirector, Advocates for Environmental and Human Rights, February 13, 2012; personal interview with Wilma Subra, chemist and environmental consultant, January 26, 2012; David S. Martin, “Toxic Towns: People of Mossville ‘Are Like an Experiment,’ ” CNN, February 26, 2010.
12. Living on Earth, “Human Rights in Cancer Alley,” April 23, 2010, http://www.loe.org; personal email communications with Monique Harden, February 13 and 15, 2012.
13. Personal interview with Debra Ramirez, May 27, 2010; Martin, “Toxic Towns”; Subra interview, January 26, 2012.
14. “Initial Exploration Plan, Mississippi Canyon Block 252,” BP Exploration & Production Inc., p. 14-3.
15. Personal interview with Donny Waters, February 3, 2012.
16. Monica Hernandez, “Fishermen Angry as BP Pushes to End Payments for Future Losses,” WWLTV, July 8, 2011; personal interviews with Fred Everhardt, crabber and former St. Bernard Parish Councilman, February 22, 2012, and March 7, 2014; personal interviews with George Barisich, president, United Commercial Fisherman’s Association, February 22, 2012, and March 10, 2014.
17. “Scientists Find Higher Concentrations of Heavy Metals in Post–Oil Spill Oysters from Gulf of Mexico,” California Academy of Sciences, press release, April 18, 2012; “Gulf of Mexico Clean-Up Makes 2010 Spill 52-Times More Toxic,” Georgia Institute of Technology, press release, November 30, 2012; Roberto Rico-Martínez, Terry W. Snell, and Tonya L. Shearer, “Synergistic Toxicity of Macondo Crude Oil and Dispersant Corexit 9500A(R) to the Brachionus Plicatilis Species Complex (Rotifera),” Environmental Pollution 173 (2013): 5–10.
18. Personal interview with Andrew Whitehead, February 1, 2012; Andrew Whitehead et al., “Genomic and Physiological Footprint of the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill on Resident Marsh Fishes,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 109 (2012): 20298–20302; Benjamin Dubansky et al., “Multitissue Molecular, Genomic, and Developmental Effects of the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill on Resident Gulf Killifish (Fundulus grandis),” Environmental Science & Technology 47 (2013): 5074–5082.
19. “2010–2014 Cetacean Unusual Mortality Event in Northern Gulf of Mexico,” Office of Protected Resources, NOAA Fisheries, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov; Rob Williams et al., “Underestimating the Damage: Interpreting Cetacean Carcass Recoveries in the Context of the Deepwater Horizon/BP Incident,” Conservation Letters 4 (2011): 228.
20. Harlan Kirgan, “Dead Dolphin Calves Found in Mississippi, Alabama,” Mobile Press-Register, February 24, 2011; FOOTNOTE: “2010–2014 Cetacean Unusual Mortality Event in Northern Gulf of Mexico,” Office of Protected Resources, NOAA Fisheries, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov.
21. Lori H. Schwacke et al., “Health of Common Bottlenose Dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) in Barataria Bay, Louisiana, Following the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill,” Environmental Science & Technology 48 (2014): 93–103; “Scientists Report Some Gulf Dolphins Are Gravely Ill,” NOAA Fisheries, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, press release, December 18, 2013.
22. “Dolphin Deaths Related to Cold Water in Gulf of Mexico, Study Says,” Associated Press, July 19, 2012.
23. Moises Velasquez-Manoff, “Climate Turns Up Heat on Sea Turtles,” Christian Science Monitor, June 21, 2007; A. P. Negri, P. A. Marshall, and A. J. Heyward, “Differing Effects of Thermal Stress on Coral Fertilization and Early Embryogenesis in Four Indo Pacific Species,” Coral Reefs 26 (2007): 761; Andrew C. Baker, Peter W. Glynn, and Bernhard Riegl, “Climate Change and Coral Reef Bleaching: An Ecological Assessment of Long-Term Impacts, Recovery Trends and Future Outlook,” Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 80 (2008): 435–471.
24. The accelerated acidification is likely due to a combination of human emissions leading to more carbon being absorbed as well as natural upwelling of deeper, corrosive water. “MUCH MORE SENSITIVE”: Personal interview with Richard Feely, November 20, 2012; SCALLOP DIE-OFF: Mark Hume, “Mystery Surrounds Massive Die-Off of Oysters and Scallops off B.C. Coast,” Globe and Mail, February 27, 2014.
25. CARIBOU CALVES: Eric Post and Mads C. Forchhammer, “Climate Change Reduces Reproductive Success of an Arctic Herbivore Through Trophic Mismatch,” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 363 (2008): 2369–2372; PIED FLYCATCHER: Christiaan Both, “Food Availability, Mistiming, and Climatic Change,” in Effects of Climate Change on Birds, ed. Anders Pape Moller et al. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010), 129–131; Christiaan Both et al., “Climate Change and Population Declines in a Long-Distance Migratory Birds,” Nature 441 (2006): 81–82; ARCTIC TERN: Darryl Fears, “Biologists Worried by Migratory Birds’ Starvation, Seen as Tied to Climate Change,” Washington Post, June 19, 2013; DENS COLLAPSING, DANGEROUSLY EXPOSED: Ed Struzik, “Trouble in the Lair,” Postmedia News, June 25, 2012; personal interview with Steven Amstrup, chief scientist, Polar Bears Interrnational, January 7, 2013.
26. “Arctic Rain Threatens Baby Peregrine Falcons,” CBC News, December 4, 2013; Dan Joling, “Low-Profile Ring Seals Are Warming Victims,” Associated Press, March 5, 2007; Jon Aars, “Variation in Detection Probability of Polar Bear Maternity Dens,” Polar Biology 36 (2013): 1089–1096.
27. Schwake et al., “Health of Common Bottlenose Dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) in Barataria Bay, Louisiana, Following the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill”; L. Lauria, “Reproductive Disorders and Pregnancy Outcomes Among Female Flight Attendants,”Aviation, Space and Environmental Medicine 77 (2006): 533–539.
28. FOOTNOTE: C.D. Lynch, et. al., “Preconception Stress Increases the Risk of Infertility: Results from a Couple-based Prospective Cohort Study—The LIFE Study,” Human Reproduction 29 (May 2014), 1067–1075.
29. Wes Jackson, “We Can Now Solve the 10,000-Year-Old Problem of Agriculture,” in Allan Eaglesham, Ken Korth, and Ralph W. F. Hardy, eds., NABC Report 24: Water Sustainability in Agriculture, National Agricultural Biotechnology Council, 2012, p. 41.
30. Wendell Berry, “It All Turns on Affection,” Jefferson Lecture in the Humanities, Washington, D.C., April 23, 2012, http://www.neh.gov.
31. Tyrone B. Hayes et al., “Demasculinization and Feminization of Male Gonads by Atrazine: Consistent Effects Across Vertebrate Classes,” Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 127 (2011): 65, 67; Karla Gale, “Weed Killer Atrazine May Be Linked to Birth Defect,” Reuters, February 8, 2010; Kelly D. Mattix, Paul D. Winchester, and L. R. “Tres” Scherer, “Incidence of Abdominal Wall Defects Is Related to Surface Water Atrazine and Nitrate Levels,” Journal of Pediatric Surgery 42 (2007): 947–949; Tye E. Arbuckle et al., “An Exploratory Analysis of the Effect of Pesticide Exposure on the Risk of Spontaneous Abortion in an Ontario Farm Population,” Enviro
nmental Health Perspectives 109 (2001): 851–857; Rachel Aviv, “A Valuable Reputation,” The New Yorker, February 10, 2014.
32. Charles C. Mann, 1491: New Revelations of the Americas Before Columbus (New York: Vintage, 2006), 226.
33. “Transforming Agriculture with Perennial Polycultures,” The Land Institute, http://landinstitute.org.
34. Blair Fannin, “Updated 2011 Texas Agricultural Drought Losses Total $7.62 Billion,” Agrilife Today, March 21, 2012.
35. James A. Lichatowich, Salmon Without Rivers: A History of the Pacific Salmon Crisis (Washington, D.C.: Island Press, 2001), 54.
36. “Leanne Simpson Speaking at Beit Zatoun Jan 23rd 2012” (video), YouTube, Dreadedstar’s Channel, January 25, 2012.
37. Personal interview with Leanne Simpson, February 22, 2013.
38. John Vidal, “Bolivia Enshrines Natural World’s Rights with Equal Status for Mother Earth,” Guardian, April 10, 2011; Clare Kendall, “A New Law of Nature,” Guardian, September 23, 2008; FOOTNOTE: Edgardo Lander, “Extractivism and Protest Against It in Latin America,” presented at the Question of Power: Alternatives for the Energy Sector in Greece and Its European and Global Context, Athens, October 2013; República del Ecuador, Constitución de la República del Ecuador de 2008, Capítulo Séptimo: Derechos de la Naturaleza, art. 71; “Peoples Agreement of Cochabamba,” World People’s Conference on Climate Change and the Rights of Mother Earth, April 24, 2010, http://pwccc.wordpress.com.
39. Fiona Harvey, “Vivienne Westwood Backs Ecocide Law,” Guardian, January 16, 2014; “FAQ Ecocide,” End Ecocide in Europe, April 16, 2013, https://www.endecocide.eu.
40. Personal interview with Mike Scott, March 23, 2013.
41. Wes Jackson, Consulting the Genius of the Place: An Ecological Approach to a New Agriculture (Berkeley: Counterpoint, 2010).
42. Personal email communication with Gopal Dayaneni, March 6, 2014.
CONCLUSION: THE LEAP YEARS
1. Martin Luther King Jr., “Beyond Vietnam,” speech, New York, April 4, 1967, Martin Luther King Jr. Research and Education Institute, Stanford University, http://mlk-kpp01.stanford.edu.
2. Marlene Moses, Statement on Behalf of Pacific Small Island Developing States, presented at Youth Delegates Demand Climate Justice, side event for United Nations Youth Delegates, New York October 13, 2009.
3. Personal email communication with Brad Werner, December 22, 2012.
4. “The Future of Human-Landscape Systems II” (video), American Geophysical Union (AGU), YouTube, December 5, 2012; personal interview with Brad Werner, October 2, 2013; Dave Levitan, “After Extensive Mathematical Modeling, Scientist Declares ‘Earth Is F**ked,’ ” io9, December 7, 2012.
5. “The Future of Human-Landscape Systems II” (video), YouTube; personal email communication with Brad Werner, December 22, 2012; personal interviews with Brad Werner, February 15 and October 2, 2013.
6. “The Future of Human-Landscape Systems II” (video), YouTube.
7. John Fullerton, “The Big Choice,” Capital Institute, July 19, 2011.
8. Martin Luther King Jr., Where Do We Go from Here: Chaos or Community? (Boston: Beacon, [1967] 2010), 5–6.
9. Johannes G. Hoogeveen and Berk özler, “Not Separate, Not Equal: Poverty and Inequality in Post-Apartheid South Africa,” Working Paper No. 739, William Davidson Institute, University of Michigan Business School, January 2005.
10. For work exploring the multi-faceted parallels between climate change, slavery, and abolitionism more broadly, see: Jean-François Mouhot, “Past Connections and Present Similarities in Slave Ownership and Fossil Fuel Usage,” Climatic Change 105 (2011): 329–355; Jean-François Mouhot, Des Esclaves Énergétiques: Réflexions sur le Changement Climatique (Seyssel: Champ Vallon, 2011); Andrew Nikiforuk, The Energy of Slaves (Vancouver: Greystone Books, 2012); HAYES: Christopher Hayes, “The New Abolitionism,” The Nation, April 22, 2014.
11. Greg Grandin, “The Bleached Bones of the Dead: What the Modern World Owes Slavery (It’s More Than Back Wages),” TomDispatch, February 23, 2014; Adam Hochschild, Bury the Chains: Prophets and Rebels in the Fight to Free an Empire’s Slaves (New York: Houghton Mifflin, 2006), 13–14, 54–55.
12. Christopher Hayes, “The New Abolitionism,” The Nation, April 22, 2014; FOOTNOTE: Seth Rockman and Sven Beckert, eds., Slavery’s Capitalism: A New History of American Economic Development (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, forthcoming); Sven Beckert and Seth Rockman, “Partners in Iniquity,” New York Times, April 2, 2011; Julia Ott, “Slaves: The Capital That Made Capitalism,” Public Seminar, April 9, 2014; Edward E. Baptist and Louis Hyman, “American Finance Grew on the Back of Slaves,” Chicago Sun-Times, March 7, 2014; Katie Johnston, “The Messy Link Between Slave Owners and Modern Management,” Forbes, January 16, 2013.
13. Lauren Dubois, Haiti: The Aftershocks of History (New York: Metropolitan Books, 2012), 97–100.
14. Frantz Fanon, The Wretched of the Earth (New York: Grove, 2004), 55.
15. Kari Marie Norgaard, Living in Denial: Climate Change, Emotions, and Everyday Life (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2011), 61.
16. Adam Smith, The Wealth of Nations, Books I–III, ed. Andrew Skinner (London: Penguin, 1999), 183–84, 488–89.
17. Seymour Drescher, The Mighty Experiment: Free Labor Versus Slavery in British Emancipation (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002), 34–35, 233; Thomas Clarkson, The History of the Rise, Progress, and Accomplishment of the Abolition of the African Slave-Trade, by the British Parliament, Vol. 2 (London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, and Orme, 1808), 580–81.
18. Wendell Phillips, “Philosophy of the Abolition Movement: Speech Before the Massachusetts Antislavery Society (1853),” in Speeches, Lectures, and Letters (Boston: James Redpath, 1863), 109–10; Frederick Douglass, “The Meaning of July Fourth for the Negro,” speech at Rochester, New York, July 5, 1852, in Frederick Douglass: Selected Speeches and Writings, ed. Philip S. Foner and Yuval Taylor (Chicago: Chicago Review Press, 2000), 196.
19. David Brion Davis, Inhuman Bondage: The Rise and Fall of Slavery in the New World (New York: Oxford University Press, 2006), 1.
20. Desmond Tutu, “We Need an Apartheid-Style Boycott to Save the Planet,” Guardian, April 10, 2014.
21. Luis Hernández Navarro, “Repression and Resistance in Oaxaca,” CounterPunch, November 21, 2006.
22. Personal interview with Sivan Kartha, January 11, 2013.
INDEX
* * *
Aamjiwnaang First Nation, 428–29
Abbey, Edward, 286
abolition movement, 450, 455–57, 462–63
Aboriginal and Treaty Rights, 368–72; see also Indigenous peoples, land rights of
Acción Ecológica, 309, 408–9
acid rain, 204, 208, 218
Action Center for Education and Community Development, 106
Adam, Allan, 384
Adams, John, 84
Africa, 12, 19, 175, 179, 414
effects of Pinatubo Option in, 260, 268, 270, 287
neocolonialism in, 47, 48–49
Sahel of, 270, 274, 275–76
volcanic eruptions and, 272, 274
African Americans, 53, 415, 453–54
toxic dumping in communities of, 205, 429–30
African National Congress, 455
agriculture:
agro-ecological methods in, 134–36, 284, 438
decentralization of, 133–34
family farms vs. Big Ag in, 399–400
industrial (Big Ag), 9, 77–78, 133–36, 210, 399–400, 438–39
local and organic, 134–35, 222, 404–5
low-energy, 90, 91
natural fertility of ecosystems vs., 438–39
small-scale sustainable, 127, 438
wind turbines and, 131–32
agrofuel businesses, 238–39
Agung eruption (1963), 274
air-conditioning, 47
air travel, 1–2, 3, 15, 76, 90, 113, 231, 238, 241–44
A
laska, 112, 147, 273–74, 333, 337, 375, 376, 420
Alberta:
disappearance of moose from, 27
Indigenous people in, 315, 372
Alberta Energy Regulator, 327
Alberta tar sands, 2, 23, 27, 71, 139–41, 144, 145, 147, 179, 237, 245–49, 281, 301, 312, 315, 325, 331, 349, 372, 381, 451
ecological and human health impact of, 325–27, 345
economic boom and, 45, 67
as economic disrupter, 386
Indigenous lawsuits over, 378–79, 384
Pierre River Mine project in, 379–80, 383
possible fuel bans on, 246, 248–49
transport of machinery for, 318–19
Albrecht, Glenn, 165
Alcoa, 226
Alden, Charlene, 390–93
Alier, Joan Martínez, 202
Allende, Salvador, 454
Alward, David, 374
Amazon Basin, 180, 182, 197, 221, 291
anti-oil movement in, 304, 353, 376
dieback in, 13
Amazon Watch, 411
American Association for the Advancement of Science, 1, 31, 152
American Council on Renewable Energy, 67
American Dream, supersizing of, 22
American Economic Association, 428
American Electric Power, 196, 221
American Enterprise Institute (AEI), 282–83
American Freedom Alliance, 53n
American Gas Association, 213
American Geophysical Union (AGU), 60, 62, 449
American Petroleum Institute, 227
Americans for Prosperity (AFP), 53
Amnesty International, 167
anarchists, 178
Anderson, Germaine, 379
Anderson, Kevin, 13, 21, 56, 86–89, 91, 214, 283
Andhra Pradesh, India, 350
Angotti, Tom, 235n
Anishinaabe, 443
anti-apartheid movement, 454–55
anti-coal movements, 10, 197, 300–301, 319–20, 322–23, 346, 348–49, 350–52, 365, 370, 374, 376, 389, 397, 398–99, 408, 445
anti-fracking movements, 299–300, 303–4, 317–18, 335, 347, 348, 361, 362, 365, 370, 373–74, 381, 403–4