The Chaos of Empire
Page 64
Delhi abandons responsibility for, 476
‘fanaticism’ perceived in, 294
fatawa issued by, 369
and food, 244
and Hindus, and de facto partition, 445
and Hindus, and survival in Bengal, 458
jihad against Japanese declared by, 452
and khilafah, 407
and Moplah rebellion, 412, 413
and Mughal rule, 17
Nehru’s fear of alienating, 445
and pan-Islamism, 367
religion’s focus for assertion of autonomy among, 367
religiously rooted laws of, 214
roots of, in India, 13
and Shia–Sunni conflict, 462
Sufis, 249–50
and war with Hindus, 252–3
Mysore, 88, 118, 158, 164–5, 176, 195, 203, 479
expensive wars between British and, 159
Haidar’s coup in, 164
handed back, 170
and toy tiger, 164, 165
Nader Shah, 82–4, 91, 96, 102, 251
Nadia, 92
Nagpur, 173, 174, 319, 410
Nairs, 13
Najibabad, 251
Nana Sahib, 233, 243
Nana, Sannat, 259
Naoroji, Dadabhai, 335–7, 349, 355
Napier, Sir Charles, 499
Narayan, Jayaprakash, 407–8
Nehru, Gangadhar, 256
Nehru, Jawaharlal, 408, 424, 438–42, 459–60, 471–2, 478
and army nationalization, 465
diplomatic relations established by, 465
and Gandhi, 438
new constitution condemned by, 439
Parliament speech of, 438–40
pre-prime-ministerial role of, 464
prison sentence of, 438
Nehru, Kamala, 438
Nehru, Motilal, 424
Neill, Brig. Gen. James, 260
Netherlands, as challenge to Portugal, 24
Nethersole, Michael, 422
New Delhi, 387–8, 479, 503 (see also Delhi)
foundation of, 387–8, 503
Viceroy’s Palace in, 5
Nicholson, John, 255, 256
Non-cooperation campaign, 407–15, 426, 436
Gandhi suspends, 413, 414
government’s depiction of, 412
and officials’ resignations, 411
and renunciation of titles, 410
and withholding of taxes, 410
Normam, Sir Montagu, 433
north Indian rebellion, 3
North, Lord, 129–30
Norton, John, 299
Ochterlony, Sir David, 180, 181
O’Dwyer, Sir Michael, 401, 422
Oldfield, John, 314
On Liberty (Mill), 287–8
opium, 148, 208, 216, 219
Opium Wars, 219, 390
Orissa, 91, 174
Orme, Robert, 90, 94
Orr, J.W., 493
Ottoman Empire, 23, 32, 393, 407
Pabna, uprising in, 339
Pakistan:
authoritarian rule in, 486–7
economy of, 488
enclaves of well-defended prosperity in, 485
first war between India and, 431, 482
Jinnah believes in creation of, 463
migration between India and, 318
Muslims march to support creation of, 467
and partition, see under India
public/civil servants remain in, post-independence, 492
Pal, Bipin Chandra, 375, 376, 379
Palmer, John, 154–5
Palmerston, Lord, 261
Pandey, Gyan, 476
Panikkar, K. M., 73, 472
Paniotty brothers, 145, 146
Panipat, Battles of, 15, 109, 170
Panni, Da’ud Khan, 64
Pant, Govind Ballabh, 444–5
Parameshwar Das, 39–40
and Hedges, 40–1
‘villainous tricks’ of, 43
Partition, 431, 446–7, 471–6, 478 (see also Pakistan)
announcement of, 473
Congress accepts, 471–2
de facto (1937), 445
violence prior to, 431, 473–6
Patel, Vallabhbhai, 461, 466–7, 469, 472, 482, 501
Paterson, J. D., 143
Patha, Gopal, 468
Patna, 99, 103–4
Pazhassi Varma, 166
Pearkes, Paul, 104, 105
Pearl Harbor, 453
Pearson, Michael, 24
peasant protest, 20, 78, 124, 149–51, 242–43, 338–44, 407–11, 419, 438, 472
People’s Association of Allahabad, 332
Pethick-Lawrence, Lord, 471
Phadke, Vasudev Balwant, 295–6, 298–9, 307
photography (see also film):
and Delhi Durbar, 372
and famine, 319–20
Pillai, Ananda Ranga, 84
pilgrimage, 192, 193–4
Pindaris, 180, 183, 184–5
Pitt, Thomas, 28–9, 38, 43, 44
and customs and taxes, 40
Pitt, William, 117, 161, 176
Plassey, Battle of, see Siraj-ad-Daula: plot to oust
Polavaram, 123–7
Poligar wars, 166
Pollexfen, Henry, 34–5
Pondicherry, 64, 86
Portuguese:
Angre’s war with, 59
and Chittagong, 45
and India’s seaborne trade, 23
sea power of, 23–4
‘white and very beautiful people’, 22
Post Office, 221, 223, 289
Potter, David, 400
Pouchedepass, Jacques, 403
Powell, Enoch, 496–8, 499, 500
Prasad, Beni, 430, 431, 474
Prasad, Rajendra, 408
Prinsep, H. T., 182, 185, 220
propaganda, British wartime, 455
public works, 215, 266–92 passim
barracks, 288, 289
canals and irrigation, 268, 270–4, 275–6, 277, 288, 289–90, 291–2, 419
dams, 268, 292
department of, 274
and engineering class, 276
expansion of, 290
and famine, 270
Government of India classifies, 289
hydro-electric projects, 419
increased funding for, 270, 274
railways, 266–9, 274, 275, 278–86, 288–90, 292, 320, 326, 336
roads, 215, 268, 274, 288, 320
telegraph, 268
Public Works Administration, 3
Public Works in India (Cotton), 274, 275
Pune, 61, 66, 171, 172, 177, 180, 188, 194, 196–7, 295, 298, 333–4, 485
cholera in, 334
plague in, 345
and religion, 366–7
Pune Sarvajanik Sabha, 294, 295, 296, 299, 332, 334, 335, 341–2, 344–6
British cease to recognize, 344
Punjab, 12, 232, 233–4, 240, 254, 291–2, 455, 479 (see also Sikhs)
becomes British province, 234
cloth boycott in, 435
disorder in, 401, 406
and famine, 283 (see also India: famines in)
Gandhi visits, 406
‘newly emerging frontier’, 361
and partition, 472
violence prior to, 473–4
and self-reliance, 360
student walkouts in, 427
Punjab Boundary Force, 476
Punjab National Bank, 363–4, 383
Qasin, Mir, 107–8
Qidwai, Begum Anees, 476
Quit India movement, 450, 451
Raghunath, Moro, 194, 196–9, 206
Rai, Lajpat, 362–3, 364–6, 375, 399, 402, 411–12, 426–8
death of, 428, 434
Raj, see British Raj
Rajahmundry, 123, 125–6, 127, 135, 147, 271, 375, 386
Rajasthan, 12, 174, 178, 182, 482
Rajshahi, Rani of, 19
Ramji, Manmohandas, 351<
br />
Ramsay, Allan, 119
Ranade, Mahadev Govind, 294–5
Rand, W. C., 345
Rangpur, 150–2
Rao, Daulat, 183, 184
Rao, Kolachalam Srinivasa, 322
Rao, Murari, 88
Rao, Nanjangud Subba, 442–3
Rao, Peshwa Baji II, 179–80
Rao, Peshwa Balaji, 88
Rao, Peshwa Madhav, 171
Rao, Raja Gangadhar, 233
Rao, Yashwant, 174, 177, 184
Ray, Prafulla Chandra, 383
Raz, Ram, 206
Rebellion of 1857-8
Agra, 243, 255
beginnings of, 226–7
Calcutta, 253–4
civilians join, 241
commentators on cause of, 229, 232, 238–9
Delhi, 227, 241, 248, 255–7, 258
early explanations for, 227–8
and eating preferences, 244
first Indian account of, 238
‘illusion of permanence’ created by, 264
as insurgency against Company power, 228–9
Kanpur, 243
Lucknow, 226, 227, 243, 248
Meerut, 227, 240, 241–2
Muttra, 243
and people’s lack of voice, 246
and plurality, 244
and public works, 285 (see also India: public works in)
and reconquest, 257–62
and conciliation, 262–5
Delhi, 258–9
desire for vengeance during, 258
Zafar’s support for, 242–3
Reddy, Mangapati Devi, 124–6, 127, 147
Reflections on the Revolution in France (Burke), 132
Reform Act (1832), 194
Religious revivalism, 366–7 (see also Hindus; Muslims)
Revenue collection, 89, 109, 110–12, 123, 143, 271, 417, 274, 415, 417–18, 419 (see also diwani)
intensification of, 231
raiyatwar system, 168, 169–70
via stamped documents, 223–5
Revolution, year of, 407–8
Ripon, Lord, 311, 313, 333
Risley, Herbert, 373
Roorkee, 276–7, 320
Roosevelt, Franklin D., 453
Roy, Rammohan, 142, 153–7, 206, 229, 363, 381
Royal Indian Naval mutiny, 460–1
Russian Revolution, 403
Sa’adat Pattan, 64
Sa’adatullah Khan, 63–5
Saheb, Chanda, 86–8
Sakarlal, Ambalal, 357
Salimullah, 63
Salimullah Khan, Khwaja, 374
Salt laws, 435
saltpetre, 26, 39, 43, 46, 104
Sambrooke, Jeremy, 38
Sandys, Thomas, 34–5, 38, 132
Santipur, 381
Sarkar, Sumit, 380
Satara, 233
Satara, Raja of, 197, 233
Sathe, Achyut Sitaram, 342, 343, 344
Savanur, 62
Savile, Sir George, 129
scientific infrastructure, 454
Seal, Anil, 309
Secunderabad, 484
Seeley, Sir John R., 297, 307–8
Setalvad, C. H., 395
Shahjahanabad, 387
Shahu, 58, 59, 66
Shaista Khan, 21, 27–8, 42, 44
Heath’s threatening letters to, 47
and Hedges, 28–9, 41–2
replacement for, 52
weavers’ dispute comes before, 39
Shinde, Mahadji, 170, 171, 173, 174, 175, 181
Shivaji, 20–1, 27, 50, 233, 345
Shore, John, 114
Shuja ud-din, 90
Sikhs, 234, 361, 394, 409 (see also Punjab)
Simon Commission, 423–4, 426, 434
protests against, 428
Simon, Sir John, 423
Sindh, 84, 232
Singapore, 448, 451
Singh, Maharaja Ranjit, 233
Singh, Umed, 259
Singha, Radhika, 186
Siraj-ad-Daula, 78, 92–3, 94, 95, 97–101, 388
Calcutta occupied by, 78, 93
Clive’s letter to, 98
killed, 103
peace treaty signed by, 96
plot to oust, 99–102
and victory for British, 102
Sircar, Nalinbihari, 376
Sleeman, William, 185, 236
Smiles, Samuel, 255, 256
Smythe, Thomas, 32
Spear, Percival, 102
Spence, William, 209
spices, 12, 22, 23, 32, 33, 73, 74, 75
Sriringapatam, 164–5
Star of India order, 263
Steam vessels, 215, 216–20
Steel, 383–6, 434, 487
Steer, Valentia, 371
Stephen, James FitzJames, 300–2, 307, 311
Stephenson, Rowland, 280, 282
Stern, Philip J., 31
Stevens, Frederick, 5
Stokes, Eric, 186–7, 200, 203, 242
Strachan, Hew, 390
Strachey, Edward, 170
Strachey family, 7
Strachey, Sir John, 297, 307
Strachey, Lytton, 7–8
Suez Canal, 289–90
Sullivan, Robert, 211
Surat, 48
surveillance, 304
Sutanati, 46, 52
Swadeshi movement, 358–9, 378, 379, 380–3 passim, 410
Swadeshi Steamship Company, 383
swaraj (self-mastery), 377–8, 404, 412
Sylhet, 105
Tagore, Darpanarayan, 152
Tagore, Dwarkanath, 154, 229, 279
Tagore, Sir Jotindra Mohun, 311
Tagore, Prosanna Kumar, 152
Tagore, Rabindranath, 154, 359, 380, 410
Tancred (Disraeli), 6–7
Tanjore, 88
Tarabai, 58
Tata, Dorabji, 384–5, 487
Tata, Jamsetji, 384
Tata Steel, 383–5
Taylor, Miles, 262
Telang, K. T., 337
Temple, Sir Richard, 296–7, 299, 319, 329, 330
textiles, 12, 20, 24, 26, 32, 33, 39, 43, 62, 123, 208, 280, 321, 323–5, 336, 390, 433, 492
and American Civil War, 325, 355
imports of, 321, 323–4, 325–6
and population growth, 349, 352–3
prices paid to weavers for, 39
and steam power, 323
Thackeray, St John, 188–9
Thackeray, Thomas, 127
Thomas, James, 138–9
Thomas, Julia, 138–9
Thompson, George, 281
Tilak, Bal Gangadhar, 7, 298–9, 341
jailed, 344, 345
Timur, 15
Tipu Sultan, 158–9, 164, 167, 168
Tirhoot, 253
Tonk, 177, 182, 195, 249, 482
Travancore, 73, 79, 473, 482
Travers, Robert, 112
Tredwell, Alice, 284–5
Tredwell, Solomon, 284
Trichinopoly, 87, 88, 89
United Nations, 465
United Provinces, 416, 418, 450
Congress government in, 444, 445
United States (see also American Civil War):
and Indian infrastructure, 454
WW1 entered by, 402
WW2 entered by, 453
University of Punjab, 412
Universities, 381–2, 411, 412
untouchables, 443
utilitarianism, 200–2, 203–4, 210
Uzbekistan, 15
Vanjamutta, 75, 76, 77
Venkatachar, C. S., 415–16, 417, 420, 421, 436
Verelst, Henry, 113
Victoria, Queen, 237, 262–3, 264, 501, 503
declared Empress of India, 293
memorial to, 388
Vincent, Mathew, 38
Vishwanath, Balaji, 59–60, 61, 66, 88
death of, 71
Wagner, Kim, 240
Wajid Ali Shah, 235–6, 237, 254
Wakefield,
Edward, 494
Waliullah, Syed, 479–80
Wallis, John, 74, 75, 78
Washbrook, David, 231
Watson, Adm. James, 94, 96, 100
Watts, William, 99
Waugh, Edwin, 335
Wavell, Lord Archibald, 453, 455–6, 458, 463–4, 466–7, 470–1
Wellesley, Arthur, see Wellington, Duke of
Wellesley, Richard, 1st Marquess, 161–4, 171, 175–6
quits, 176
Wellington, Duke of (Arthur Wellesley), 25, 161, 162–3, 165, 171, 172, 173, 176, 262
and Amir Khan, 177
seek-and-destroy mission of, 173–4
Western Ghats, 11, 23, 24, 73, 266, 267
Westminster Hall, 34
White, Adam, 185
William III (of Orange), 46–51
William IV, 155
Williams, Rushbrook, 412, 413
Wilson, Horace Hayman, 190
Wilson, Woodrow, 402
Wodeyar, Sir Krishnaraja, 385
Wood, Charles, 325
Wordsworth, James, 143
World War One, 8, 353, 393, 398–401, 402–3, 491
British Empire expanded as result of, 402–3
declared, 398
money and matériel supplied by India to, 399
restrictions extended in India during, 393
US joins, 402
World War Two, 353, 430, 431, 447–60 passim, 479, 490, 491
division accelerated by, 447
and Gandhi’s rage against British, 449–50
US joins, 453–4
Zafar, Bahadur Shah, Emperor, 227, 242–3, 248–9, 250, 258–9
exiled, 259
surrender of, 257
JON WILSON was educated at Oxford University and the New School for Social Research in New York, and has taught history at King’s College London since 1999. He directs Historians in Residence and also comments in a range of media on contemporary British and South Asian politics and government.
Photo by Farhad Chowdhury
PublicAffairs is a publishing house founded in 1997. It is a tribute to the standards, values, and flair of three persons who have served as mentors to countless reporters, writers, editors, and book people of all kinds, including me.
I. F. STONE, proprietor of I. F. Stone’s Weekly, combined a commitment to the First Amendment with entrepreneurial zeal and reporting skill and became one of the great independent journalists in American history. At the age of eighty, Izzy published The Trial of Socrates, which was a national bestseller. He wrote the book after he taught himself ancient Greek.
BENJAMIN C. BRADLEE was for nearly thirty years the charismatic editorial leader of The Washington Post. It was Ben who gave the Post the range and courage to pursue such historic issues as Watergate. He supported his reporters with a tenacity that made them fearless and it is no accident that so many became authors of influential, best-selling books.
ROBERT L. BERNSTEIN, the chief executive of Random House for more than a quarter century, guided one of the nation’s premier publishing houses. Bob was personally responsible for many books of political dissent and argument that challenged tyranny around the globe. He is also the founder and longtime chair of Human Rights Watch, one of the most respected human rights organizations in the world.