Bismarck: A Life

by Jonathan Steinberg

46. Tiedemann, 315.

  47. Bismarck to William I, 9 Nov. 1878, Correspondence of William I. and Bismarck, vol. i, No. 232, p. 188.

  48. Pflanze, ii. 409.

  49. PC 16/45, 6 Nov. 1878, Amtspresse Preussens. .

  50. PC 16/52, 27 Dec. 1878, p. 2. .

  51. Ibid. 3.

  52. Tiedemann, 326.

  53. PC 17/5, 29 Jan. 1879, p. 1.

  54. Erich Angermann, ‘Forckenbeck’, Neue deutsche Biographie, vol. v (Berlin, 1961), 297.

  55. Pflanze, ii. 475.

  56. Bamberger, 330–1.

  57. Lucius, 154.

  58. Bismarck, 21 Dec. 1892, cited in Schoeps, 131.

  59. PC 17/8, 19 Feb. 1879, p. 2. .

  60. Pflanze, ii. 480.

  61. Anderson, 219.

  62. Stern, 205–6.

  63. Anderson, 221.

  64. Anderson, 228.

  65. Manfred Weitlauff, ‘Moufang’, Neue deutsche Biographie, vol. xviii (Berlin, 1997), 233.

  66. Anderson, 229.

  67. Engelberg, ii. 259.

  68. Lucius, 158–9.

  69. Pflanze, ii. 489.

  70. Niall Ferguson, ‘Public Finance and National Security: The Domestic Origins of the First World War Revisited’, Past and Present, 142 (Feb. 1994), 141–68.

  71. Pflanze, ii. 511.

  72. Anderson, 233.

  73. Wolfgang Neugebauer, ‘Puttkamer’, Neue deutsche Biographie, vol. xxi (Berlin, 2003), 21.

  74. Schoeps, 110–11.

  75. Engelberg, ii. 263.

  76. Karl Erich Born, ‘Friedenthal’, Neue deutsche Biographie, vol. v (Berlin, 1961), 447.

  77. Schoeps, 112.

  78. Lucius, 168.

  79. Ibid. 168–9.

  80. Both of his parents died in Auschwitz and he himself escaped at the very last minute to Sweden. The entry in the theological reference work calls it ‘his decidedly Prussian spirit’ which came out in work after his return to Germany in 1947. See entry ‘Hans-Joachim Schoeps, 1909–1980’, Horst Robert Balz, Gerhard Krause, Gerhard Müller (eds.), Theologische Realenzyklopädie. TRE online: .

  81. Bismarck to King Ludwig of Bavaria, 4 Aug. 1879, Schuder, 84.

  82. PC 17/36, 3 Sept. 1879, p. 2. .

  83. Hermann Dechent ‘Andrassy’, Neue deutsche Biographie, vol. i (Berlin, 1953), 274.

  84. Engelberg, ii. 281.

  85. Pflanze, ii. 514.

  86. Ibid.

  87. Hildebrand, Das vergangene Reich, 66–7.

  88. Pflanze, ii. 505.

  89. PC 17/39, 24 Sept. 1879, p. 4.

  90. Pflanze, ii. 507.

  91. Lucius, 176.

  92. Ibid. 178.

  93. PC 17/41, 9 Oct. 1879, p. 2.

  94. Richard Wagner, Judaism in Music (1850), trans. William Ashton Ellis. .

  95. Ibid.

  96. Freytag, 102.

  97. Evangelische Kirchenzeitung no. 80 (1865) in Clark, Conversion, 162.

  98. Stern, 499.

  99. Pulzer, table 2.2, p. 52.

  100. Mosse, 115–16.

  101. Ibid. 202.

  102. Moneypenny and Buckle, ii. 1202.

  103. Sartorius, 286 and 317.

  104. Rosenberg, 55.

  105. Ibid. 93 and 95.

  106. Otto Glagau, ‘Der Börsen- und Gründungsschwindel in Berlin’, Die Gartenlaube, No. 499 (1874), 788.

  107. Ibid. 790.

  108. Uwe Puschner, ‘Marr’, Neue deutsche Biographie, vol. xvi (Berlin, 1990), 248.

  109. Hermann von Petersdorff, ‘Treitschke’, Allgemeine deutsche Biographie, vol. lv, Nachträge bis 1899 (Leipzig, 1910), 306.

  110. Treitschke, 10.

  111. Pulzer, Jews and the German State, 96.

  112. Treitschke, 10.

  113. Fritz Martini, ‘Auerbach’, Neue deutsche Biographie, vol. i (Berlin, 1953), 434.

  114. Schuder, 185.

  115. Anderson, 251.

  116. Stern, 513–14.

  117. Hans-Joachim Schoeps, ‘Fechenbach’, Neue deutsche Biographie, vol. v (Berlin, 1961), 36.

  118. Anderson, 252 and 449, n. 24.

  119. Ibid. 253.

  120 Pastor, ii. 191.

  121. Schuder, 196.

  122. Stern, 519.

  123. Koehler, 231–2.

  124. Anderson, 300.

  125. Koehler, 231.

  126. Pulzer, Jews and the German State, 97.

  127. Schuder, 197.

  128. Pulzer, Jews and the German State, 97.

  129. Fontane to Philipp zu Eulenburg, 12 Mar. 1881, in Craig, Fontane, 114–15.

  130. Karl Wippermann, ‘Lasker’, Allgemeine deutsche Biographie, vol. xix (Leipzig, 1884), 748–9.

  131. Schuder, 205–6.

  132. Lucius, 6 Jan. 1884, p. 278.

  133. Pflanze, iii. 111.

  134. Ibid.

  135. Bamberger, 285.

  136. Ibid. 285–6.

  137. Lucius, 284.

  138. Wipperman, ‘Lasker’, Allgemeine deutsche Biographie, 750.

  139. Lucius, 216.

  140. Ibid. 217.

  141. 31 Mar. 1880, Tiedemann, 376–7.

  142. Tiedemann had been appointed by Bismarck to represent him at Bundesrat meetings and had attended that day. Tiedemann, 378.

  143. 6 Apr. 1880, ibid. 380–1.

  144. Spitzemberg, 183.

  145. 13 May 1880, ibid. 391.

  146. 12 Oct. 1880, ibid. 400.

  147. 18 Oct. 1880, 13 May 1880, ibid. 400, 391.

  148. Stolberg to Tiedemann, 29 Jan. 1881, ibid. 416.

  149. ‘Weshalb ich meine Stellung beim Fürsten Bismarck abgab’, ibid. 419.

  150. Ibid. 20.

  151. Lucius, 183–4; Pflanze, ii. 527.

  152. Lucius, 186.

  153. 25 Dec. 1880, Lucius, 192.

  154. Lucius describes this fine clothing, ibid. 204.

  155. Eberhard von Vietsch, ‘Herbert von Bismarck’, Neue deutsche Biographie, vol. ii (Berlin, 1955), 268.

  156. Philipp zu Eulenburg, ‘Herbert Bismarcks Tragödie’, in Aus Fünfzig Jahren, 106.

  157. Brandes, 419.

  158. Reinhard Stumpf, ‘Loe’, Neue deutsche Biographie, vol. xv (Berlin, 1987), 14.

  159. Snyder, 159.

  160. Ibid. 159.

  161. Stern, 257.

  162. Eulenburg, Aus 50 Jahren, 93.

  163. Eberhard von Vietsch, ‘Herbert von Bismarck’, Neue deutsche Biographie, vol. ii (Berlin, 1955), 268.

  164. 1 Jan. 1888, Spitzemberg, 238.

  165. Snyder, 161.

  166. Eulenburg, Aus 50 Jahren, 105.

  167. 11 Dec. 1886, Waldersee, 307.

  168. Stern, 258.

  169. Lucius, 210.

  170. Ibid., 17 July 1881, p. 213.

  171. Wahlen in Deutschland bis 1918 Reichstagswahlen, op. cit.

  172. Pflanze, iii. 71.

  173. Ibid. 73.

  174. PC 20/3, 18 Jan. 1882, p. 1.

  175. Anderson, 303.

  176. 18 Feb. 1882, Holstein, Diaries, 7.

  177. Anderson, 304.

  178. Lucius, 225.

  179. Anderson, 304.

  180. New Advent, Catholic Encyclopedia: .

  181. Anderson, 292.

  182. Lucius, 242.

  183. Koch and Laqueur, 757.

  184. Pflanze, iii. 100.

  185. Koch and Laqueur, 760.

  186. Ibid. 762.

  187. Ibid. 776.

  188. Pflanze, ii. 54–5.

  189. I
bid.

  190. Ibid. 53, n. 67.

  191. Koch and Laqueur, 759.

  192. Pflanze, iii. 100–1.

  193. Koch and Laqueur, 759.

  194. PC 20/2, 11 Jan. 1882, pp. 2–3. .

  195. Peter Koch, ‘Theodor Lohmann’, Neue deutsche Biographie, vol. xv (Berlin, 1987), 130.

  196. Neueste Mittheilungen, 2/65, ed. H. Klee (Berlin), Friday 15 June 1883, p. 1. .

  197. Pflanze, iii. 139–40.

  198. Lucius, 312.

  199. Spitzemberg, 218.

  200. Eulenburg, Aus 50 Jahren, 117.

  201. Craig, Fontane, 109.

  202. Eulenburg, Aus 50 Jahren, 128.

  203. Ibid.

  204. Neueste Mittheilungen, 6/4, 11 Jan. 1887, pp. 5–6. .

  205. Spitzemberg, 227–8.

  206. Anderson, 342 and 467, n. 64.

  207. Ibid. 345.

  208. Ibid. 350–2.

  209. Wahlen in Deutschland bis 1918 Reichstagswahlen, op. cit.

  210. Anderson, 59.

  211. Pflanze, iii. 234.

  212. 11 Mar. 1887, Waldersee, 319.

  213. Ibid.

  214. Pflanze has a fine section on the Reinsurance Treaty, iii. 248–53.

  215. Holstein, Memoirs, 127.

  CHAPTER 11

  1. Eulenberg, Korrespondenz, i. 17.

  2. Hull provides the best account of these events in ch. 5, ‘Philipp Eulenburg: Decline and Fall’, pp. 109ff.

  3. Eulenburg, Korrespondenz, i. 45.

  4. Martin Sabrow, ‘Walter Rathenau’, Neue deutsche Biographie, vol. xxi (Berlin, 2003), 176.

  5. Hull, 17.

  6. Ibid. 15.

  7. 2 Apr. 1886, Waldersee, 286–7.

  8. 31 May 1886, ibid. 327.

  9. Holstein to Eulenburg, 16 June 1886, Eulenburg, Korrespondenz, vol. i, No. 76, pp. 179–80.

  10. Letters of the Empress Frederick, 224–5.

  11. Crown Prince to Stosch, Hollyday, 132.

  12. Ibid. 235.

  13 Letters of the Empress Frederick, 225.

  14. Crown Princess to Queen Victoria, 27 Oct. 1887, ibid. 250.

  15. Ibid. 232.

  16. Crown Princess to Queen Victoria, 23 Apr. 1887, ibid. 214.

  17. Letters of the Empress Frederick, 192.

  18. 20 Jan. 1888, Waldersee, 354.

  19. 3 Feb. 1888, ibid. 357.

  20. Neueste Mittheilungen, 7/14, Tuesday 7 Feb. 1888, p. 1. .

  21. Pflanze, iii. 279.

  22. Emperor Frederick to Bismarck, 12 Mar. 1888, Letters of the Empress Frederick, 289–91.

  23. Pflanze, iii. 281; Lucius, 433.

  24. 13 Mar. 1888, Waldersee, 373.

  25. Fontane to Martha Fontane, 14 Mar. 1888, Craig, Fontane, 115.

  26. Crown Princess to Queen Victoria, 16 Mar. 1888, Letters of the Empress Frederick, 292–3.

  27. 18 Mar. 1888, Waldersee, 375.

  28. Pflanze, iii. 281–2.

  29. 24 Mar. 1888, Waldersee, 379–80.

  30. 27 Mar. 1888, ibid. 379–80.

  31. 4 Apr. 1888, ibid. 382.

  32. Philipp Konrad Count zu Eulenburg to his son Philipp, Berlin, 17 June 1888, Eulenburg, Korrespondenz, No. 183, p. 299.

  33. Clark, Kaiser Wilhelm II, 1.

  34. Crown Princess to Queen Victoria, 28 May 1870, Pflanze, iii. 288.

  35. Ibid. 289–90.

  36. Clark, Kaiser Wilhelm II, 6.

  37. 28 June 1887, Holstein, Correspondence, 346–7.

  38. 15 Nov. 1887, Crown Princess to Queen Victoria, Letters of the Empress Frederick, 256–7.

  39. Crown Prince William to Eulenburg, Berlin, 12 Apr. 1888, Eulenburg, Korrespondenz, No. 169, p. 284.

  40. 10 July 1888, Waldersee, 412.

  41. Homberger to Bamberger, 17 Nov. 1888, in Bamberger, 430.

  42. Röhl, William II, ii. 134.

  43. Ibid. 135.

  44. Neueste Mittheilungen, 8/4, Monday 14 Jan. 1889, p. 1.

  45. Engelberg, ii. 444.

  46. Friedrich-Christian Stahl, ‘Albedyll’, Neue deutsche Biographie, vol. i (Berlin, 1953), 122.

  47. Engelberg, ii. 445.

  48. Pflanze, iii. 331.

  49. Engelberg, ii. 447.

  50. Pflanze, iii. 345–6.

  51. Schoeps, 42.

  52. Walter Bussmann, ‘Berlepsch’, Neue deutsche Biographie, vol. ii (Berlin, 1955), 683.

  53. Michael Epkenhahn, ‘Rottenburg’, Neue deutsche Biographie, vol. xxii (Berlin, 2005), 141.

  54. Heinrich Otto Meissner, ‘Bötticher’, Neue deutsche Biographie, vol. ii (Berlin, 1955), 413.

  55. Pflanze, iii. 348–9.

  56. Rohl, Wilhelm II, ii. 263.

  57. Holstein, Memoirs, 157.

  58. Holstein to Eulenburg, Berlin, 27 Jan. 1890, Eulenburg, Korrespondenz, No. 293, pp. 421–3.

  59. Lucius, 509.

  60. Waldersee, 103–4.

  61. Empress Frederick to Queen Victoria, 20 Feb. 1890, Letters of the Empress Frederick, 407.

  62. 28 Feb. 1890, Bamberger, 441–3.

  63. Wahlen in Deutschland bis 1918 Reichstagswahlen Ergebnisse reichsweit.

  64. Röhl, Wilhelm II, ii. 288.

  65. Pflanze, iii. 364.

  66. Holstein to Eulenburg, 7 Mar. 1890, Eulenburg, Korrespondenz, No. 338, p. 482.

  67. Röhl, Wilhelm II, ii. 296.

  68. Ibid. ii. 289.

  69. Anderson, 386–7.

  70. Bismarck, Gedanken und Erinnerungen, 640–1; Bamberger diary entry 28 Mar. 1890, Bismarcks Grosses Spiel, 446. There are differences between the Bismarckian version of the conversation and others that circulated. That the meeting was stormy is not in doubt.

  71. Eulenburg, Aus 50 Jahren, 235.

  72. Röhl, Wilhelm II, ii. 299.

  73. August Graf zu Eulenburg to Philipp Eulenburg, Berlin, 17 Mar. 1890, Eulenburg, Korrespondenz, No. 359, p. 503.

  74. Eulenburg, Aus 50 Jahren, 237.

  75. 17 Mar. 1890, Lucius, 523–4.

  76. Hans Körner, ‘Hermann von Lucanus’, Neue deutsche Biographie (Digitale Register) vol. xv (Berlin, 1987), 270.

  77. Bismarck, Gedanken und Erinnerungen, 650.

  78. Ibid. 653–4.

  79. William II to Franz Joseph, 3–5 Apr. 1890, in Röhl, Wilhelm II, ii. 309–16.

  80. Spitzemberg, 271–1.

  81. Ekkhard Verchau, ‘Marschall von Bieberstein’, Neue deutsche Biographie, vol. xvi (Berlin, 1990), 256.

  82. Holstein, Memoirs, 131.

  83. 23 Mar. 1890, Lucius, 525.

  84. Chlodwig Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst, Memoirs, ii. 423.

  85. Spitzemberg, 273.

  86. 29 Mar. 1890, ibid. 275–6.

  87. 29 Mar. 1890, Lucius, 525.

  88. 29 Mar. 1890, Bamberger, 426.

  89. Engelberg, ii. 478.

  90. Martin Glaubrecht, ‘Emil Hartmeyer’, Neue deutsche Biographie (Digitale Register), vol. viii (Berlin, 1969), 6.

  91. Philipp Eulenburg to Karl Heinrich von Boetticher, Stuttgart, 21 Mar. 1891, Eulenburg, Korrespondenz, No 491, p. 658.

  92. Bismarck, Gedanken und Erinnerungen, 607–14.

  93. Alden, 31.

  94. Heinrich Otto Meissner, ‘Caprivi’, Neue deutsche Biographie, vol. iii (Berlin, 1957), 136.

  95. Ibid. 137.

  96. Neueste Mittheilungen, 9/50, ed. O. Hammann (Berlin), Friday, 27 June 1890, p. 1. .

  97. Anderson, 389.

  98. Spitzemberg, 288–9.

  99. Bernhard von Poten, ‘Maximilian von Versen’ (1833–1893), Allgemein
e deutsche Biographie (Digitale Register), vol. liv, Nachträge bis 1899 (Leipzig, 1908), 741–2. Commanding General in Berlin from 24 Mar. 1890, a cavalry officer with diplomatic and international experience.

  100. Petersdorff, 520.

  101. Pflanze, iii. 396.

  102. ‘COUNT BISMARCK WEDDED; A BRILLIANT GATHERING’, New York Times, 22 June 1892. NY Times Archive: .

  103. Robert Gerwarth, The Bismarck Myth: Weimar Germany and the Legacy of the Iron Chancellor (Oxford: University Press, 2005).

  104. Spitzemberg, 307.

  105. Ibid. 320.

  106. Pflanze, iii. 404; Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst, Memoirs, 464.

  107. Pflanze, iii. 405.

  108. Spitzemberg, 322.

  109. Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst, Memoirs, 466.

  110. Karl Erich Born, ‘Botho Eulenburg’, Neue deutsche Biographie, vol. iv (Berlin, 1959), 680–1.

  111. Nichols, 40–1.

  112. Günter Richter, ‘Chlodwig Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst’, Neue deutsche Biographie, vol. ix (Berlin, 1972), 487–9.

  113. Roggenbach to Stosch, 28 Jan. 1895, Stosch, No. 130, p. 407.

  114. Spitzemberg, 330–1.

  115. Ibid. 335–6.

  116. Alexander von Hohenlohe, Aus meinem Leben, 264 ff.

  117. Pflanze, iii. 410.

  118. Bismarck to William Bismarck, 30 July 1895, GW xiv. 1020.

  119. Manfred, 597–8.

  120. Sidney B. Fay, Origins of the First World War, ‘Breakdown of the wire to Russia in 1890’. .

  121. Aufzeichnung Eulenburgs 27 Oct. 1896, No. 1269, Eulenburg, Korrespondenz, iii. 1745.

  122. Eulenburg to Wilhelm II, Liebenberg, 3 Nov. 1896, ibid. No. 1270, pp. 1746–7.

  123. Hank, 599–600.

  124. Ibid. 597, n. 3.

  125. Ibid. 599 ff.

  126. 29 Nov. 1898, Eulenburg, Aus 50 Jahren, 270–1.

  127. Herbert von Bismarck to Ludwig von Plessen, 31 July 1898, in Engelberg, ii. 523.

  128. Eulenburg, Aus 50 Jahren, 276.

  129. Pflanze, iii. 428.

  130. Ibid. iii. 427–8.

  131. 3 Aug. 1898, Spitzemberg, 373.

  132. Eulenburg, Aus 50 Jahren, 279.

  CONCLUSION

  1. Odo Russell to Morier, 15 May 1875, Urbach, 141.

  2. Spitzemberg, 238.

  3. Disraeli Diary Entry, 5 July 1878, Moneypenny and Buckle, ii. 1203–4.

  4. 26 Jan. 1873, Diary Entry, Bamberger, 298.

  5. Pflanze, i. 179.

  6. Ibid. ii. 163–5.

  7. Perthes to Roon, 28 Apr. 1864, Roon, ii. 238.

  8. Queen Victoria to Sir Henry Ponsonby, 9 Apr. 1888, Letters of the Empress Frederick, 296.