Bismarck: A Life

by Jonathan Steinberg

  77. Studt, 251.

  78. Ibid. 251–2.

  79. Holstein, Memoirs, 52 f.

  80. Bismarck, Man & Statesman, ii. 357.

  81. Roon, ii. 167.

  82. PC 1/15, 7 Oct. 1863. .

  83. Ibid.

  84. ‘Sitzverteilung in der Zweiten Kammer des Landtags 1848–1870’, Wahlen in Deutschland bis 1918: Landtage Königreich Preußen. .

  85. Hans von Kleist to Bismarck, 6 Nov. 1863, Petersdorff, 356.

  86. Roon, ii. 170.

  87. PC 1/22, 25 Nov. 1863, p. 2. .

  88. Ibid. 1.

  89. Bismarck to unknown recipient, Berlin, 22 Dec. 1862, Bismarck Briefe, No. 295, p. 365.

  90. Pflanze, i. 236.

  91. Clark, Iron Kingdom, 524.

  92. Pflanze, i. 237.

  93. Grenville, 253.

  94. Bismarck, Man & Statesman, ii. 10.

  95. Ibid. 12 and 13.

  96. Ibid. i. 359.

  97. Schoeps, 55.

  98. Ibid. 56.

  99. Pflanze, i. 242.

  100. Roon, ii. 189.

  101. Stern, 39.

  102. Roon to Perthes, 17 Jan. 1864, Roon, ii. 180.

  103. John Prest, ‘Russell, John [formerly Lord John Russell], first Earl Russell (1792–1878)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Oxford: Oxford University Press, Sept. 2004). Online edn., Jan. 2008: .

  104. Ibid.

  105. Pflanze, i. 248.

  106. Embree, 29.

  107. Ibid. 29–30.

  108. Bismarck to Roon, 21 Jan. 1864, Roon, ii. 171–2.

  109. Bismarck, Man & Statesman, ii. 379–80.

  110. Holstein, Memoirs, 25.

  111. Bismarck to Roon, end Mar. 1864, Roon, ii. 226.

  112. Embree, 45.

  113. Roon to King, 16 Mar. 1864, Roon, ii. 214 and 215.

  114. Pflanze, i. 249.

  115. Craig, Fontane, 84.

  116. Bismarck to Graf Arnim-Boitzenburg, 16 May 1864, Bismarck Briefe, No. 331, p. 388.

  117. Bismarck to Motley, Berlin, 23 May 1864, Bismarck Briefe, No. 332, p. 389.

  118. Motley to Bismarck, Vienna, 28 May 1864; Motley, Family, 201–2.

  119. Bismarck to Theodor von Bismarck-Bohlen, Berlin, 23 May 1864, Bismarck Briefe, No. 333, p. 391.

  120. Roon to Moritz von Blanckenburg, 24 May 1864, Roon, ii. 243.

  121. Pflanze, i. 252.

  122. Bismarck, Man & Statesman, ii. 36.

  123. Roon, ii. 245.

  124. Ibid. 247.

  125. Ibid. 248.

  126. Bismarck, Man & Statesman, ii. 30–1.

  127. Pflanze, ii. 253.

  128. Ibid. 253.

  129. Eyck, Bismarck, i. 624.

  130. Bismarck, Man & Statesman, ii. 32.

  131. Moneypenny and Buckle, ii. 80.

  132. Brunck, 150.

  133. Roon to Moritz von Blanckenburg, 26 Mar. 1866, Roon, ii. 259.

  134. Stern, 44–5.

  135. Brunck, 143.

  136. Pflanze, i. 249.

  137. Bismarck to Sister, Carlsbad, 27 June 1864, Bismarck Briefe, No. 336, p. 392.

  138. Roon, ii. 254.

  139. Bismarck to Johanna, Carlsbad, 20 July 1864, GW xiv. 672.

  140. Bismarck to Brother, Vienna, 22 July 1864, Bismarck Briefe, No. 340, p. 394.

  141. Mary Motley to daughter, 1 Aug. 1864, Motley, Family, 209–14.

  142. Moneypenny and Buckle, ii. 82.

  143. Pflanze, i. 255.

  144. Stern, 51.

  145. Bismarck to Roon, Reinfeld, 22 Sept. 1864, Roon, ii. 284.

  146. PC 2/45, Nov. 1864, p. 1. .

  147. Franz Freiherr von Samaruga, ‘Mensdorff’, Allgemeine deutsche Biographie, vol. xxi (Leipzig, 1885), 366.

  148. Pflanze, i. 259.

  149. Bismarck Briefe, No. 362, p. 408, n. 4.

  150. Pflanze, i. 260.

  151. Ibid.

  152. Stern, 8.

  153. William I to Roon, 25 Apr. 1865, Roon, ii. 329.

  154. Manteuffel to the King, 2 May 1865, Craig, ‘Portrait of a Political General’, 25.

  155. Röhl, ‘Kriegsgefahr’, 97.

  156. Pflanze, i. 261.

  157. Manteuffel to Roon, 4 June 1865, Roon, ii. 321.

  158. Stern, 60.

  159. Röhl, ‘Kriegsgefahr’, 97.

  160. Brunck, 144.

  161. Wolfgang Köllmann, ‘August von der Heydt’, Neue deutsche Biographie, vol. ix (Berlin, 1972), 75.

  162. August von der Heydt to Bismarck, 22 June 1865, Brunck, 146.

  163. Radtke, 356.

  164. Ibid. 17.

  165. Bismarck to Roon, 3 July 1865, Bismarck Briefe, No. 365, p. 410.

  166. Röhl, ‘Kriegsgefahr’, 94 and n. 34

  167. Ibid. 97 and Bismarck to Eulenburg, 4 July, ibid. 98.

  168. Bismarck to Eulenburg, 11 July 1865, ibid. 98–9.

  169. Karl Wippermann, ‘Otto von Camphausen’, Allgemeine deutsche Biographie, vol. xlvii, Nachträge bis 1899 (Leipzig, 1903), 429.

  170. Stern, 64.

  171. Bismarck to Eulenburg, 11 July 1865, Röhl, ‘Kriegsgefahr’, 99.

  172. ‘Oppenheim Familie’, Allgemeine deutsche Biographie & Neue deutsche Biographie (Digitale Register) vol. xix (Berlin, 1999), 559.

  173. Brophy, Capitalism, Politics, and Railroads in Prussia, 156–7.

  174. Nikolaus von Preradowich, ‘Blome’, Neue deutsche Biographie, vol. ii (Berlin, 1955), 315.

  175. Bismarck to Eulenburg, 30 July 1865, Röhl, ‘Kriegsgefahr’, 101.

  176. Tiedemann, 281.

  177. Bismarck to Eulenburg, 1 Aug. 1875, Röhl, ‘Kriegsgefahr’, 99.

  178. Roon to Moritz von Blanckenburg, 1 Aug. 1865, Roon, ii. 354.

  179. Stern, 64–5.

  180. Chotek to Mensdorff, 12 Aug. 1865, Stern, 64.

  181. Pflanze, i. 263.

  182. Bismarck to Eulenburg, 18 Aug. 1865, Röhl, ‘Kriegsgefahr’, 102.

  183. Lawrence D. Steefel, ‘The Rothschilds and the Austrian Loan of 1865’, Journal of Modern History, 8/1 (Mar. 1936), 36.

  184. Budissiner Nachrichten, 11 June 1865, in Green, 267.

  185. Stosch to von Holtzendorff, Magdeburg, 31 Aug. 1865, Stosch, 63.

  186. Busch, i. 490.

  187. Wawro, Austro-Prussian War, 17.

  188. Walter, 580–1.

  189. Stosch to von Holtzendorff, Magdeburg, 2 Oct. 1865, Stosch, 63.

  190. Eyck, Bismarck and the German Empire, 108; Pflanze, i. 265; Wawro, 42–3.

  191. 3 Jan. 1866, Ludwig von Gerlach, Nachlass, i. 474.

  192. A. W. Ward, ‘Loftus, Lord Augustus William Frederick Spencer (1817–1904)’, rev. H. C. G. Matthew, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004). Online edn., Jan. 2008: .

  193. Loftus, 38.

  194. PC 4/10, 7 Mar. 1866, p. 2. .

  195. Ibid. 1.

  196. Eyck, Bismarck and the German Empire, 111, Stern, 70.

  197. Bucholz, 114.

  198. Lord Clarendon to Loftus, 7 Mar. 1866, Loftus, 43.

  199. Gräfin Hatzfeldt to Mensdorff, 17 Mar. 1866, Schoeps, 177.

  200. Roon to Moritz von Blanckenburg, 26 Mar. 1866, Roon, ii. 259.

  201. Stosch to von Holtzendorff, Magdeburg, 14 May 1865, Stosch, 62.

  202. Im Ring der Gegner Bismarcks: Denkschriften und politischer Briefwechsel Franz v. Roggenbachs mit Kaiserin Augusta und Albrecht v. Stosch, 1865–1896, 2nd edn., ed. Julius Heyderhoff (Leipzig: Koehler & Amelang, 1943).

  203. Börner,
William I, 269.

  204. Roon, ii. 260.

  205. Roon, ii. 260.

  206. Moltke to Roon, 5 Apr. 1866, Roon, ii. 262.

  207. Bucholz, 116–17.

  208. Crown Prince to Schweinitz, 1 Apr. 1866, Schweinitz, 23.

  209. Engelberg, i. 574.

  210. Eyck, Bismarck and the German Empire, 115.

  211. Ibid., 11 Apr. 1866, p. 1. .

  212. Anderson, 97.

  213. Engelberg, i. 575.

  214. Count Adolph von Kleist to Gerlach, 10 Apr. 1866, Gerlach, Nachlass, ii. 1265–6.

  215. Prince Albrecht von Preussen to Ludwig von Gerlach, Berlin, 4 May 1866, ibid. 1272–4.

  216. Hans von Kleist-Retzow to Ludwig von Gerlach, Kieckow, 16 Apr. 1866, ibid. 1268–9.

  217. Geheimrat J. Bindewald to Ludwig von Gerlach, Berlin, 2 May 1866, ibid. 1271.

  218. Prince Albrecht von Preussen to Ludwig von Gerlach, Berlin, 4 May 1866, ibid. 1272–4.

  219. Ludwig von Gerlach, 5 May 1866, published in the Kreuzzeitung, No. 105, 8 May 1886, Gerlach, Tagebuch, 478.

  220. Lucius, 28.

  221. Pflanze, i. 303.

  222. PC 4/19, 9 May 1866, p. 3. .

  223. Stosch to his wife, Berlin, 26 May 1866, Stosch, 74.

  224. Bismarck to von der Goltz, 30 May 1866, GW v. 429.

  225. Stosch to his wife, Berlin, 30 May 1866, Stosch, 76.

  226. Walter, 221.

  227. Bucholz, 120.

  228. Roon, ii. 275.

  229. PC 4/23, 6 June 1866, p. 1. .

  230. Bismarck to Duke Ernst von Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, 9 June 1866, Bismarck Briefe, No. 382, p. 424.

  231. Bismarck, Memorandum to Federal Princes, 10 June 1866, GW v. 534.

  232. Bismarck to Heinrich von Treitschke, 11 June 1866, Bismarck Briefe, No. 383, pp. 425–6.

  233. Hermann von Petersdorff, ‘Treitschke’, Allgemeine deutsche Biographie, vol. lv, Nachträge bis 1899 (Leipzig, 1910), 282.

  234. Stern, 85.

  235. Eyck, Bismarck and the German Empire, 118.

  236. Arsène Lagrelle, A travers la Saxe, Souvenirs et études (Paris, 1866) in Green, 28.

  237. Zimmer, 74–5.

  238. The Death of Wallenstein by Friedrich Schiller, trans. Samuel Taylor Coleridge. Project Gutenberg. .

  239. Eyck, Bismarck and the German Empire, 123–4.

  240. Ibid. 127.

  241. Sterne, 205.

  242. Loftus, 60.

  243. Wawro, Austro-Prussian War, 53.

  244. Zimmer, 95–101.

  245. Ibid. 62.

  246. Craig, Fontane, 87.

  247. Ibid. 63.

  248. Bismarck to Roon, 17 June 1866, Roon, ii. 277.

  249. Zimmer, 89.

  250. Wawro, Austro-Prussian War, 55.

  251. Stosch to Holtzendorff, 20 Aug. 1866, Stosch, 113.

  252. Ibid. 55.

  253. Ibid. 199–201.

  254. Wawro, Austro-Prussian War, 227.

  255. Zimmer, 120–1.

  256. Walter, 64.

  257. Ibid. 74.

  258. Craig, Battle of Königgrätz, 26.

  259. Stosch to wife, Neise (Silesia), 20 June 1866 (Stosch, 84) ‘Promotion has arrived, Madame General! My first bit of General’s equipment—a few “ellen” of red cloth which we sewed on’.

  260. 3 July 1866, Stosch, 94.

  261. PC 4/27, 4 July 1866, p. 4. .

  262. Rudolf Bamberger to Ludwig, 6 July 1866, Koehler, 91.

  263. Bismarck to Johanna, Hohenmauth, Monday 9 July 1866, Bismarck Briefe, No. 387, p. 429.

  264. Stosch to von Normann, Prödlitz (Bohemia), 17 July 1866, Stosch, 102.

  265. Moltke to Wife, 23 July 1866, Moltke, Gesammelte Schriften, vi. 496.

  266. Engelberg, i. 613.

  267. Lucius, 118–19.

  268. Engelberg, i. 614.

  269. PC 4/31, 1 Aug. 1866, p. 1. .

  270. Pflanze, i. 315.

  271. Sterne, 210.

  272. Ibid. 212–13, n. 50.

  273. Ibid. 213.

  274. Pflanze, i. 316.

  CHAPTER 8

  1. PC 4/30, 25 July 1866, p. 2. .

  2. Bismarck to Johanna, Brünn, 18 July 1866, Bismarck Briefe, No. 389, p. 431.

  3. Engelberg, i. 619.

  4. L. Mitteis, Allgemeine deutsche Biographie, vol. i, Nachträge bis 1899 (Leipzig, 1905), 652 ff. .

  5. Pflanze, i. 331.

  6. Clark, Iron Kingdom, 544.

  7. Cited in Walter, 65.

  8. Petersdorff, 381.

  9. Bismarck to Johanna, Prague, 3 Aug. 1866, Bismarck Briefe, No. 390, p. 432; and also in Petersdorff, 383.

  10. Engelberg, i. 627.

  11. PC 4/30, 8 Aug. 1866, p. 1. .

  12. Petersdorff, 383–4.

  13. Brunck, 167.

  14. Emil Breslaur, Allgemeine Zeitung des Judenthums, 25 Sept. 1866, pp. 622–3.

  15. Brunck, 169.

  16. Schoeps, 113–14.

  17. Klara von Eyall, ‘Mevissen’, Neue deutsche Biographie, vol. xvii (Berlin, 1994), 277–81.

  18. Pflanze, i. 331.

  19. Koehler, 92–3.

  20. ‘Photographs from the Reichstag’, Die Gartenlaube, 15/18 (Apr.), 285–6.

  21. Bismarck to Bernhard, Varzin, 7 July 1867, Bismarck Briefe, No. 394, p. 435.

  22. Bismarck to Motley, Varzin, 7 Aug. 1869, Motley, Correspondence, 221–2.

  23. Motley to Mary Motley, Hôtel du Nord, Berlin, 1 Aug. 1872, Motley, Correspondence, iii. 274 ff.).

  24. Roggenbach, 57–8, n. 2.

  25. Queen Augusta to Freiherr von Roggenbach, Berlin, 9 Jan. 1867, Roggenbach, 68–9.

  26. Pflanze, ii. 409.

  27. Schweinitz, 37.

  28. Verfassung des Norddeutschen Bundes: .

  29. Pflanze, i. 353.

  30. Wahl des konstituierenden Reichstages:

  31. Schuder, 67.

  32. Pflanze, i. 357.

  33. .

  34. Stosch to wife, Versailles, 25 Jan. 1870, Stosch, 227.

  35. GW vi. b. 15.

  36. Ibid. 15–16.

  37. Brunck, 206.

  38. Ibid.

  39. Ibid.

  40. Hans Heffter, ‘Delbrück’, Neue deutsche Biographie, vol. iii (Berlin, 1957), 577–9. .

  41. Holstein, Memoirs, 51.

  42. Hollyday, 144.

  43. 27 Mar. 1875, Lucius, 47–8.

  44. Stosch to Gustav Freytag, Berlin, 18 Aug. 1867, Stosch, 132–3.

  45. Anderson, 3.

  46. Ulrich von Hehl, ‘Peter Reichensperger’, Neue deutsche Biographie, vol. xxi (Berlin, 2003), 310–11.

  47. Anderson, 243.

  48. Ibid. 63.

  49. Ibid. 100.

  50. Riotte, 85.

  51. Wahlen in Deutschland bis 1918 Reichstagswahlen Preußische Provinz Hannover. .r />
  52. F. Nachpfahl, ‘Windthorst’, Allgemeine deutsche Biographie, vol. lv, Nachträge bis 1899 (Leipzig, 1910), 99.

  53. Anderson, 140.

  54. Ibid. 99–100.

  55. Ibid. 107.

  56. Ulrich von Hehl, ‘August Reichensperger’, Neue deutsche Biographie, vol. xxi (Berlin, 2003), 309–10.

  57. Anderson, 108.

  58. Stosch to Freytag, 15 Mar. 1868, Stosch, 137.

  59. Bismarck to State Minister von Mühler, 27 Feb. 1868, GW vib. 283.

  60. Decrees of the First Vatican Council, Historical Discovery Presents the Councils of the Church.
  churchcouncils/Ecum20.htm#papalinfallibilitydefined>.

  61. Spitzemberg, 80, n. 30.

  62. Roggenbach to Queen Augusta, Berlin, 22 June 1869, Roggenbach, No. 22, p. 105.

  63. Bismarck to Eulenburg, 19 Jan. 1869, in Brunck, 222.

  64. Bismarck, Man & Statesman, ii. 225.

  65. King William to Bismarck, 22 Feb. 1869, Correspondence of William I. & Bismarck, i. 107–8.

  66. Bismarck to Roon, Berlin, 22 Feb. 1869, Bismarck Briefe, No. 404, p. 442.

  67. King William to Bismarck, op. cit. n. 65 above.

  68. Ibid. 227.

  69. Stosch to Freytag, 9 Mar. 1869, Stosch, 152.

  70. Clark, Conversion, 163, n. 170.

  71. Bismarck to Roon, Varzin, 29 Aug. 1869, Bismarck Briefe, No. 410, 449.

  72. Roon to Moritz von Blanckenburg, 16 Jan. 1870, Roon, ii. 419.

  73. Moritz von Bismarck to Roon, 21 Jan. 1870, ibid. ii. 420.

  74. Bartlett, 278.

  75. Willms, 219–20.

  76. Clark, ‘Marshal Prim’, 318.

  77. Pflanze, i. 253; Willms, 220.

  78. Willms, 220.

  79. Halperin, 85.

  80. Gerwarth, 72.

  81. Halperin, 85.

  82. Waldersee, 49.

  83. Bartlett, 280.

  84. Halperin, 87.

  85. Pflanze, i. 454.

  86. Crown Princess to Queen Victoria, 12 Mar. 1870, Letters of the Empress Frederick, 71.

  87. Pflanze, i. 455–6.

  88. Ibid. 456.

  89. Bismarck, Man & Statesman, ii. 89. .

  90. Willms, 223.

  91. Bartlett, 276.

  92. Ibid. 282.

  93. Willms, 224.

  94. Waldersee, 71–2.

  95. Crown Princess to Queen Victoria, 6 June 1870, Letters of the Empress Frederick, 72.

  96. 7 July 1870, Diary Entry, Waldersee, 72.

  97. 8 July 1870, Waldersee, 73–4.

  98. 9 July 1870, Waldersee, 76.

  99. Willms gives an excellent account of this stage of the crisis, 225–6.