Bismarck: A Life

by Jonathan Steinberg

  100. Pflanze, ii. 81.

  101. Pflanze, i. 466.

  102. Kriegstagebuch Herbert Bismarcks quoted in Stern, 130.

  103. Engelberg, i. 721.

  104. 12 July, diary entry, Waldersee, 79–80.

  105. Willms, 228.

  106. Ibid.

  107. Lucius, 17 Jan. 1877, p. 98.

  108. Crown Princess to Queen Victoria, 16 July 1870, Letters of the Empress Frederick, 75.

  109. Bucholz, 162–3.

  110. Lucius, 3–4.

  111. 21 July 1870, Waldersee, 83.

  112. Moltke, Franco-German War, Appendix, pp. 423–47.

  113. Bernhard von Poten, ‘Steinmetz’, Allgemeine deutsche Biographie, vol. xxxvi (Leipzig, 1893), 18.

  114. Waldersee, 84.

  115. Willms, 232.

  116. Ibid. 233.

  117. 2 Aug. 1879, Mainz, Waldersee, 86.

  118. Moltke, Franco-Prussian War, 18.

  119. 5 Aug. 1870, War Diary of Emperor Frederick, 31, 41–2.

  120. Moltke, Franco-Prussian War, 63.

  121. Moltke, Franco-Prussian War, 114.

  122. Ibid. 115.

  123. 3 Aug. 1870, Waldersee, 86.

  124. 24 Aug., ibid.

  125. 9 Sept. 1870, Waldersee, 95.

  126. Ibid. 97.

  127. Bronsart, 89.

  128. Stern, 138.

  129. Ibid. 148.

  130. Waldersee, 98.

  131. Moltke, Franco-Prussian War, 128.

  132. Ibid. 127.

  133. Waldersee, 98–9.

  134. Bronsart, 107–8.

  135. Ferrières, 4 Oct. 1870, Waldersee, 100.

  136. 7 Oct., ibid. 101.

  137. Keudell, 469.

  138. 23 Oct. 1870, Waldersee, 102–4.

  139. Urbach, 54.

  140. Ibid.

  141. Richard Davenport-Hines, ‘Russell, Odo William Leopold, first Baron Ampthill (1829–1884)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Oxford University Press, Sept. 2004). Online edn., Jan. 2008: .

  142. Lady William Russell to Sir Austen Henry Layard, 18 Oct. 1870, in Urbach, 47.

  143. Davenport-Hines, ‘Russell’, ODNB.

  144. Urbach, 69.

  145. Bronsart, 212.

  146. Crown Prince, 14 Dec. 1870, in Letters of the Empress Frederick, 107.

  147. Bronsart, 227.

  148. Ibid. 233–7.

  149. Bronsart, 233–7.

  150. Stosch to Wife, Versailles, 22 Dec. 1870, Stosch, 17.

  151. Bronsart, 249.

  152. Diary, Versailles 26 Dec. 1870, Waldersee, 116–18.

  153. Versailles, 31 Dec. 1870, Emperor Frederick’s Diary, 241.

  154. 4 Jan. 1871, ibid. 246.

  155. Ibid. 247.

  156. Stosch to wife, Versailles, 6 Jan. 1871, Stosch, 221.

  157. 8 Jan. 1871, Emperor Frederick’s Diary, 253.

  158. 9 Jan. 1871, ibid. 254.

  159. HQ Versailles, 13 Jan. 1871, Emperor Frederick’s Diary, 257–8.

  160. Jörg, a leader in the Patriot Party in Bavaria, became one of the most important figures in Catholic social action after unification. Bernhard Zittel, ‘Jörg’, Neue deutsche Biographie, vol. x (Berlin, 1974), 461.

  161. Anderson, 29, n. 25.

  162. Keudell, 463.

  163. Pflanze, i. 500.

  164. Ibid. 464.

  165. Karl Erich Born, ‘Friedenthal’, Neue deutsche Biographie, vol. v (Berlin, 1961), 447.

  166. Schuder, 109–10.

  167. PC 8/49, 7 Dec. 1870, p. 1. .

  168. Bismarck to Johanna, HQ Versailles, 12 Dec. 1870, GW xiv. 803.

  169. PC 8/49, 14 Dec. 1870, p. 1.

  170. Kleist to von Blanckenburg, Petersdorff, 406.

  171. Keudell, 465.

  172. Pflanze, i. 504.

  173. Clark, Iron Kingdom, 67.

  174. HQ Versailles, 16 Jan. 1871, Emperor Frederick’s Diary, 263–4.

  175. 17 Jan. 1871, ibid. 265–6.

  176. 18 Jan. 1871, Bronsart, 298.

  177. War Diary of Emperor Frederick, 272.

  178. 8 June 1873, Lucius, 33–4.

  179. Stern, 146.

  180. Holstein, Memoirs, 79. The ‘Prince of Arcadia’s full title was Georg Albert, Prince von Schwarzburg- Rudolstadt, who reigned in that tiny state from 1869 to 1890.

  181. Crown Princess to Queen Victoria, 20 Jan. 1871, Letters of the Empress Frederick, 116.

  182. Ibid. 229.

  183. War Diary of the Emperor Frederick, 292 and 294.

  184. Bronsart, 310.

  185. Erich Angermann, ‘Otto Camphausen’, Neue deutsche Biographie, vol. iii (Berlin, 1957), 115.

  186. Stern, 151.

  187. Ibid. 154.

  188. Ibid. 154.

  189. HQ Versailles, 6 Mar. 1871, Emperor Frederick’s Diary, 328.

  190. Spitzemberg, 122.

  191. Ibid. 124.

  192. Source: .

  CHAPTER 9

  1. Moneypenny and Buckle, ii. 473–4.

  2. Crown Princess to Queen Victoria, 11 Dec. 1870, Letters of the Empress Frederick, 110.

  3. Bismarck, NFA p. vii.

  4. Wahlen in Deutschland bis 1918, Reichstagswahlen. Ergebnisse reichsweit. .

  5. Keudell, 476.

  6. 22 Sept. 1870, Emperor Frederick’s Diary, 130.

  7. Pflanze, ii. 186.

  8. Ibid. 187.

  9. Bismarck to von Werthern, 17 Apr. 1871, NFA 56–7.

  10. Anderson, 144–5.

  11. Bismarck to Brassier, 1 May 1871, NFA, No. 85, p. 94.

  12. Pflanze, ii. 194.

  13. Ibid. 195.

  14. Heinz Starkulla, ‘Karl Jentsch’, Neue deutsche Biographie, vol. v (Berlin, 1974), 412–13.

  15. Anderson, 151.

  16. Bismarck to Tauffkirchen, 30 June 1871, NFA, No. 149, p. 161.

  17. Engelberg, ii. 106–7.

  18. Pflanze, ii. 201.

  19. Hermann Granier, ‘Maximilian Graf von Schwerin’, Allgemeine deutsche Biographie, vol. xxxiii (Leipzig, 1891), 433.

  20. Schoeps, 116–17.

  21. Stephan Skalweit, ‘Falk’, Neue deutsche Biographie, vol. v (Berlin, 1961), 6.

  22. Ibid.

  23. Engelberg, ii. 107.

  24. Ibid., ii. 110.

  25. Anderson, 433, n. 61.

  26. Ibid. 154–5.

  27. Ibid. 156.

  28. Schoeps, 229.

  29. Anderson, 157.

  30. Ibid. 160.

  31. Schoeps, 230.

  32. Pflanze, ii. 208.

  33. Urbach, 157.

  34. Petersdorff, 423.

  35. Ibid. 424–5.

  36. Kurt Gassen, ‘Andrae’, Neue deutsche Biographie, vol. i (Berlin, 1953), 274.

  37. Andrae-Roman to Gerlach, 15 Feb. 1872, Gerlach, Nachlass, i. 68.

  38. Petersdorff, 413.

  39. Lucius, 8.

  40. Karl Erich Born, ‘Robert Freiherr Lucius von Ballhausen’, Neue deutsche Biographie, vol. xv (Berlin, 1987), 278–9.

  41. Ibid. 9–10.

  42. 27 Apr. 1871, Waldersee, 131.

  43. Kent, 56.

  44. Pflanze, ii. 197.

  45. 15 May 1871, Waldersee, 134–5.

  46. Bismarck to Mühler, Varzin, 25 July 1871, NFA, No. 154, pp. 166–7.

  47. Bismarck to Johanna, Gastein, 22 August 1871, ibid., No. 163, p. 176.

  48. Promemoria über die Verfassungswirren in Österreich, ibid., No. 161, pp. 174–5.

  49. Runderlass, Bad Gastein, 24 Aug. 1871, NFA, No. 165, pp. 178–9.

  50. Runderlass an die Missionen in St Petersburg, Wien, London, Rom, München, Lissabon, Haag, Berlin, 14 May 1872, ibid., No. 307, pp. 346–7.

  51. Urbach, 120–1.

  52. Measuring Wealth: <
http://www.measuringworth.com/index.html>.

  53. Willy Andreas, ‘Arthur von Brauer’, Neue deutsche Biographie, vol. ii (Berlin, 1955), 543.

  54. Arthur von Brauer, Im Dienst Bismarcks (Berlin, 1936), cited in Pflanze, ii. 282.

  55. Stern, 172 and 565, n. 45.

  56. Bismarck to William I, Berlin, 15 May 1873, NFA, No. 437, pp. 521–2.

  57. Bismarck to William I, 16 May 1873, ibid., No. 438, p. 525.

  58. Henckel to Tiedemann, 20 Jan. 1879, Tiedemann, 327–8.

  59. Michael Turner, ‘Output and Price in UK Agriculture, 1867–1914 and the Great Agricultural Depression Reconsidered’, Agricultural History Review, 40/1 (1992), Table 3, pp. 47–8.

  60. Sartorius von Waltershausen, 261–2.

  61. See Jeffrey Fear, Organizing Control: August Thyssen and the Construction of German Corporate Management (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2005) for a brilliant analysis of the role of accountancy in the construction of the concept of the enterprise. The numbers ‘made’ the company a reality.

  62. Stern, 189.

  63. Kent, 87.

  64. Bismarck to Delbrück, Varzin, 3 June 1872, NFA, No. 316, pp. 356–7.

  65. Bismarck to Falk, Varzin, 11 June 1872, ibid., No. 319, p. 358.

  66. Bundesverfassung der Schweizerischen Eidgenossenschaft vom 29. Mai 1874. .

  67. Swiss Minister to Germany to the President of the Swiss Confederation, 23 Feb. 1873, Documents diplomatiques suisses, iii, No. 2, pp. 7–8.

  68. This neat summary can be found in Pflanze, ii. 203.

  69. Anderson, 173.

  70. Engelberg, ii. 119.

  71. Russell to Granville, 18 Oct. 1872, Kent, 38, n. 1.

  72. Ernst Deuerlein, ‘Georg Graf von Herling’, Neue deutsche Biographie, vol. viii (Berlin, 1969).

  73. Ibid. 146.

  74. Ibid. 178.

  75. Odo to Hastings, 23 Nov. 1874, Urbach, 170.

  76. Urbach, 69.

  77. Ibid. 162.

  78. 12 Nov. 1874, Hohenlohe memoirs, quoted in Pflanze, ii. 278.

  79. Roggenbach to Stosch, 30 Aug. 1874, Roggenbach, 162–4.

  80. Wagner, 303–13.

  81. Itzenplitz to Bismarck, 18 Sept. 1869, Brunck, 225, n. 144.

  82. Pflanze, ii. 210–11.

  83. Spenkuch, 93.

  84. Blanckenburg to Kleist, 15 Aug. 1872, ibid. 96, n. 36.

  85. Ibid. 360.

  86. Wagner, 314.

  87. Paret, 131.

  88. Eulenburg to Bismarck, 25 Oct. 1872, Brunck, 227–8.

  89. Bismarck to Eulenburg, Varzin, 27 Oct. 1872, NFA, No. 343, pp. 386–7.

  90. Ernst von Sennft-Pillsach to Bismarck, 3 July 1872, Schoeps, 340.

  91. Pflanze, ii. 210–11.

  92. Stern, 260.

  93. Promemoria, Varzin, 2 Nov. 1872, NFA, No. 345, pp. 388–90.

  94. Brunck, 230–1.

  95. Wagner, 314.

  96. Spitzemberg, pp. 136–7, n. 12.

  97. Bismarck to Roon, Varzin, 12 Nov. 1872, NFA, No. 349, p. 394.

  98. Bismarck to Wilhelm I, Varzin, 13 Nov. 1872, ibid., No. 350, pp. 394–5.

  99. Bismarck to Roon, Varzin, 13 Dec. 1872, ibid., No 360, p. 408.

  100. Bismarck to Roon, Varzin, 13 Dec. 1872, ibid. No. 361, pp. 409–10.

  101. The horrible Arnim case has no equal in Bismarck’s treatment of subordinates. George Kent has written an excellent monograph on this dreadful affair: Arnim and Bismarck (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1968).

  102. Helma Brunck has an extremely useful appendix in her Bismarck und das preussische Staatsministerium, 343–8, in which all the ministries and the incumbents with excellent short biographies are set out. This excellent monograph should be better known than it is. Nobody had taken it out from the University Library in Cambridge since it appeared in 2005 until I did.

  103. Pflanze, ii. 337.

  104. Ibid. 337–340; Schoeps, 161.

  105. Petersdorff, 428.

  106. 18 July 1879, Spitzemberg, 179–80.

  107. Tiedemann, entry for 18 Jan. 1875, p. 2.

  108. Ibid. 2–4.

  109. Ibid. 222.

  110. Ibid. 208.

  111. Ibid. 33.

  112. Ibid., 25 Jan. 1876, p. 39 and 20 Feb. 1876, p. 42.

  113. Tiedemann to Count Herbert Bismarck, Berlin, 30 Sept. 1881, ibid. 460.

  114. The episode in Tiedemann’s words can be found in Chapter 1 above, p. 10.

  115.
  www.ewtn.com/library/ENCYC/P9QUODNU.HTM>.

  116. Engelberg, ii. 121.

  117. Spitzemberg, 153.

  118. Pflanze, ii. 242.

  119. Tiedemann, 11 July 1876, p. 51.

  120. Ibid., 29 Sept. 1876, p. 91.

  121. Ibid., 3 Dec. 1876, p. 103.

  122. Ibid. 101.

  123. Ibid., 11 June 1876, p. 51.

  124. Ibid. 95.

  125. Ibid., 4 Jan. 1877, p. 107.

  126. Ibid., 28 Jan. 1877, p. 111.

  127. Pflanze, ii. 266.

  128. Eyck, Bismarck and the German Empire, 216.

  129. Tiedemann, 24.

  130. Urbach, 138–9.

  131. Hillgruber, Bismarcks Aussenpolitik, 141.

  132. Eyck, Bismarck and the German Empire, 219.

  133. Bismarck to William I, 4 May 1875, Correspondence of William I. and Bismarck, i. 162.

  134. Engelberg, ii. 171.

  135. Hildebrand, Das vergangene Reich, 32.

  136. James Stone offers a different reading of the ‘war scare’. He argues that Bismarck throughout the 1870s used the threat of war to undermine the monarchist forces in France and that he continued after 1875 to pursue the same tactics for the same ends but more cautiously. He needed a ‘republican France’ because he thought it less likely to be acceptable to the conservative powers as an ally. James Stone and Winfried Baumgart, The War Scare of 1875: Bismarck and Europe in the Mid-1870s (Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner Verlag, 2010).

  137. See Notiz, Varzin, 5 Aug. 1875, NFA, No. 278, ii. 409, nn. 1 and 2 and other dispatches, Herbert Bismarck to von Bülow, Nos. 286–9.

  138. Sir Edwin Pears, Forty Years in Constantinople, 1873–1915 (New York: D. Appleton and Co., 1916), 16–19. Internet Modern History Source Book: .

  139. Hermann von Petersdorff, ‘Stosch’, Allgemeine deutsche Biographie, vol. liv, Nachträge bis 1899 (Leipzig, 1908), 610.

  140. Pflanze, ii. 423.

  141. Bismarck to von Bülow, Varzin, 1 Oct. 1876, NFA, vol. ii, 1874–1876, No. 407, pp. 592–3.

  142. Bismarck ‘Diktat’, Varzin, 9 Nov. 1876, NFA, No. 438, pp. 644–5.

  143. Pflanze, ii. 428.

  144. Engelberg, ii. 200–1.

  145. .

  146. Sir William White to Sir Robert Morier, 16 Jan. 1877, Ramm, 65.

  147. Tiedemann, 126.

  148. Spitzemberg, 165.

  149. Tiedemann, 127.

  150. Eugen Richter to Paul Richter, 5 Apr. 1877, Pflanze, ii. 370.

  151. Russell to Lord Derby, 7 Apr. 1877, Letters of the Empress Frederick, 149.

  152. Tiedemann, 132 and 133.

  153. Spitzemberg, 165–6.

  154. 28 Apr. 1877, Lucius, 110.

  155. October (no date) Bismarck as recorded by Busch, ii. 158.

  156. Tiedemann, 176.

  157. Ibid. 176–7.

  158. Tiedemann to wife, 30 Nov. and 7 Dec. 1877, Tiedemann, 216–17.

  159. Ibid. 212, 216–17, Lucius, 118.

  160. Lucius, 122–3.

  161. William I and Bismarck, 30 Dec. 1877, Correspondence of William I. & Bismarck, No. 229, pp. 184–5.

  162. Pflanze, ii. 378.

  163. Normann to Roggenbach, Wiesbaden, 22 Nov. 1877, Roggenbach, 187–8.

  164. Stosch to Roggenbach, Berlin, 27 Dec. 1877, ibid. 190�
��1.

  CHAPTER 10

  1. Tiedemann, 220.

  2. Ibid. 225.

  3. Pflanze, ii. 379.

  4. Green, 305, discusses the inconsistency of national and state politics even within the same party.

  5. Pflanze, ii. 379–80.

  6. Eyck, Bismarck and the German Empire, 232.

  7. Ibid.

  8. Ibid.

  9. 26 Jan. 1873, Diary Entry, Bamberger, 298.

  10. Günter Richter, ‘Wilhelm von Kardorff’, Neue deutsche Biographie, vol. xi (Berlin, 1977), 150.

  11. Pflanze, ii. 454–5.

  12. Brunck, 266.

  13. Tiedemann, 265–6.

  14. There is a full account of the two assassination attempts and of Hödel and Nobiling in Pflanze, ii. 392ff.

  15. Tiedemann, 263.

  16. Spitzemberg, 171.

  17. Tiedemann, 271.

  18. Wahlen in Deutschland bis 1918, Reichstagswahlen. Ergebnisse reichsweit: .

  19 Moneypenny and Buckle, ii. 1183–4.

  20. Francis Charles Hastings Russell, ninth duke of Bedford (1819–91), was Liberal MP for Bedfordshire from 1847 to 1872, when (26 May) he succeeded to the dukedom on the death of his first cousin, William, eighth duke. (E. M. Lloyd, and Thomas Seccombe, ‘Russell, Lord George William (1790–1846)’, rev. James Falkner, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Oxford University Press, 2004). Online edn., Jan. 2008: ).

  21. Odo to Hastings Russell, 12 June 1878, Urbach, 193.

  22. Lytton Strachey, 346.

  23. Disraeli to Queen Victoria, 12 June 1878, Moneypenny and Buckle, ii. 1189.

  24. Ibid. 1186–7.

  25. Disraeli to Queen Victoria, 13 June 1878, ibid. 1189–90.

  26. Urbach, 193.

  27. Moneypenny and Buckle, ii. 1191.

  28. Ibid. 1194.

  29. Schweinitz to Anna Schweinitz, 25 June 1878, Schweinitz, 137.

  30. Disraeli Diary, 21 June 1878, Moneypenny and Buckle, ii. 1196.

  31. Ibid.

  32. Ibid. 1201.

  33. Ibid. 1203.

  34. Urbach, 194.

  35. Disraeli Diary Entry, 5 July 1878, Moneypenny and Buckle, ii. 1203–4.

  36. Pflanze, ii. 412.

  37. Tiedemann, 299.

  38. Petersdorff, 472–3.

  39. Tiedemann, 300 and 302.

  40. Anderson, 216.

  41. Lasker in PC 16/43, 23 Oct. 1878. .

  42. Tiedemann, 305–7.

  43. PC loc. cit. n. 41 above.

  44. Lucius, 143.

  45. Pflanze, ii. 467.