The Chaos of Empire
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and mutual blame, 330
and photography, 319–20
and public works, 270–2, 292
and WW2, 447
relief camps, 319–21, 328–30, 347
Famine Commission, 338 (see also Famine)
Fatehgarh, 177, 415, 416, 420, 421
Faviell, William, 282–3, 284
Fawkes, Guy, 34
film (see also photography), and Delhi Durbar, 372
Finch, Heneage, 34–5
fingerprinting, 304–5
Finnis, Col., 240–1
Fort St David, 64
Fort William:
building of, 56
and rebellion of 1857–8, 254
French East India Company, 39, 84, 92, 97
at Arcot, 87
British conquer fort of, 97
Madras occupied by, 86
French Revolution, 131, 132, 162
Frere, Sir Bartle, 285–6
Gadgil, D. R, 457
Gaekwad, Manaji Rao, 170
Gandhi, Indira, 486
Gandhi, Mohandas Karamchand, 169, 360, 364, 378–9, 386, 403–4, 409–10, 450
Jallianwalagh Bagh massacre, see Jallianwalagh Bagh massacre
assassination of, 476–7
assurance of, to Allies, 452
becomes leader of nationwide protest, 407
and Burma in WW2, 449–50
call for sacrifices by, 460
Churchill’s rage against, 436
fasting by, 414, 425, 443, 476
first political pamphlet of, 375
and Hindu–Muslim unity, 407, 425
jailed, 414, 436
khadi championed by, 410, 421
London visit of, 436
military recruitment by, 404
‘naïve’ label applied to, 412
and Nehru, 438
and Nehru committee, 425
non-cooperation movement suspended by, 413, 414 (see also India: non-cooperation movement in)
on Bengal partition, 376
on constitutional reform of 1919, 405
on federalism, 430–1
on impending civil war, 470
on Lajpat Rai assault, 428
on violence, 413
penance of, after Chauri Chaura, 414
political work in India begun by, 403
and Punjab, 406
Quit India movement launched by, 450
restraining efforts of, 429
and salt laws, 435
in South Africa, 378
Ganesh, 367, 368
Ganges, 11, 12, 13, 46, 92, 173, 217, 235, 243
estuaries of, 39
irrigation system on, 275, 290
gated communities, 485
Gaudi Saraswati, 368
Genghiz Khan, 15, 340
Geology of India, 11
George V, 386, 398, 423, 503
Ghose, Girish Chunder, 254
Ghosh, Aurobindo, 376, 379
Ghulam Hussein Khan, 141–2
Gladstone, William, 296
Glorious Revolution, 51
Goa, Portuguese power centred in, 23
Godavari, 13, 123, 148, 272, 277
Godhra, rioting in, 425
Godrej, V. B., 384
Government of India Act (1833), see Charter Act
Government of India Act (1919), 404
Government of India Act (1935), 437–8, 439
Grant Duff, James, 178–9, 185
graves:
European, 1–3, 5
of children, 2
Great Case of Monopolies, 34
Great Depression, 432
Great Eastern Railway Company, 279
Great Exhibition, 268, 269
Great Indian Peninsula Railway Company, 280–1, 282–3, 284
Great Trigonometric Survey, 221, 222
Great Western Railway Company, 279
Grenville, George, 118
Grotius, Hugo, 23
Guha, Ranajit, 4, 22
Gujarat, 13–14, 22, 197, 295, 319, 353–4, 435
Gujarat College, 356
Gujars, 242
Gujranwala, 393
Gurkhas, 394, 413
Gwalior, 170, 174, 195, 249
Gyfford (formerly Chown, formerly Harvey, née Cooke), Katherine, 56–7, 58, 59, 72, 80–1
Gyfford, William (President at Madras), 43, 44, 76
Gyfford, William (Chief at Anjengo), 72–3, 75, 76, 77, 80
Haidar Ali, 158, 164, 168
Haidar, Amjad Ghazi-ud-din, 216
Hamid, Maj. Gen. Shahid, 470
Hamilton, Alexander, 53
Hamilton, Sir Frederick, 157
Hansom, Joseph, 281
Hardinge, Lord, 387, 389, 399
Harvey, John, 56, 62
Harvey, Katherine, see Gyfford, Katherine
Hastings, Marquess of, 25
Hastings, Warren, 8, 34, 107, 130–3, 149–50
corruption allegations against, 131, 132
and new Mughal style of government, 130–1
recalled, 132
Havelock, Gen. Sir Henry, 25, 243, 248, 257, 499
Hayman, Francis, 116–17, 119–20
Heath, Captain, 47
Hedges, Susannah, 38
Hedges, William (see also British East India Company):
becomes Company chief in Bengal, 38
diary of, 44
failure of mission of, 43
Mughal officers’ fractious relationship with, 39–40
and Parameshwar, 40–1
return of, to Britain, 43–4
rises through Company hierarchy, 37–8
sacked, 43
and Shaista Khan, 28–9, 41–2
Henry VIII, 31
Herschel, William, 304–5
High Commissioner, British appointed to India, 464–5
Himalayas, 11, 13
Hind Swaraj (Gandhi), 375, 378
Hindu Mahasabha, 426, 445, 458, 476
Hindus:
Arya Samaj, 361–3, 369, 377
Brahmo Samaj, 363
and Congress, fear of ‘Hindu Raj’ in, 445, 446, 452, 468
and cow’s sacred status, 368, 370
and Dayananda’s preaching, 360–1
destroyed temples of, 17
and food, 244
and Ganesh, 367, 368
hostile ‘national sentiment’ perceived in, 294
Mahatmas, 362
and Muslims, and de facto partition, 445
and Muslims, and survival in Bengal, 458
Muslims view as ‘tyranny’, 463
religiously rooted laws of, 214
and sati, 214, 228
and Vedas, 360
and war with Muslims, 252–3
The History of British India (Mill), 202–3, 274
The History of the Cotton Famine (Arnold), 324–5
The History of England (Mill), 210
A History of the Mahrattas (Grant Duff), 178–9, 185
A History of the Sepoy War (Kaye), 228
Hodson, Capt. William, 256–7
Holkar, Ahilyabhai, 171, 174, 175, 178, 179
Houghton, Douglas, 460
Hubli, 62
Hughli, 24, 33, 38–40, 96
Humayun, Emperor, 16
Hume, David, 119
Hunter, Lord William, 395
Hunter, Sir William, 297, 340
Hutchins, Francis, 264
Hyderabad, 60, 61, 249, 482–3, 484
autonomy of, 89
growing population of, 349
Hyderabad, Nizam of, 89
Ibrahim Khan, 53
Shaista Khan replaced by, 52
Ilbert Bill, 311, 312, 313, 333
Independence of India, 478 (see also Indian National Congress; Nehru, Jawaharlal)
British personnel’s retreat prior to, 465–6, 470
disposal of documents prior to, 466
gained, 3
King’s Speech promises, 461
ministry handovers pre
cede, 464
and Muslims’ Direct Action Day, 467
riots prior to, 467–70, 471
India Acts, 132
India House, London, 376
India in 1880 (Temple), 296–7
India Office, 384, 388
Indian Association, 341
Indian Bank, 383
Indian Civil Service (ICS), 291, 309, 334, 340, 350, 415–16, 459–60, 492–3
Indian Communist Party, 448
Indian Companies Act, 302, 306
Indian Institute of Technology, 276–7
Indian National Army, 451
Indian National Congress:
Ahmad Khan criticizes, 364
and alcohol, 419
and Amritsar, see Amritsar
arrests of leaders of, 450
banned volunteer organizations of, 412–13
cotton discussed by, 357
election success of, 462
first conference of, 332–5, 337–8
founders of, 333
full non-cooperation programme agreed by, 410
general strikes declared by, 393, 407
growing support for, 443
and ‘Hindu Raj’, 445, 446, 452, 468
as interim government, 464 (see also Nehru, Jawaharlal)
Lahore strike organized by, 428
ministry resignations in, after WW2 declared, 447
most popular political body, 443
Muslim League’s meeting with, 401
Muslim League’s ‘parting of the ways’ with, 426
and new councils, 407, 418
poverty discussed by, 335
and provincial-ministries election success of, 444
seen as upper-caste body, 443–4
and United Provinces, 444, 445
Indian Railways (Andrew), 282
Indian Rebellion. 1857–8, see Rebellion of 1857–8
Indigo Act, 339
Indigo Riots, 338
industrialisation, 323, 349, 352–7, 434
Irwin, Lord, 436
Islam, see Muslims
Ispahani, M. M., 458
Iyer, C. Sabapathy, 330–1
Jafar, Mir, 100, 101, 102, 106–7, 120
enthroned, 103
mutiny against, 107
treaty signed with, 106
Jaggayya, Koccharlakota, 126–7
Jaipur, 61
Jallianwala Bagh massacre, 392–7, 422
constitutional changes in wake of, 396
Hunter report into, 395, 406
James II/VII, 36, 37, 51
Jamsetjee, Jeejeebhoy, 279, 283
Jamshedpur, 385, 386
Jamuna, 13, 173, 235, 275
Japan, 434, 448–9, 451–2, 456
defeat of, 459
and Pearl Harbor, 453
Jauhar Khan, Sidi, 65
Jews, Edward I expels, 36
Jinnah, Muhammad Ali, 426, 463, 472
authorized to negotiate, 446
Direct Action Day announced by, 467
Quit India movement condemned by, 452
joint-stock companies, regulation of, 303, 306
Kabul, 15
Kadapah., 328
Kamath, Rama, 69–71
jailed, 71
Kamtekar, Indivar, 448
Kanara, 159–61, 167, 192, 203
banks open in, 358–9
Kanpur, 146, 243, 260, 484, 492
expanding textile production in, 352–3
growing population of, 349, 352–3
Kapila, Shruti, 377
Kashmir, 84, 482
Kasim, Haji Abdulla Haji, 358–9, 360, 386, 410
Kasim, Sidi, 48–9, 50, 59
Kasimbazar, 39, 63
Kattaboma Nayakkar, 166
Kaye, J. W., 228, 259–60
Kelsall, John, 327
Kelve-Mahim, 344
Kerala, 23, 32, 73, 79, 166, 409
Moplah rebellion in, 412, 413
khadi, 410, 421
Khan, Abdul Majid, 62
Khan, Yasmin, 451, 473
Khanderi, 69
Khattalwada, 341–2, 343
Kheda, 403
Khilnani, Sunil, 355
Khyber Pass, 12
Kipling, Rudyard, 54, 312
Kittur, 187–90
Kolff, D. H. A., 135
Kolkata, 38, 46, 502 (see also Calcutta)
Krishna river, 290
Krishnavarma, Shyamji, 376–8
Kurnool, 328
Kyffen, John, 75
Lahore, 61, 294, 426, 484, 485
Noakhali Day in, 469
strike in, 428
Lake, Gen. Gerard, 173
Lakshmibhai, Rani, 233, 239
Lal, Munnoo, 276
Lari, Z. H., 472–3
Lashkari, Bechardas, 357
law, 140–45, 194–200, 219–317 passim
codification, 299–302
Indianisation of legal profession, 309–10
Law, Jean, 97
Lawrence, Sir Henry, 226, 227
Lechmere-Oertel, Frederick, 319–20
Lee Commission, 422–3
Lindsay, Hugh, 218
Linlithgow Commission, 423
Linlithgow, Lord, 452, 453
Lion beer, 392
Lloyd George, David, 416
on India’s ‘steel frame’, 8, 416
Long, Breckenbridge, 453
Long, James, 339
The Lost Dominion (Carthill), 421–2
Lucknow, 61, 226, 227, 243, 247, 248, 255
Lutyens, Edwin, 5
Lytton, Lord, 7, 310, 333
Macaulay, Thomas, 155, 209–11, 258
and new laws for India, 213–15
Mackintosh, Lt, 59
Macmillan, Harold, 495, 501
Madras, 33, 89, 136, 208, 294, 375
associations formed in, 332
Company fortifications in, 64
Cotton hired in, 273
and famine, 283 (see also India: famines in)
fear of Japanese occupation in, 448
French occupation of, 86
graves in, 2
and railways, 282
reduced revenues in, 419
registrations in, 303
trading importance of, 65
Madras Irrigation Company, 290
Madras Native Association, 332, 333
Maghi, Trimbakji, 67
Maharashtra, 14
Maharatna, Arup, 347
Mahatmas, 362
Mahmood, Sayyid, 307–9, 313–15, 317, 379
death of, 317
Mahmud Khan, 251–2, 253
Maine, Sir Henry Sumner, 300–1, 302, 307
Majidpur, 62
Malcolm, Sir John, 163, 172, 177, 179, 184, 185, 193, 196–8 passim, 203–4, 205, 216
death of, 211
Malheiros, Ignatius, 75, 77
Mangalore, 160, 359, 369, 386
Gandhi visits, 410
Manjeshwar, 158–9, 160, 192
Mansergh, Nicholas, 470
mapping, 221, 222
Marathas:
almost extinguished, 22
Arcot raided over five years by, 86
beginnings of, 20
British compared with, 98
British paranoia concerning, 170, 171
civil war among, 58, 59, 60
Clive supported by, 88
councils of, 204
and ‘doctrine of lapse’, 233
establishment of stable regime of, 58
fragmentation of regime of, 170
influence extended by, 90
invading armies of, 85
Mughal-style statecraft adopted by, 91
Mughals compared to, 20–1
Ranade’s essay on, 294
rebirth of regime of, 60
rebuilt state of, 58
revenues claimed by, 85–6, 90
sea power of, 66
small towns and villages plundered by, 91
stable Mughal relationship
with, 66
suggested federation of, 179
and war finances, 177
and wars with British, see Anglo-Maratha wars
Wellington’s seek-and-destroy mission against, 173–4
Marshall, P. J., 92
Martin, Montgomery, 229–30
Mary II, 51
Massie, William, 145
Matthews, Commodore Thomas, 71, 80
Meerut, 227, 240, 241–2, 255
Menon, Dilip, 73
Menon, V. K. Krishna, 465
Metcalfe, Sir Charles, 163, 169, 190, 203–4
Midnapur, 107
migration, 15, 308, 318, 474–76
Mildmay, William, 69–70, 80
Mill, James, 201, 202–3, 210–11, 274
Mill, John Stuart, 128, 286–8
Milner, Viscount, 388
Mitra, Dinabandhu, 339
Mody, Sir Homi, 433
Moira, Earl of, 179
Montagu, Edwin, 394, 401–2, 404, 417, 422
inquiry into reforms of, 423–4
Montgomery, Henry, 271
Mookerjee, Shyama Prasad, 469
Moplah rebellion, 412, 413
Morley, John, 388
Mountbatten, Lord Louis, 4, 471, 475–6
Mudeliar, Sabapathy, 331–2, 338
Mudiman Commission, 423
Mughal state, 15–22
English East India Company seeks favour of, 28–9
and capital–government relationship, 61–2
Company wishes to pursue war against, 46–7
and decade of war (1690s), 53
declining capitals of, 61
gifts exchanged between rulers and subjects of, 19
Mahmood criticizes, 307
Marathas’ challenge to, 20–2
and Nader, see Nader Shah
and Persian invasion, 83
and rebellion of 1857–8, see Indian Rebellion
reconfiguration of, 60–1
restoration of, 246–7
shrinking scope of power of, 82
as skilled, elite class, 17
stable Maratha relationship with, 66
Muhammad Ali Khan, 87, 88–9, 95
Muhammad Shah, 84, 90
Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College, 317
Mukerjee, Ashutosh, 382
Muliyar, Sabapathy, 323, 325
Mumbai (formerly Bombay, q.v.), 484
municipal corporations, 309
as nationalist stronghold, 420
Munro, Lt Col. Thomas, 159–61, 163, 166–9, 170, 172, 188, 326
Murshid Quli Khan, 62–3, 92
Murshidabad, 61, 63, 99, 103, 108, 150, 370
burned-down capital of, 90
Muslim League, 426, 444, 458, 462–3
catastrophic election result for, 446
Congress’s meeting with, 401
Congress’s ‘parting of the ways’ with, 426
and Direct Action Day, 467
and partition, 472
poor election showing of, 462
rival to Congress envisaged by, 446
and ‘tyranny of the Hindu majority’, 463
war cabinet joined by, 452
Muslims:
called to oppose British power, 367
and Darul Uloom, 368, 369