Bismarck: A Life

by Jonathan Steinberg

  43. Bismarck to Brother, 10 May 1854, Bismarck Briefe, No. 144, pp. 174–5.

  44. 10 July 1854, ibid., No. 147, p. 177.

  45. Ibid. 179, n. 1.

  46. Bismarck to Leopold von Gerlach, Frankfurt, 15 Dec. 1854, GW xiv. 374–5.

  47. Bismarck to Leopold von Gerlach, Frankfurt, 21 Dec. 1854, GW xiv. 375.

  48. Engelberg, i. 424.

  49. Bismarck Briefe, 181, n. 1.

  50. Bismarck to Brother, Frankfurt, 26 Mar. 1855, ibid. No. 154, p. 181.

  51. Bismarck to Leopold von Gerlach, 2 Feb. 1855, GW xiv. 381.

  52. Engelberg, i. 428.

  53. Ibid.

  54. Tiedemann, 281.

  55. Urbach, 61.

  56. Bismarck to Leopold von Gerlach, Frankfurt, 10 Feb. 1855, GW xiv. 384.

  57. .

  58. Letters of the Empress Frederick, 6.

  59. Ibid. 7.

  60. Bismarck to General Leopold von Gerlach, Frankfurt, 8 Apr. 1856, GW xiv. 439.

  61. Pflanze, i. 81.

  62. Bismarck to Leopold von Gerlach, Berlin, 2/4 May 1860, GW xiv. 549.

  63. Bismarck to Leopold von Gerlach, Frankfurt, 15 Sept. 1857, GW xiv. 415.

  64. Bismarck to Leopold von Gerlach, Frankfurt, 2 May 1857, GW xiv. 464–8.

  65. Gerlach to Bismarck, Briefe, 6 May 1857, No. 103, pp. 208–13.

  66. Bismarck to Leopold von Gerlach, Frankfurt, 30 May 1857, GW xiv. 470.

  67. Leopold von Gerlach to Bismarck, Briefe, 22 Dec. 1857, No. 107, p. 223.

  68. Ibid., Briefe, 23 Feb. 1858, No. 109, p. 229.

  69. Leopold von Gerlach, Briefe, No. 110, 1 May 1860, pp. 229–32.

  70. Bismarck to Leopold von Gerlach, Berlin, 2/4 May 1860, GW xiv. 549.

  71. Bismarck, Man & Statesman, i. 52–3.

  72. David Barclay in his biography of Frederick William IV gives a vivid account of the increasing incapacity of the King, who from 1853 on lost memory and capacity to use words. 8 October 1858, after another stroke, when he regained consciousness ‘he remained unable to attach proper words to people or objects. Although his condition began to stabilize, everyone realized that it would be a long time before he could resume the activities of his office’ (Barclay, 279).

  73. Leopold von Gerlach, Briefe, 1 May 1860, No 110, pp. 231–2.

  74. Pflanze, i. 140.

  75. Ibid. 82.

  76. Klaus-Jürgen Bremm, Von der Chaussee zur Schiene: Militär und Eisenbahnen in Preußen 1833 bis 1866, Militärgeschichtliche Studien (Munich: Oldenbourg, 2005).

  77. ‘Moltke’, Neue deutsche Biographie, ed. Historischen Kommission bei der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften (Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, 1953), xviii. 13.

  78. Bucholz, 33–4.

  79. Ibid. 33.

  80. Molte, Neue deutsche Biographie, 14.

  81. Bucholz, 40–1.

  82. Moltke, NDB 14–15.

  83. Bucholz, 49.

  84. Walter, 500–15.

  85. 8 July 1870, Holstein, Memoirs, 41.

  86. 9 Jan. 1871, Versailles, Verdy du Vernois, Im grossen Hauptquartier, 239.

  87. 3 Sept. 1870, Waldersee, 95.

  88. Bismarck to Stadtrat Gaertner, Frankfurt, 3 Feb. 1858, GW xiv. 484.

  89. Letters of the Empress Frederick, 11.

  90. Kurt Börries, ‘Friedrich Wilhelm IV’, Allgemeine deutsche Biographie & Neue deutsche Biographie (Digitale Register), vol. v (Berlin, 1961), 565.

  91. Otto Pflanze, Bismarck and the Development of Germany: The Period of Unification, 1815–1871 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1971), 121–2.

  92. Ibid. 134.

  93. Wagner, 293ff.

  94. Bismarck to Leopold von Gerlach, Frankfurt, 20 Feb. 1859, GW xiv. 484.

  95. Bismarck to Brother, Frankfurt, 29 Apr. 1858, GW xiv. 488.

  96. Roon, i. 342.

  97. Walter, 210, n. 81.

  98. Roon, i. 213.

  99. Princess Augusta to Roon, 22 Oct. 1848, ibid. 219.

  100. Roon to Princess Augusta, 6 Nov. 1848, ibid. 225.

  101. Ibid. 226.

  102. Princess Augusta to Major Roon, 10 Dec. 1848, ibid. 231.

  103. Prince William to Roon, 9 Jan. 1849, ibid. 231.

  104. Ibid. 233–4.

  105. Ibid. 257.

  106. Anna to Roon, 31 Dec. 1850, ibid. 261.

  107. Ibid. 266–7.

  108. Roon to Bismarck, Coblenz, 14 July 1852, ibid. 267–8.

  109. Roon to Perthes, 9 Nov. 1857, ibid. 334–5.

  110. Ibid. 343–4.

  111. Ibid. 348.

  112. Ibid. 350–2.

  113. The United States Constitution Online: .

  114. Pflanze, i. 105.

  115. Clark, Iron Kingdom, 407.

  116. Richard L. Gawthrop, ‘Literacy Drives in Pre-Industrial Germany’, in Robert F. Arnove and Harvey J. Graff (eds.), National Literacy Campaigns: Historical and Comparative Perspectives (New York: Springer, 1987), 29.

  117. Pflanze, i. 105.

  118. Karl Demeter, Das Deutsche Heer und seine Offiziere (Berlin, 1930), 13–29 and 69–95.

  CHAPTER 6

  1. Wolfgang Wippermann, ‘Otto von Manteuffel’, Allgemeine deutsche Biographie, vol. xx (Leipzig, 1884), 270–1. .

  2. Bismarck, Man & Statesman, i. 232.

  3. Bismarck to Johanna, Berlin, 15 Jan. 1859, GW xiv. 496.

  4. Otto Count Stolberg-Wernigerode, ‘Bismarck’, Neue deutsche Biographie, vol. ii (Berlin, 1955), 270. .

  5. Roon to Anna, 9 Jan. 1859, Roon, i. 360.

  6. Roon to Anna, 10 Jan. 1859, ibid. 361–2.

  7. Roon to Anna, 11 Jan. 1859, ibid. 362.

  8. Roon, ibid. 363–4.

  9. Stern, 14–15.

  10. Ibid. 17.

  11. Bismarck to Freiherr Georg von Werther, Frankfurt, 25 Feb. 1859, GW xiv. 501.

  12. Bismarck to Brother, Frankfurt, 3 Mar. 1859, GW xiv. 502.

  13. Bismarck to Johanna, 17 Mar. 1859, GW xiv. 504.

  14. Bismarck to Johanna, Berlin, 22 Mar. 1859, GW xiv. 506.

  15. Bismarck to Sister, Petersburg, 19/31 Mar. 1859, Bismarck Briefe, No. 210, pp. 253–4.

  16. Bismarck to Brother, Petersburg, 8 May 1859, GW xiv. 519.

  17. Bismarck to Johanna, Petersburg, 28 Apr. 1859, GW xiv. 515.

  18. Bismarck to Johanna, St Petersburg, 4 Apr. 1859, GW xiv. 511.

  19. Bismarck to Frau Peterhof, 28 June 1859, GW xiv. 529.

  20. Bismarck to Johanna, Petersburg, 2 July 1859, GW xiv. 533.

  21. Bismarck to Otto von Wentzel, Petersburg, 1 July 1859, GW xiv. 531–2.

  22. Roon, i. 372.

  23. Kenney, Ideology and Foreign Policy, 36.

  24. Beller, 69.

  25. Odo Russell to Lady William, 23 Mar. 1852, Urbach, 28.

  26. ‘Villafranca, Conference of’, Encyclopædia Britannica Online (2008). .

  27. Bismarck to Brother, Petersburg, 8 May 1859, GW xiv. 519.

  28. Bismarck to Schleinitz, Petersburg, 12 May 1859, GW iii. 35 ff.

  29. Bucholz, 66–7.

  30. Roon to Perthes, 15 June 1859, Roon, i. 375.

  31. Bismarck, Man & Statesman, i. 251.

  32. Engelberg, i. 477.

  33. Bismarck to Brother, Berlin, 3 Aug. 1859, GW xiv. 536.

  34. Planze, ii. 58.

  35. Bismarck to Brother, St Petersburg, 15 July 1860, GW xiv. 556.

  36. Bismarck to Sister, Berlin, 24 Sept. 1859, GW xiv. 538.

  37. Bismarck to Johanna, Lazienki Palace, 19 Oct. 1859, GW xiv. 541.

  38. Roon to Anna, 24 Oct. 1859, Roon, i. 388.

  39. Roon to Anna, 28 Oct. 1859, ibid. 389–90.

  40. Heinz Kraft, ‘Adold H
einrich von Brandt’, Neue deutsche Biographie, vol. ii (Berlin, 1955), 531.

  41. General Heinrich von Brandt to Major Albrecht von Stosch, Berlin, 19 Oct. 1859, Stosch, 48.

  42. Roon to Anna, 4 Nov. 1859. Roon, i. 391.

  43. Ibid. 402–5.

  44. Pflanze, ii. 10.

  45. ‘Clemens Theodor Perthes’, Neue deutsche Biographie, vol. xx (Berlin, 2001), 202.

  46. Perthes to Roon, 4 Dec. 1859, Roon, i. 409.

  47. Walter, 32, ‘Once more, let me repeat: there is no research on the Roon reforms.’

  48. Ibid. 25–6.

  49. Ibid. 33.

  50. Karl Georg Albrecht Ernst von Hake (1768–1835), Allgemeine deutsche Biographie, vol. x (Leipzig, 1879), 394–6. Hake belonged to the ‘Napoleonic’ generation and served twice as Minister of War. The ADB says of him: ‘not a statesman of the highest rank or a field commander, nor an organizational genius but a solid person and a restless worker, who served his Fatherland with true and useful service’ (ibid. 396).

  51. Walter, 341.

  52. Duncker, 183.

  53. ‘August Reichensperger, (1808–1895)’, Allgemeine deutsche Biographie & Neue deutsche Biographie (Digitale Register), vol. xxi (Berlin, 2003), 309–10.

  54. Bismarck to Moritz, 12 Feb. 1860, Pflanze, i. 143, n. 39.

  55. Bismarck to Johanna, Berlin, 7 May, GW xiv. 551.

  56. Roon, ii. 19–20.

  57. Bernhard von Poten, ‘Edwin Freihher von Manteuffel’, Allgemeine deutsche Biographie & Neue deutsche Biographie (Digitale Register), vol. lii, Nachträge bis 1899 (Leipzig, 1906), 178.

  58. Craig, ‘Portrait of a Political General’, 2.

  59. Ibid. 2, n. 4.

  60. Ibid. 32.

  61. Schweinitz, 214–16.

  62. PC 21/11, 14 Mar. 1883, p. 4. .

  63. Craig, ‘Portrait of a Political General’, 32, n. 108.

  64. Ibid. 11–12.

  65. Ibid. 12.

  66. Stefan Hartmann, ‘Manteuffel’, Neue deutsche Biographie, vol. xvi (Berlin, 1990), 88.

  67. Bismarck to Leopold von Gerlach, Frankfurt, 19 Dec. 1857, GW xiv. 481.

  68. Bismarck to Brother, Berlin, 12 May 1860, GW xiv. 553.

  69. Ibid.

  70. Schlözer to Brother, 2 June 1860, Schlözer, 149.

  71. Bismarck to Geh. Legationsrath Wentzel, Petersburg, 16 June 1860, GW xiv. 554–5.

  72. Engelberg, i. 529.

  73. Bismarck to Sister, Zarskoe-Selo, 4 Oct. 1860, GW xiv. 562–3.

  74. Holstein, Memoirs, 4–6.

  75. Pflanze, i. 173.

  76. Craig, ‘Portrait of a Political General’, 13.

  77. Hermann von Petersdorff, ‘Twesten’ (1820–70), Allgemeine deutsche Biographie, vol. xxxix (Leipzig, 1895), 35.

  78. Ibid. 35 and Pflanze, i. 171.

  79. Von Petersdorff, ‘Twesten’, 35–6.

  80. Roon, ii. 21.

  81. .

  82. Roon, ii. 50.

  83. Bismarck to Roon, 1–3 July 1861, Roon, ii. 29–32.

  84. Ibid. 30.

  85. Bismarck to Alexander Ewald von Below-Hohendorf (1800–81), Stolpmünde, 18 Sept. 1861, GW xiv. 578.

  86. Bismarck to Sister Malwine, Petersburg, 8 Nov. 1861, Bismarck Briefe, No. 258, p. 322.

  87. ‘Sitzverteilung in der Zweiten Kammer des Landtags 1848–1870’, Wahlen in Deutschland bis 1918: Landtage Königreich Preußen. .

  88. Craig, ‘Portrait of a Political General’, 19.

  89. Craig, The Politics, 137.

  90. ‘Sitzverteilung in der Zweiten Kammer des Landtags 1848–1870’, Wahlen in Deutschland bis 1918: Landtage Königreich Preußen. .

  91. ‘Urwählerstatistik 1849–1913, Preussen’, Wahlen in Deutschland bis 1918 Landtage Königreich Preußen. .

  92. Bismarck to Roon, 12 Apr. 1862, Roon, ii. 79–80.

  93. Bismarck to von Wentzel, 19 Apr. 1862, Bismarck Briefe, No. 264, pp. 330–1.

  94. Bismarck to Johanna, 17 May 1862, Bismarck Briefe, No. 265, 332.

  95. Roon, ii. 86.

  96. Unpublished memo, 21 May 1862, cited in Schoeps, 235.

  97. Bismarck to Johanna, 23 May 1862, Bismarck Briefe, No. 266, 332.

  98. Bismarck to Johanna, Berlin, 25 May 1862, Bismarck Briefe, No. 268 p. 334; Bismarck to Brother, 25 May 1862, No. 267, ibid. 333.

  99. Roon, ii. 92.

  100. Roon to Bismarck, 4 June 1862, ibid. 93.

  101. Ibid. 94.

  102. Bismarck to Roon, Paris, 8 June 1862, ibid. 97.

  103. Roon to Bismarck, Berlin, 26 June 1862, ibid. 99.

  104. Moneypenny and Buckle, ii. 765.

  105. Bismarck to Roon, Paris, 5 July 1862, Roon, ii. 101.

  106. Bismarck to Johanna, 14 July 1862, Bismarck Briefe, No. 279, 345–6.

  107. Roon to Perthes, 6 July 1862, Roon, ii. 106–7.

  108. Orloff, 38.

  109. Ibid. 56–7.

  110. Ibid. 57.

  111. Ibid. 88.

  112. Bismarck to Katharina Orloff, Letter No. 5, Biarritz, 21 Oct. 1865, ibid. 113.

  113. Roon to Bismarck, Zimmerhausen, 29 Aug. 1862, Roon, ii. 109.

  114. Bismarck to Roon, Toulouse, 12 Sept. 1862, Bismarck Briefe, No. 290, 361.

  115. Roon, ii. 115.

  116. Bismarck, Man & Statesman, i. 293.

  117. Roon, ii. 120–1; and also Pflanze, i. 180.

  118. Bismarck, Man & Statesman, i. 294.

  119. Ibid.

  120. Bismarck, Man & Statesman, i. 295.

  121. Crown Prince’s diary, Schoeps, 31.

  122. Engelberg, i. 518.

  123. Stern, 28.

  124. Petersdorff, 338.

  125. Kleist-Retzow to Ludwig von Gerlach, 22 Sept. 1862, ibid. 340.

  126. Bismarck to von Wentzel, 28 Sept. 1862, Bismarck Briefe, No. 281, p. 363.

  127. Stosch to von Holtzendorff, Magdeburg, 28 Sept. 1862, Stosch, 52.

  128. Bismarck’s speech before Landtag Budget Committee, ‘Blut und Eisen’, 30 Sept. 1862, Pflanze, i. 183–4.

  129. Gall, The White Revolutionary, i. 206.

  130. Bismarck, Man & Statesman, i. 313–14.

  131. Schoeps, 105.

  132. Kurd von Schlözer, 3 Oct. 1862, Pflanze, i. 179.

  133. Schoeps, 105.

  CHAPTER 7

  1. Perthes to Roon, 28 Apr. 1864, Roon, ii. 238.

  2. Ibid. 260–1.

  3. Kurd von Schlözer, 3 Oct. 1862, Pflanze, i. 179.

  4. Ibid. 169.

  5. Ibid. 182.

  6. Adolf Graf von Kleist (1793–1866) to Hans von Kleist, 9 Nov. 1862, Petersdorff, 342.

  7. Manteuffel to Roon, 5 Dec. 1862, Craig, ‘Portrait of a Political General’, 26.

  8. Clark, Iron Kingdom, 522.

  9. Bismarck to Prince Henry VII of Reuss, 23 Nov. 1862, GW xiv. 629.

  10. Engelberg, i. 532.

  11. Brunck, 36.

  12. Huber, vol. ii, section II. 1.

  13. Brunck, 64 n. 1.

  14. Bismarck to Johanna, 7 Oct. 1862, Bismarck Briefe, No. 292, p. 363.

  15. Pflanze, ii. 35.

  16. Holstein, Memoirs, 6.

  17. Pflanze, ii. 45–6.

  18. Ibid. 48, n. 45.

  19. Stosch to von Normann, Prödlitz (Bohemia), 17 July 1866, Stosch, 102.

  20. Bismarck, Man & Statesman, ii. 331.

  21. Stern, 30.

  22. Bismarck, Man & Statesman, ii. 329, 330, 333, 334.

  23. Ibid. 370.

  24. Roon, ii. 127; Brunck, 101.

  25. Pflanze, i. 193.

  26. Bismarck, Man & Statesman, ii. 342–3.

  27. Ibid. 346.

  28. Pflanze, i. 195.

 
29. Lucius, 2.

  30. Bismarck Speech, 31 Mar. 1863, GW x. 179.

  31. Ludwig von Gerlach to Hans von Kleist, 23 Apr. 1863, Petersdorff, 347.

  32. Bismarck to Motley, Berlin, 17 Apr. 1863, Bismarck Briefe, No. 297, pp. 366–7.

  33. Motley, Family, 174–8.

  34. Pflanze, i. 210.

  35. Bismarck, Man & Statesman, ii. 350.

  36. Princess Victoria to Queen Victoria, 8 June 1863, Letters of the Empress Frederick, 41–2.

  37. Bismarck to Roon, Carlsbad, 6 July 1863, Bismarck Briefe, No. 299, pp. 369–70.

  38. Bismarck to Johanna, Nuremberg, 19 July 1863, ibid., No. 303, p. 372.

  39. Pflanze, i. 197.

  40. Bismarck, Man & Statesman, ii. 375–6.

  41. Bismarck to Johanna, Baden, 29 Aug. 1863, Bismarck Briefe, No. 312, p. 377.

  42. Huber, 32–3.

  43. Oncken, 59.

  44. Footman, 175.

  45. Lassalle to Dammer, 12 May 1863, Oncken, 360.

  46. George Meredith, The Tragic Comedians (Westminster: Archibald Constable & Co. 1902).

  47. Roberts, 174.

  48. Meredith, 57.

  49. Hans Wolfram von Hentig, ‘Sophie Gräfin von Hatzfeldt’, Neue deutsche Biographie, vol. viii (Berlin, 1969), 67.

  50. Georg Brandes, Ferdinand Lassalle (1881) English edn. (London: William Heineman, New York: The Macmillan Company, 1911), 22–3.

  51. Ibid. 24.

  52. Ibid. 30–1.

  53. Oncken, 254–5.

  54. Ferdinand Lassalle, 2 Feb. 1839, Tagebuch, 85–6.

  55. Iring Fetscher, ‘Lassalle’, Neue deutsche Biographie, vol. xiii (Berlin, 1982), 662.

  56. Ibid.

  57. Brandes, Lassalle, 24.

  58. Oncken, 228–9.

  59. Ibid. 230; Studt, 236–7.

  60. Oncken, 243–4.

  61. Ibid. 236–7.

  62. Ibid. 256.

  63. Footman, 156.

  64. Ibid. 153–4.

  65. Lassalle to Countess Hatzfeldt, 3 Mar. 1862, Footman, 162–3.

  66. Haenisch, 119.

  67. Ibid. 119.

  68. Oncken, 379.

  69. Ibid. 467.

  70. Marx to Engels, ibid. 473.

  71. Karl Marx, Das Kapital: Kritik der politischen Ökonomie (Stuttgart: Albert Kroner Verlag, 1969), 5. Foreword to the first German edition, London 25 July 1867 (translated by JS).

  72. Oncken, 373–4.

  73. Ibid. 374.

  74. Studt, 245–8.

  75. Ibid. 251–2.

  76. Willy Andreas, ‘Arthur von Brauer’, Neue deutsche Biographie, vol. ii (Berlin, 1955), 543–4.