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Hydaspes (Jhelum) River, 161
Hydaspes (Jhelum) River, Battle of (326), 158–60, 215, 217
hypaspists, 32, 114, 153
Hyphasis (Beas) River, 160
Ilerda, Battle of (49 B.C.), 95–96
Ilipa, Battle of (206 B.C.), 209–10
India, 151, 202, 207
Alexander’s invasion of, 156, 158–62, 191, 230, 240, 248
Indian Ocean, 161
Indus River Valley, 158, 161
infantry:
Carthaginian, 34–35, 124, 125, 126–28, 213, 216–17, 242
Macedonian, 31–32, 52, 77, 78, 79, 111, 114–15, 153, 159–60
Persian, 33, 76–77, 78, 111, 113, 114
Roman (Caesar), 38, 135–39, 141, 181–82, 183–84, 186–87
Roman (Pompeian), 136–38, 181, 186–87
Roman (Punic Wars), 55, 107, 123–24, 126–28, 141, 210, 213, 216–17
infrastructure, 11, 30, 91, 118, 129, 144, 180, 188, 189, 191, 230–31, 239, 247, 248
intelligence, of great commanders, 7, 30
Iran, 83, 113, 119, 143, 207
Iraq War, 16
Islam, Alexander and, 17
Israel, 207
Issus, Battle of (333 B.C.), 70, 74–80, 81, 108, 109, 112, 239
Italy, Hannibal’s invasion of, 4, 5, 19, 20–21, 53–60, 84
Izmit, Gulf of, 234
Jabal Maqlub Hills, 113
Jaxartes River, 157
Jews:
Alexander and, 17
Caesar and, 179
Juba, King of Numidia, 96, 175, 181, 182, 185, 189
Judaea, 83, 179
judgment, 7–8, 111
of Alexander, 7–8, 30–31, 65, 79, 105, 115, 141, 144–45, 238, 239
of Caesar, 7–8, 30, 47, 65, 95, 141, 144–45, 248
of Hannibal, 7–8, 30–31, 65, 129, 141, 144–45, 171, 230
Kabul River Valley, 158
Khyber Pass, 158, 161
knowing when to stop (fifth stage of war), 15, 193–233
Alexander and, 193–94, 248
Caesar and, 220–29
Hannibal and, 208–20
Labienus, Titus, xviii, 134, 137, 138, 181–82, 184, 186, 187, 189
Lade, 70–71
Larissa, 130, 132, 135, 140
Latmos, Gulf of, 70–71
leadership:
of Alexander, 8–9, 144, 162, 231, 238
of Caesar, 8, 95, 103, 144, 176, 247
of Hannibal, 8–9, 54–55, 85, 87, 144, 170, 241, 248
Lee, Robert E., 30
Leonidas, King of Sparta, 53
Lesbos, 72, 81
liberty, political, 176, 221, 227–28, 229, 237, 249
Libya, Libyans, 207, 233
in Carthaginian army, 34, 125, 127–28
Libyssa, 220
Lincoln, Abraham, 6
Livy, 24–25, 85, 128, 244
logistics:
Caesar’s inattention to, 7, 10, 181, 188, 247
Macedonian mastery of, 10, 248
Lucan, 133, 135, 138
Luceria, 61, 62, 63, 122
luck, in war, 14, 16, 81, 102, 103
Lugus, 84
Lydia, 81
Lysander, 16
Lysimachus, 207
Lysippus, 53
Macedon, 197, 201, 240
after Alexander’s death, 207
Greek revolt against (331 B.C.), 74, 151–52
insolvency of, 23, 42, 48
in Second Punic war, 164, 165
Macedonian army:
advanced force of, 40, 49, 98, 245
allied troops in, 32, 42–43, 50, 51, 77–78, 79, 114, 152, 155
cavalry of, 1, 10, 31, 32, 42, 50, 51–53, 76, 77–79, 111, 112, 114–15, 117–18, 153, 158, 159–60
Easterners as recruits in, 191–92, 197, 201–2
in Far Eastern campaign, 146, 157–63
at Gaugamela, 114–19
at Granicus River, 50–53
in Indian mutiny (326 B.C.), 160–61, 192, 201
infantry of, 31–32, 52, 77, 78, 79, 111, 114–15, 153, 159–60
at Issus, 76, 77–79
logistical planning by, 10, 248
mercenaries in, 32, 155, 201–2
morale of, 146, 160, 192
in mutiny of 324 B.C., 193, 201
as opposed to Far Eastern campaign, 146, 149–50, 151, 152, 154
Philip’s revolutionizing of, 31–32
Royal Squadron of, 31
superior weaponry of, 31–32, 52
tactics of, 32, 51
versatility of, 118
veterans discharged from, 201
as well-treated by Alexander, 52–53
Mago, xvi, 23, 35, 125, 146–47, 164–65, 174, 211, 216
Maharbal, Son of Himilco, xvii, 126, 169, 172, 243
Maracanda, 157
Marius, 28
Masinissa, King of Numidia, xvii, 208, 210–11, 212–13, 218
Massilia (Marseille), 94–95, 96
Mazaeus, 113, 117
megalopsychia (greatness of soul), 6
Melqart, 13, 44
Memnon of Rhodes, xv, 88, 89, 94, 206, 238
at Granicus River, 48–50, 53, 134
Persian navy commanded by, 67, 70, 72–74, 81, 95, 105, 191, 239, 248
Mentor, 49
mercenaries, 32, 33, 49
Alexander’s massacre of, 43, 53
at Cape Taenarum, 200–201
in Macedonian army, 32, 155
in Persian army, 33, 43, 49, 53, 76–77, 78, 79, 105, 111, 113, 150
Mesopotamia, 75, 83, 113, 143
Metaurus (Metauro) River, Battle of (207 B.C.), 168, 230
Metellus, Lucius, 93
Metellus Pius Scipio, Quintus Caecilius, xviii, 132, 134, 136, 175, 182–84, 221, 226
Miletus, 70–71, 72, 81, 162
Minorca, 146
Minucius, Marcus, 89, 91
Mithradates VI, King of Pontus, 28, 179
Moltke, Helmuth von, 68
monarchy, 231, 236–37, 249
monsoons, 146, 160, 162
morale, 146, 160, 188, 189, 192
Mottones, 35
multitasking, great commanders as masters of, 10
Munda, Battle of (45 B.C.), 186–87, 215, 220, 247
Myndus, 72, 73
Mytilene, 72, 81
Nanda dynasty, 160
Naples, 166
Naples, Bay of, 122
Napoleon I, Emperor of France, 14, 47
navies:
Alexander’s underappreciation of, 7, 10, 29, 33–34, 68–69, 71–72, 81, 95, 104, 162, 191, 239
Athenian, 33–34, 41
Carthaginian, 36, 67–68, 89, 90, 164
Persian, see Persian navy
Roman, see Roman navy
Nearchus of Crete, 162, 202
New Carthage (Cartagena), 25, 43, 54, 167, 209
Nicanor, 153
Ninth Legion, 97, 136
Nola, 166
North Africa, 203
in Punic Wars, 34, 44, 54, 208, 210–18, 241
in Roman Civil War, 94, 96, 97, 106, 147, 175, 180–85, 190, 246, 247
Numidia, Numidians, 34, 96, 175, 181, 210–11, 216
cavalry of, 57, 59, 125, 174, 181, 210–11, 212–13, 216–17, 247
Octavian (Gaius Octavius), see Augustus, Emperor of Rome
operations, 11
Oxus (Amu Dar’ya) River, 157
Oxyathres, 153
Parmenio, xv, 49, 51, 71, 73, 75, 80, 82–83, 90, 114, 115, 117–18, 142, 152–53, 154, 200, 239
Parthia, 229
Caesar’s planned campaign against, 4, 29, 223–25
Parysatis, 199
Paullus, Lucius Aemilius, 2, 122, 123, 128, 129, 144
peace negotiations, 16
Peloponnesian War (431–404 B.C.), 16
Perdiccas, xv, 155
Pergamum, 198, 207
Pericles, 235
Persepolis, 82, 143, 148–49, 150, 154
, 191, 239
Persian army:
cavalry of, 33, 51–52, 76, 77, 107, 111, 112, 113–14, 116–18, 119, 141
at Gaugamela, 113–14, 115, 116–19
at Granicus River, 1, 48–52, 69
Greek mercenaries in, 33, 43, 49, 53, 76–77, 78, 79, 105, 111, 113, 150
infantry of, 33, 76–77, 78, 114, 141
at Issus, 76–79
Lydian campaign of, 81
scythed chariots of, 111–12, 113–14, 116–17
shared command of, 48–49
tactics of, 32
Persian Empire, 4
devolutionary government of, 200
eastern territories of, 150–51, 153–54, 156–63
extent of, 33, 111, 207
financial and military resources of, 79, 82, 111, 148
Greece invaded by (480 B.C.), 40–41, 53, 82, 149
post-conquest breakup of, 206–7, 249
post-conquest rebellions in, 199, 200, 231
weaknesses of, 39
see also Alexander III “the Great,” King of Macedon, Persian conquest of
Persian Gulf, 202, 203
Persian navy, 10, 12, 29, 42, 43, 69, 79, 191, 248
Anatolian bases of, 67, 72, 104
in counterattack against Greece, 16, 33–34, 72–74, 95, 105, 239
defections of, 81
Greek island campaign of, 70–72, 81
Petra, 100
Petreius, Marcus, 95, 96
Peucestas, 199–200, 201
phalanx, Macedonian, 31–32, 77, 78, 79, 114, 115, 117, 159–60
Pharnabazus, 73, 81
Pharnaces II, King of Bosporus, xviii, 179, 185, 190
Pharsalus, Battle of (48 B.C.), 108, 130–40, 143, 144–45, 147, 175, 247
casualties in, 140, 141
map, 131
Philip II, King of Macedon, xvi, 7, 11, 42, 49, 206
army revolutionized by, 31–32
assassination of, 154, 238
Macedonian treasury depleted by, 23
as military strategist, 31
planned Persian invasion of, 21–23, 41–42, 149, 245
political skills of, 197
Philip III, King of Macedon, 206
Philippi, Battle of (42 B.C.), 228–29
Philip V, King of Macedon, 164
Philotas, 153, 154
philotimia (ambition), 6
Phoenicia, 73, 80, 207
Pinarus River, 76
Pindus Mountains, 130
Pisae (Pisa), 86
pitched battle, 147
Alexander’s desire for, 108, 238
attrition strategy vs., 143–44, 236
Caesar’s desire for, 108, 183
Hannibal’s desire for, 108, 183
Placentia (Piacenza), 56–57, 58, 97
Plutarch, 9, 13, 88, 93
politics:
war and, 16, 18–19
see also strategy, political
Polybius, xvii, 21, 23–24, 26, 35, 37, 54, 59, 69, 125, 195, 212, 218, 241
Polytimetus River, 157
Pompeii, 74
Pompeius, Cnaeus, 175, 186, 187, 188, 189
Pompeius, Sextus, 175, 177, 186, 189, 229
Pompey (Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus), xviii, 16, 27, 40, 147, 184, 226, 247
Caesar’s assessment of, 31, 38, 47, 65, 102–3
Caesar’s peace overtures rejected by, 99
in decision to fight pitched battle, 143–44
in Dyrrachium campaign, 2–3, 99–104, 105–6, 132
eastern Mediterranean base of, 47, 63, 94, 132, 175
in evacuation from Brundisium, 68, 91–93
in evacuation from Rome, 61, 62–63
in flight from Pharsalus, 139–40
as hampered by shared command, 38–39, 47, 63
manpower and resources of, 46, 97–98, 175, 177, 189
military career of, 28, 47
as military strategist, 65, 92, 93, 95, 103, 132–33, 139
murder of, 177–78
naval superiority of, 47, 68, 94, 96, 97, 101, 140, 143
operational timidity of, 95
overconfidence of, 103, 104, 106
at Pharsalus, see Pharsalus, Battle of
Senate in alliance with, 28, 46, 176
Spanish forces of, 46, 93–96, 97, 104
as tactician, 136–37, 139
Pontius Aquila, Gaius, 195–96
Pontus, 179
Po River Valley, 56–57
Portico of Pompey, 225
Porus, Indian king, xvi, 158–60, 189, 217
postwar world, 15
proskynesis, 153, 155
Ptolemy I, King of Egypt, xvi, 200, 207, 233
Ptolemy XIII, King of Egypt, 177–78
Punjab, 161
Pyrenees, 54
Pyrrhic victories, 35
Pyrrhus, King of Epirus, xvii, 35–36, 44, 242, 244
Ravenna, 46
Regium, 166
reputation (dignitas), as important to Romans, 13–14, 29, 221, 225–27, 246
resistance (second stage of war), 15, 67–106
Alexander in, 67, 69–83
Caesar in, 68, 91–106
Hannibal in, 67–68, 83–91
reward and punishment, as mastered by great commanders, 8–9
Rhoesaces, 1, 51
Rimini (Ariminium), 60, 85
risk taking, see audacity
Roman Africa, see North Africa
Roman army (Caesar):
agility of, 10, 30, 38, 45, 95, 103, 141, 147
cavalry of, 96, 135–36, 138, 181, 186, 187
food supplies lacked by, 101
infantry of, 38, 135–39, 181–82, 183–84, 186–87
loyalty of, 37–38, 97, 98, 135, 182–83, 247
manpower of, 46, 98, 175, 192
mutinies of, 97, 180, 192, 247
at Pharsalus, 134–40
professionalism and experience of, 137–38, 188, 247
resupply of, 133–34
in Spain, 93–96, 97, 186–88, 195
Roman army (Pompeian):
cavalry of, 108, 136–37, 138, 141, 181, 183, 186
inexperience of, 138–39
infantry of, 136–38, 181, 186–87
manpower and resources of, 46, 97–98, 175, 189
at Pharsalus, 135–40
in Spain, 46, 93–96, 104, 186–88, 195
Roman army (Punic Wars):
agility of, 55–56
at Cannae, 120, 122, 123–29
cavalry of, 86, 123–24, 141, 210, 213, 216–17
in counterattack against Carthaginian colonies, 16, 89–91
infantry of, 55, 107, 123–24, 126–28, 141, 210, 213, 216–17
makeup of, 34
manpower and resources of, 36, 86, 87, 165, 242
at Trasimene, 85–86, 169
at Trebia River, 58–60, 125
Roman confederacy, 36–37, 39, 40, 44, 60, 83, 88, 163–64, 172–73, 190, 242
Roman navy, 36
under Caesar, 29, 39, 40, 94, 96, 175, 181
Pompeian, 47, 68, 94, 96, 97, 101, 140, 143, 175
in Second Punic War, 67–68, 165
Rome:
aristocracy of, see Senate, Roman
Carthaginian enmity toward, 4, 26
central Italian cities as loyal to, 164, 165
civil wars in, 28, 228–29; see also Civil War, Roman (49–45 B.C.)
geostrategic superiority of, 36
internal turmoil in, 27–28, 39
in peace with Carthage, 218
political liberty in, 176, 221, 227–28, 229, 237, 249
in Social War, 61
strengths of, 39, 243–44
see also First Punic War; Second Punic War
Roxane, 199, 206
Royal Squadron, 31
Rubicon, Caesar’s crossing of, 5, 19, 20–21, 38, 46, 98, 221
Ruspina (Monastir), Battle of (46 B.C.), 181–82, 247
Russia, Hitler’s invasion of, 30
Saca peoples, 111, 116
Saguntum, siege of (219 B.C.), 25–26, 43, 44, 90, 171, 172
Samos, 71, 201
Sardinia, 37, 45, 94, 96, 104, 165, 174, 243
Satibarzanes, 156
Schlieffen, Alfred Graf von, 128
Scipio, Gnaeus Cornelius, 67, 89–90, 91
Scipio, Metellus, see Metellus Pius Scipio, Quintus Caecilius
Scipio, Publius Cornelius, 56, 57–60, 90, 91, 167
Scipio Africanus, Publius Cornelius, xvii, 57, 129, 167, 172, 219
African campaign of, 208, 210–18
in conquest of Carthaginian Spain, 209–10
Hannibal’s generalship copied by, 209, 244
Hannibal’s meetings with, 213–15, 232, 244
surprise and deception as tactics of, 209, 211
at Zama, 215–18
Second Punic War (218–201 B.C.), 5, 21
attack phase of, 53–60
clash phase of, see Cannae, Battle of
closing the net in, 146–47, 163–75, 188–92, 236
Hannibal’s need for quick victory in, 168, 173–74, 243
Hannibal’s reasons for starting, 23–26
peace treaty of, 218
resistance phase of, 67–68, 83–91
Roman counterattack in Spain, 89–91, 105, 167, 173
Scipio Africanus’s African campaign in, 208, 210–18
Scipio Africanus’s Spanish conquest in, 209–10
Seleucid dynasty, 207
Seleucus, 200, 207
Sempronius Longus, Tiberius, 56, 58, 59, 60
Senate, Roman:
in alliance with Pompey against Caesar, 28, 46, 176
Caesar as threat to, 46, 176, 221–23, 227, 231
Caesar’s arrest ordered by, 46
divine honors conferred on Caesar by, 14, 27, 222
Hannibal’s peace proposals rejected by, 168–69
Sertorius, 28
Servilia, 225
Servilius, Gnaeus, 85
Sestos, 41
Shakespeare, William, 18
Sicily, 37, 45
in Civil War, 94, 96, 104, 143
in First Punic War, 4, 23, 25
Pyrrhus’s invasion of, 35–36
in Second Punic War, 164, 165, 174, 243
Sicoris (Segre) River, 95–96
siegecraft:
Alexander’s mastery of, 238
Caesar’s mastery of, 38, 172, 190
Hannibal’s inattention to, 7, 10, 170–72, 190, 191, 242
Philip’s mastery of, 32
Siphnos, 81
Social War (91–88 B.C.), 61
Sogdiana, 111, 156, 157, 160, 191, 203, 230, 240, 248
South Asia, 33
Spain:
Caesar in, 93–96, 97, 104, 186–88, 195
Pompeian army in, 46, 93–96, 97, 104, 186–88, 195
Spain, Carthaginian colonies in, 4, 11, 16, 23, 25, 34, 35, 37, 39, 43, 44, 56, 67–68, 69, 241, 243
Roman counterattack against, 89–91, 105, 167, 173, 174
Scipio Africanus’s conquest of, 209–10
Spaniards, in Carthaginian army, 125, 126–27, 128, 216
Sparta, 33, 43, 53