Bismarck: A Life
Page 66
37. Bismarck to Brother, 12 July 1830, GW xiv. 2.
38. Engelberg, i. 116.
39. Anderson, 18.
40. Ibid.
41. Lytton Strachey, Eminent Victorians (London: Penguin Books, 1986), 26.
42. Motley, Morton’s Hope, i. 125–7.
43. Ibid. 151–2.
44. Ibid. ii. 160–1.
45. Ibid. 163–5.
46. Marcks, Bismarck, 95.
47. Ibid. 89.
48. For a fascinating account of the last woman to be arrested by the Proctors and Bull Dogs in 1891 and tried by the Vice-Chancellor’s Court, see Deborah Kant, ‘Daisy Hopkins and the Proctors’, M.Phil Dissertation in Criminology, University of Cambridge Institute of Criminology, 2008.
49. Bismarck to the Rector of Göttingen, GW xiv. 3.
50. Bismarck to Scharlach, 14 Nov. 1833, GW xiv. 2–3.
51. Bismarck to Scharlach, 7 Apr. 1834, GW xiv. 4.
52. Bismarck to Scharlach, 5 May 1834, GW xiv. 5.
53. Roon, i. 280.
54. Ibid. i. 68.
55. Marcks, Bismarck, i. 104–5.
56. Engelberg, i. 125.
57. Gall, The White Revolutionary, i. 35–6.
58. Pflanze, i. 38–41.
59. 27 Dec. 1884, Spitzemberg, 212.
60. Bismarck to Scharlach, 18 July 1835, GW xiv. 5.
61. Bismarck to Scharlach, 4 May 1836, GW xiv. 7.
62. Motley to Lady William Russell, 31 May 1863, Motley Family, 174.
63. Gall, The White Revolutionary, i. 38.
64. Aachen city website:
65. Engelberg, i. 131–2.
66. Ibid. 132.
67. Biographical details from German Wikipedia.
68. Engelberg, i. 133.
69. Ibid. 134.
70. Ibid. 136.
71. Ibid. 139.
72. Ibid.
73. Gall, The White Revolutionary, i. 39.
74. Entry by William Carr, rev. K. D. Reynolds; Oxford Dictionary of National Biography Online (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004–8).
75. C. P. Kindleberger, A Financial History of Western Europe, 2nd edn. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), 237.
76. Bismarck to Johanna, 14 May 1851, GW x. 211.
77. Engelberg, i. 144.
78. Bismarck to Karl Friedrich von Savigny, Frankfurt, 30 Aug. 1837, GW xiv. 9.
79. Bismarck to Bernhard, 10 July 1837, Engelberg, i. 143–4.
80. Ibid. 142.
81. Ibid. 146.
82. Ibid.146.
83. Bismarck to Father, 29 Sept. 1838, GW xiv. 13–17 and Caroline von Bismarck-Bohlen, 18 June 1835, GW xiv. 6.
84. Engelberg, i. 149.
85. Gall, The White Revolutionary, i. 41.
86. Letter to Father, 29 Sept. 1838, GW xiv. 13–17.
87. Bismarck to Savigny, Kniephof, 21 Dec. 1838, GW xiv. 17. See also Engelberg, i. 150.
88. Wienfort, 213.
89. Theodor von der Goltz, Die ländliche Arbeiterklasse und der preußische Staat (Jena, 1893), 144–7.
90. Pflanze, i. 103.
91. Spenkuch, table 3, p. 160.
92. Marcks, Bismarck, i. 184.
93. Keudell, 13.
94. Ibid. 14.
95. Ibid. 16–17.
96. Bismarck to Father, London, 28 July 1842, Bismarck Briefe, No. 4, p. 6.
97. Bismarck to Father, Kniephof, 1 Oct. 1843, Bismarck Briefe, No. 7, pp. 9–10.
98. Bismarck to Father, Norderney, 8 Aug. 1844, Bismarck Briefe, No. 11, pp. 14–15.
99. Bismarck to Louis von Klitzing, 10 Sept. 1843, GW xiv. 21.
100. Bismarck to Father, 1 Oct. 1843, GW xiv. 22.
101. Bismarck to Oskar von Arnim, ibid.
102. Engelberg, i. 192.
103. Ibid. 198.
104. Clark, Conversion, 125 n. 3; Engelberg, i. 186.
105. Witzleben (Adelsgeschlecht) German Wikipedia.
106. Cited in Clark, Conversion, 126.
107. Ibid. 130–1; Fischer, 60–1.
108. Petersdorff, 60 ff.
109. Ibid. 62.
110. Bismarck to Sister, Berlin, GW xiv. 24.
111. Bismarck to Karl Friedrich von Savigny, 24 May 1844, GW xiv. 25.
112. Bismarck to Scharlach, 4 Aug. 1844, GW xiv. 25.
113. Petersdorff, 69.
114. Engelberg, i. 205.
115. Petersdorff, 73.
116. Ibid. 20.
117. Ibid. 39.
118. Sigurd von Kleist, Geschichte des Geschlects v. Kleist, 5.
119. Ibid. 43 and 81.
120. Petersdorff, 81.
121. Bismarck to Sister, Kniephof, 9 Apr. 1845, GW xiv. 33.
122. Engelberg, i. 299.
123. Ibid. 201–2.
124. Bismarck to Sister, Schönhausen, 30 Sept. 1845, GW xiv.35.
125. Bismarck to Marie von Thadden, 11 Apr. 1846, GW xiv. 41.
126. Bismarck to Marie von Thadden-Blanckenburg, Kniephof, Saturday, July 1846, GW xiv. 42–3.
127. Bismarck to Sister, 18 Nov. 1846, GW xiv. 45.
128. Blanckenburg to Kleist, 15 May 1885, Petersdorff, 93.
129. Bismarck to Heinrich von Puttkammer, 21 Dec. 1846, GW xiv. 46–8.
130. Bismarck to Puttkammer, 4 Jan. 1847, GW xiv. 48–9.
131. Bismarck to Sister, 12 Jan. 1847, GW xiv. 49.
132. Bismarck to Johanna, 4 Mar. 1847, GW xiv. 74.
133. Bismarck to Sister, 14 Apr. 1847, GW xiv. 83.
134. Bismarck to Johanna, 8 May 1847, GW xiv. 86.
135. Holstein, Memoirs, 9.
136. Spitzemberg, 49–50.
137. 4 June 1863, ibid. 50.
138. Ibid. 235.
139. 19 March 1870, ibid. 90.
140. 11 Apr. 1888, ibid. 248–50.
141. 12 June 1885, ibid. 220.
142. 1 Apr. 1895, ibid. 335–6.
CHAPTER 4
1. Ernst von Bülow-Cummerow had a very large estate in Pomerania but belonged to the Liberal side of the debates in Prussia after 1815. He approved of the reforms of Hardenberg, opposed the protectionist theories of Friedrich List, disliked the feudal pretentions of his fellow great estate owners, and made himself rather unpopular among Bismarck’s backers. On the other hand his pamphlets on political matters and economic theories and the huge size of his holdings made him too big to antagonize. Allgemeine deutsche Biographie & Neue deutsche Biographie (Digitale Register), vol. iii (Leipzig, 1876), 518 ff.
2. Wienfort, 113f.
3. Marcks, Bismarck, i. 387–8.
4. Bismarck to Ludwig von Gerlach, 26 Mar. 1847, GW xiv. 82.
5. Marcks, Bismarck, i. 388.
6. Bismarck to Johanna, 9 May 1847, GW xiv. 86.
7. Friedrich Meinecke quoted in Barclay, 36.
8. Marcks, Bismarck, i. 395.
9. Clark, Iron Kingdom, 408.
10. Ibid. 408.
11. Historical Atlas.
12. Pflanze, i. 103.
13. Modern History Sourcebook: Spread of Railways in 19th Century.
14. Bismarck to Brother, 26 Aug. 1846, Bismarck Briefe, No. 29, p. 40.
15. Bismarck to Johanna, 28 Apr. 1847, GW xiv. 84.
16. Barclay, 127.
17. Clark, Iron Kingdom, 460.
18. Barclay, 128.
19. Marcks, Bismarck, i. 397.
20. Text in GW x. 3.
21. Marcks, Bismarck, i. 426.
22. Bismarck to Johanna, 18 May 1847, GW xiv. 89.
23. Keudell, 9.
24. ‘Ernst Gottfried Georg von Bülow-Cummerow’, Neue deutsche Biolgraphie, ii. 737–8. Online Digitale Bibliothek:
25. 21 Jan. 1848, Holstein, Diaries, 333–4.
26. Bismarck to Johanna, 8 June 1847, GW xiv. 94.
27. Bismarck to Johanna, 22 June 1847, ibid. 6.
28. Cf. Ch. 2.
29. Rühs, 128.
30. Clark, Conversion, 166.
31. Bismarck, Die politischen Reden, i. 25–6.
32. Ibid. 28.
33. Wagner, 292.
34. Berdahl, 349.
35. Ibid. 356.
36. ‘Friedrich Julius Stahl’, Allgemeine deutsche Biographie, vol. xxxv (Leipzig, 1893), 400.
37. Kleist to Ludwig von Gerlach, 25 Aug. 1861, ibid. 377–8.
38. Berdahl, 354.
39. Marcks, Bismarck, i. 421.
40. Gall, Der weisse Revolutionär, 56 and 59.
41. Pflanze, i. 53.
42. Marcks, Bismarck, i. 429.
43. Petersdorff, 94.
44. Marcks, Bismarck, i. 446.
45. Roon, i. 503.
46. Bismarck, Man & Statesman, i. 20.
47. Bismarck to Sister, Schönhausen, 24 Oct. 1847, GW xiv. 99–100.
48. Bismarck to Brother, Schönhausen, 24 Oct. 1847, ibid.
49. Marcks, Bismarck, i. 453.
50. Jonathan Steinberg, ‘Carlo Cattaneo and the Swiss Idea of Liberty’, in Giuseppe Mazzini and the Globalisation of Democratic Nationalism, ed. C. A. Bayly and Eugenio Biagini (Proceedings of the British Academy, 152) (London and New York: Oxford University Press, 2008), 220–1.
51. Clark, Iron Kingdom, 469.
52. Bernhard von Poten, ‘Prittwitz’, Allgemeine deutsche Biographie, vol. xxvi (Leipzig, 1888), 608.
53. Barclay, 141.
54. Clark, Iron Kingdom, 474–5. Clark’s account of the Berlin revolution is the best short account of the dilemma of authority in a rebellious city during 1848 that I have read anywhere. He catches the difficulty of communicating with crowds and troops, of misunderstandings and confusions, in only seven pages.
55. Engelberg, i. 270.
56. Bismarck, Man & Statesman, i. 24.
57. Gall, Der weisse Revolutionär, 70.
58. Ibid. 70.
59. Engelberg, i. 273–4. Augusta gave this letter to William in September 1862 to warn him against appointing Bismarck as minister-president.
60. Bismarck, Man & Statesman, i. 24–5.
61. Engelberg, i. 275.
62. Bismarck, Man & Statesman, i. 29.
63. Bismarck to Brother, 28 Mar. 1848, GW xiv. 102.
64. Souvenirs d’Alexis de Tocqueville, introd. Luc Monnier (Paris: Gallimard, 1942), 63–4.
65. Engelberg, i. 280.
66. Bismarck to Brother, 19 Apr. 1848, GW xiv. 105.
67. Familienartikel Heinrich (Reuß); Neue deutsche Biographie, vol. viii (Berlin, 1969), 386.
68. Neue deutsche Biographie, vol. vi (Berlin, 1964), 294–5 (Digitale Bibliothek).
69. Clark, Conversion, 167 and n. 83.
70. Cf. Ch. 2, p. 24.
71. Engelberg, i. 298.
72. Ibid. 298–300.
73. Ibid. 296.
74. Bismarck to Hermann Wagener, 5 July 1848, GW xiv. 109.
75. 9 Sept., Gerlach, Aufzeichnungen, ii. 2, cited in Engelberg, i. 307.
76. Engelberg, i. 297.
77. Ibid. 298.
78. Zeittafel zur deutschen Revolution 1848/49.
79. Holborn, i. 75–6 and Petersdorff, 129–33.
80. Engelberg, i. 304.
81. Ibid. 305.
82. Petersdorff, 133.
83. Zeittafel zur deutschen Revolution 1848/49.
84. Bärbel Holtz, ‘Ernst Heinrich Adolf von Pfuel (3.11.1779–3.12.1866)’, Neue deutsche Biographie, vol. xx (Berlin, 2001), 362–3.
85. Bismarck to Johanna, Berlin, Saturday evening, 23 Sept. 1848, GW xiv. 113.
86. Barclay, 178.
87. Anton Ritthaller, ‘Friedrich Wilhelm Graf von Brandenburg’, Neue deutsche Biographie, vol. ii (Berlin, 1955), 517.
88. Bismarck, Man & Statesman, i. 55–6.
89. B. Poten, ‘Friedrich Heinrich Ernst von Wrangel’, Allgemeine deutsche Biographie, vol. xliv (Leipzig, 1898), 229–32.
90. Bismarck to Johanna, Berlin, 18 Oct. 1848, GW xiv. 114.
91. Ibid. 56-7.
92. Bismarck to Brother, Potsdam, Sunday evening, 11 Nov. 1848, GW xiv. 117-18.
93. Rbbonline:
94. Bismarck to Johanna Potsdam, 16 Nov. 1848, GW xiv. 119.
95. Ibid.
96. 14 Apr. 1872, Lucius, 20.
97. Verfassungsurkunde für den Preußischen Staat 5 Dec. 1848 (Preußische Gesetz-Sammlung 1848, p. 375) Source:. Homepage des Lehrstuhls für Rechtsphilosophie, Staats- und Verwaltungsrecht Prof. Dr. Horst Dreier, Universität Würzburg.
98. Verfassungsurkunde für den Preußischen Staat, 5 Dec. 1848.
99. Spenkuch, 385.
100. Ibid. 366–7.
101. Bismarck to Brother, 9 Dec. 1848, GW xiv. 120.
102. Engelberg, i. 325.
103. Bismarck to Brother, Schönhausen, 10 Feb. 1849, GW xiv. 123.
104. Engelberg, i. 329; Petersdorff, 151–2.
105. Engelberg, i. 354.
106. Clark, Iron Kingdom, 494.
107. Bismarck speech in the Landtag, 21 Apr. 1849, GW x. 29–32.
108. Bismarck to Brother, 18 Apr. 1849, GW xiv. 127.
109. Bismarck to Johanna, 8 Aug. 1849, GW xiv. 131. Johannes Evangelista Gossner (1773–1858) was a missionary, preacher, and writer active in the religious awakening in Germany. The ‘little treasures’ to which Bismarck refers was a book of devotions, Das Schatzkästchen of 1825, written for his congregation in St Petersburg. Cf. Friedrich Wilhelm Bautz, Biographisch- bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon, vol. ii (Spalten, 1990), 268–71.
110. Bismarck to Johanna, 17 Aug. 1849, GW xiv. 133.
111. Bismarck to Johanna, 9 Sept. 1849, GW xiv. 140.
112. Bismarck to Johanna, 16 Sept. 1849, GW xiv. 143, also in Engelberg, i. 337.
113. R. von Liliencron, ‘Radowitz’, Allgemeine deutsche Biographie, vol. xxvii (Leipzig, 1888), 143.
114. Speech 15 Apr. 1850, GW x. 95–6.
115. Bismarck to Johanna, Erfurt, 19 Apr. 1850, GW xiv. 155.
116. Bismarck to Hermann Wagener, editor of the Kreuzzeitung, Schönhausen, 30 June 1850, GW xiv. 159.
117. Bismarck to Sharlach, Schönhausen bei Jerichow an der Elbe, 4 July 1850, GW xiv. 161–2.
118. Bismarck to Sister, Schönhausen, 8 July 1850, GW xiv. 162.
119. Zeittafel zur deutschen Revolution 1848/49.
120. Bucholz, 44–5.
121. Clark, Iron Kingdom, 494–9; Encyclopedia of 1848 Revolutions.
122. Bismarck’s speech on Olmuetz, 3 Dec. 1850, GW x. 103ff.
123. Gall, Der weisse Revolutionär, 119.
124. Bismarck to Johanna, Berlin, 12 Mar. 1851, GW xiv. 199.
125. Bismarck to Johanna, Berlin, 29 Mar. 1851, GW xiv. 202.
126. Bismarck to Johanna, Berlin, 7 Apr. 1851, GW xiv. 204.
127. Petersdorff, 190–1.
128. Bismarck to Johanna, 28 Apr. 1851, Pflanze, i. 76.
CHAPTER 5
1. Dreier website:
lehrstuhl/schlussakte_ der_wiener_ministerkonferenz_15_mai_1820/>.
2. Deutsches Staats-wörterbuch, ed. Johann Caspar Bluntschli and Karl Ludwig Theodor Brater. Published by Expedition des Staats-Wörterbuchs, 1858 Original from the University of Michigan, Digi
tized 8 May 2006, p. 61.
3. Bismarck to Johanna, Berlin, 3 May 1851, GW xiv. 208.
4. Hedwig von Blanckenburg to Johanna von Bismarck, 7 May 1851, Engelberg, i. 369.
5. Bismarck to Johanna, 14 May 1851, GW x. 211.
6. Bismarck to Kleist-Retzow, 4 July 1851, Pflanze, i. 51.
7. Bismarck to Johanna, Berlin, 5 May 1851, GW xiv. 208.
8. Bismarck to Johanna, 8 May 1851, GW xiv. 209.
9. Engelberg, i. 367.
10. Anthony Trollope, Barchester Towers (1857) (London: Penguin Classic, 1994), 188.
11. Ferdinand Lassalle’s ‘Open Answer of 1 March, 1863’ in Oncken, 281.
12. GW xiv. 209.
13. Bismarck to Johanna, 18 May 1851 GW xiv. 213.
14. Bismarck to Wagener, 5 June 1851, GW xiv. 217.
15. Engelberg, i. 386.
16. Bismarck to General Leopold von Gerlach, 22 June 1851, GW xiv. 219–20.
17. Bismarck to Johanna, Frankfurt, 16 Aug. 1851, GW xiv. 237 and 6 Sept. 1851, ibid. 240.
18. Bismarck to Brother, Frankfurt, 22 Sept. 1851, GW xiv. 241.
19. Bismarck to Leopold von Gerlach, 23 Feb. 1853, GW xiv. 292.
20. Bismarck to Leopold von Gerlach, 6 Feb. 1852, GW xiv. 249–50.
21. Willms, 97.
22. Ibid.
23. Holstein, Memoirs, 22–3.
24. Herman von Petersdorff, ‘Georg Freiherr von Vincke’, Allgemeine deutsche Biographie, vol. xxxix (Leipzig, 1895), 748.
25. Ibid. 750.
26. 25 Mar. 1852, Bismarck and Vincke have a duel: Bismarck to Mother-in-law, 4 Apr. 1852, GW xiv. 258.
27. This saying according to Georg Buchman’s Geflügelte Worte: Der Citatenschatz des deutschen Volkes, 510–11, goes back to the sixteenth century and originated with Emperor Maximilian I.
28. Bismarck to General Leopold von Gerlach, Frankfurt, 2 Aug. 1852, GW xiv. 275.
29. Bismarck to Sister, Frankfurt, 22 Dec. 1853, GW xiv. 336.
30. Pflanze, i. 86–7.
31. Bismarck to Leopold von Gerlach, 19 Dec. 1853, GW xiv. 334.
32. Engelberg, i. 396.
33. ‘Prokesch von Osten, Anton Franz Count (1795–1876)’, Neue deutsche Biographie, vol. xx (Berlin, 2001), 739–40.
34. Bismarck to Manteuffel, 12 Feb. 1853, cited in Engleberg, i. 384.
35. Ibid. 384.
36. Gerlach, Briefe, 28 Jan. 1853, pp. 33–4.
37. Leopold von Gerlach Diary, 27 July 1853, Engelberg, i. 403–4.
38. Willms, 100.
39. Pflanze, i. 90.
40. Engelberg, i. 424.
41. Willms, 100.
42. Bismarck to Leopold von Gerlach, Frankfurt, Maundy Thursday 13 Apr. 1854, GW xiv. 352.