The Indian Ocean

by Michael Pearson

  122 Helen Rutledge, ed., A Season in India: Letters of Ruby Madden. Experiences of an Australian Girl at the Great Coronation Durbar, Delhi, 1903, Sydney, Fontana Books, 1982, pp. 22–34, 39.

  123 Charles Allen, ed., Plain Tales from the Raj, illustrated edition, New York, Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1985, pp. 32, 35.

  124 Sulivan, Dhow Chasing, p. 99.

  125 Leonard Woolf, Growing: An Autobiography of the Years 1904–1911, New York, Harcourt, Brace & World, 1962, pp. 11–21.

  126 Lady Anna Brassey, A Voyage in the Sunbeam: Our Home on the Ocean for Eleven Months, London, Longmans, Green, 1878, pp. 467–8.

  127 Ibid, pp. vii-viii.

  128 Ibid., passim.

  129 Account of a voyage to Australia by Wilfred Pearce, Australian National Maritime Museum, n.p., typescript.

  130 Bryce Moore, Helen Garwood and Nancy Lutton, The Voyage Out: 100 Years of Sea Travel to Australia, Fremantle, Fremantle Arts Centre Press in association with The Library Board of Western Australia, 1991.

  131 Accounts of voyages to Australia by James Murray and William Heeley, Australian National Maritime Museum, n.p., typescript.

  132 Barry Pemberton, Australian Coastal Shipping, Melbourne, Melbourne University Press, 1979, p. 208.

  133 Juanita Harrison, My Great, Wide, Beautiful World, 2nd ed., New York, G.K. Hall, 1996. The quotations are from, respectively, pp. 296, 96–8, 117, 160–1, 157–8, 159, 164.

  134 A brief statement of the thesis is in The Encyclopedia of Religion, ed. Mircea Eliade, New York, Macmillan, 1987, 16 vols, XI, p. 328.

  135 E.M. Forster, Selected Letters, vol. I, ed. Mary Lago and P.N. Furbank, London, Collins, 1983, pp. 138–40.

  136 Twain, Following the Equator, pp. 615–17.

  137 Parks, Wanderings of a Pilgrim, I, p. 3.

  138 Woolf, Growing, pp. 11–21, 246–7.

  139 Moore et al., Voyage Out, p. 162.

  140 Account of a voyage to Australia by Joseph Woodhouse, Australian National Maritime Museum, n.p., typescript.

  141 Tompsitt, A Diary of my Voyage, pp. 15–16.

  142 Account of a voyage to Australia by Dr Mackenzie, Australian National Maritime Museum, n.p. typescript.

  143 Forster, Selected Letters, p. 140.

  144 Moore et al., Voyage Out, pp. 157–8, 160.

  145 Burton, A.E.I., p. 400.

  146 Australian National Maritime Museum, accounts of voyages to Australia by William Lawrence and William Heeley, n.p., typescript.

  147 Moore et al., Voyage Out, p. 165.

  148 Harding, Dominions Diary, p. 56.

  149 Joseph Conrad, Typhoon, and other Tales, New York, New American Library, 1963, pp. 244–7 (the story of 'Youth').

  150 Allen, Plain Tales, pp. 36–7.

  151 'Trench's Travels', Indian Ocean Review, I, 2, June 1988, p. 11.

  152 Burton, A.E.I., pp. 296, 379–81.

  153 Juanita Harrison, My Great Wide, Beautiful World, pp. 146–7.

  154 Frances Eden, Tigers, pp. 50–1.

  155 Burton, A.E.I., pp. 75–83, 93–107.

  156 Both quoted in Anne Bulley, The Bombay Country Ships, 1790–1833, London, Curzon, 2000, pp. 230–1, 47.

  157 Alan Villiers, Sons of Sinbad: An Account of Sailing with the Arabs in the Dhows, in the Red Sea, around the Coasts of Arabia, and to Zanzibar and Tanganyika; Pearling in the Persian Gulf; and the Life of the Shipmasters, the Mariners and Merchants of Kuwait, New York, C.Scribner's Sons, 1940, p. 35.

  158 Devleena Ghosh and Stephen Muecke, 'Indian Ocean Stories', in UTS Review, VI, 2, 'The Indian Ocean', 2000, pp. 34–5; Philippe Reignier, 'Saint Expédit', in ibid., pp. 70–7.

  159 Stephen F. Dale, Islamic Society on the South Asian Frontier: The Mappilas of Malabar, 1498–1922, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1980, pp. 6–7, 116–18, 128, 134–5, 167.

  160 Much of what follows comes from M.N. Pearson, 'Gateways to Africa: The Indian Ocean and the Red Sea', in Levtzion and Pouwels, eds, History of Islam in Africa, pp. 37–59, where more detail will be found.

  161 Gill Shepherd, 'Trading Lineages in Historical Perspective', in J.C. Stone, ed., Africa and the Sea: Proceedings of a Colloquium at the University of Aberdeen, March, 1984, Aberdeen, University of Aberdeen, 1985, p. 172.

  162 Abdin Chande, 'Radicalism and Reform in East Africa', in Levtzion and Pouwels, eds, History of Islam in Africa, p. 355 and passim.

  163 Michael Lambek, 'Choking on the Quran: And other Consuming Parables from the Western Indian Ocean Front', in Wendy James, ed., The Pursuit of Certainty: Religious and Cultural Formulations, London, Routledge, 1995, p. 263.

  164 Azyumardi Azra, 'A Hadhrami Religious Scholar in Indonesia: Sayyid Uthman', in Ulrike Freitag and W.G. Clarence-Smith, Hadhrami Traders, Scholars and Statesmen in the Indian Ocean, 1750s-1960s, Leiden, Brill, 1997, pp. 249–63.

  8 History in the ocean

  1 Omar Khalidi, 'The Hadhrami Role in the Politics and Society of Colonial India, 1750s-1950s', in Ulrike Freitag and William G. Clarence-Smith, eds, Hadhrami Traders, Scholars and Statesmen in the Indian Ocean, 1750s-1960s, Leiden, Brill, 1997, p. 78 and passim.

  2 See W.G. Clarence-Smith, 'Introduction', in Freitag and Clarence-Smith, eds, ibid.

  3 Gérard Naulleau, 'Islam et affairs: Le cas des familles marchandes du Gulfe', in Denys Lombard and Jean Aubin, eds, Marchands et hommes d'affairs asiatiques dans l'Océan Indien et la Mer de Chine 13e-20e siècles, Paris, Editions de l'Ecole des hautes études en sciences sociales, 1988, pp. 297–310.

  4 Béatrice Knerr, 'Labour Export from South Asia: Another Case of the "Dutch Disease"?', in Giorgio Borsa, ed., Trade and Politics in the Indian Ocean: Historical and Contemporary Perspectives, Delhi, Manohar, 1990, pp. 169–221.

  5 Amitav Ghosh, In an Antique Land: History in the Guise of a Traveler's Tale, New York, Vintage Books, 1993, pp. 270–2, 284–5.

  6 Stella Mascarenhas-Keyes, 'International Migration from Goa: The Significance of the Global and Local Political Economy and Socio-Cultural Factors', Teotonio R. de Souza, ed., Vasco da Gama and India, International Conference, Lisbon, Gulbenkian, 1999, 3 vols, II, pp. 235–49.

  7 Lady Anna Brassey, A Voyage in the Sunbeam: Our Home on the Ocean for Eleven Months, London, Longmans, Green, 1878, p. 412.

  8 Moussa Said, 'Souvenirs d'un vieux marchand indien des Comores', in Historical and Cultural Relations between France and India, 17–20th centuries, Sainte Clotilde, Association historique internationale de l'Océan Indien, 1987, pp. 107–10.

  9 Alan Villiers, Sons of Sinbad: An Account of Sailing with the Arabs in the Dhows, in the Red Sea, around the Coasts of Arabia, and to Zanzibar and Tanganyika; Pearling in the Persian Gulf; and the Life of the Shipmasters, the Mariners and Merchants of Kuwait, New York, C.Scribner's Sons, 1940.

  10 M. McCarthy, 'Indonesian Divers in Australia's Northern Waters', Great Circle, XX, 1998, p. 122.

  11 W. Somerset Maugham, The Gentleman in the Parlour, 1930, part of The Travel Books of W. Somerset Maugham, London, William Heinemann, 1955, pp. 114–15, 169.

  12 Frank Broeze, 'From Imperialism to Independence: The Decline and Re-Emergence of Asian Shipping', Great Circle, IX, 1987, p. 85.

  13 Frank Broeze, 'Underdevelopment and Dependence: Maritime India under the Raj', Modern Asian Studies, XVIII, 1984, pp. 447–55.

  14 Gavin Young, Halfway Around the World: An Improbable Journey, New York, Random House, 1981.

  15 Maugham, The Gentleman in the Parlour, p. 114.

  16 Young, Halfway Around the World, pp. 326, 283, 300.

  17 Ibid., p. 216.

  18 Australian Association for Maritime History, 'Newsletter', March 1999, no. 74, p. 5, note by Vic Jeffery.

  19 Young, Halfway Around the World, p. 262.

  20 Derek Johnson, 'Wealth and Waste: Contrasting Legacies of Fisheries Development in Gujarat since 1950s', Economic and Political Weekly (Mumbai) 31 March 2001.

  21 Villiers, Sons of Sinbad, p. 159.

  22 Hassan Saleh Shihab, 'Traditional Arab
Shipping and Seafaring in the Indian Ocean', New Directions in Maritime History, ICMH/AAMH Conference, Fremantle, 6–10 December 1993, typescript.

  23 Edward Prados, 'Indian Ocean Littoral Maritime Evolution: The Case of the Yemeni huri and sanbuq', Mariner's Mirror, 83, 1997, pp. 185–98. This excellent study is based on the Red Sea coast of Yemen in the mid 1990s. For other dhow studies see page 298 above, f.ns. 5 and 6.

  24 Mark Horton and John Middleton, The Swahili: The Social Landscape of a Mercantile Society, Oxford, Blackwells, 2000, p. 88.

  25 Peter Boxhall, 'Arabian Seafarers in the Indian Ocean', Asian Affairs, 76, 1989, pp. 287–95.

  26 Esmond Bradley Martin, 'The Present Day Dhow Trade of India', Great Circle, IV, October 1982, pp. 105–18.

  27 Esmond Bradley Martin, 'The Decline of the Omani Dhows', Great Circle, II, 1980, 74–86.

  28 Nick Birmingham, 'The Exceptional Janggolan', Indian Ocean Review, VII, 4, March 1995, pp. 7–8.

  29 Young, Halfway Around the World, pp. 184–205.

  30 Tim Mackintosh-Smith, 'The Last Place in Yemen', Aramco World, September–October 1999, pp. 13–15.

  31 Peregrine Horden and Nicholas Purcell, The Corrupting Sea: A Study of Mediterranean History, Vol. I, Oxford, Blackwell, 2000, pp. 227, 229, 346, 382; Richard H. Grove, Green Imperialism: Colonial Expansion, Tropical Island Edens and the Origins of Environmentalism, 1600–1860, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1995. For a sober more or less factual survey see Helen Chapin Metz, Indian Ocean: Five Island Countries, Washington, DC, Federal Research Division, Library of Congress, 1995, 3rd ed.

  32 Mackintosh-Smith, 'The Last Place in Yemen', pp. 9, 11.

  33 Richard Barz, 'The Cultural Significance of Hindi in Mauritius', South Asia, III, 1980, pp. 1–13.

  34 Shelton A. Gunaratne, Mohd. Safar Hasim and Roukaya Kasenally, 'Small is Beautiful: Information Potential of Three Indian Ocean Rim Countries', Media Asia, XXIV, 4, 1997, pp. 199–200; D. McDougall, 'Indian Ocean Regionalism', The Round Table, 341, 1997, pp. 54–5; Bob Newman, 'Letter from Mauritius', Indian Ocean Newsletter, VIII, 3, November 1987, p. 4; C.W. Binns, 'Islands '88', Indian Ocean Review, I, 3, September 1988, p. 7.

  35 McDougall, 'Indian Ocean Regionalism', pp. 58–9; Jean Houbert, 'France in the Indian Ocean: Decolonizing without disengaging', The Round Table, 298, 1986, pp. 145–66.

  36 Christian Ghasarian, 'We have the Best Gods! The Encounter Between Hinduism and Christianity in La Réunion', Journal of Asian and African Studies, 32, 3–4, December 1997, pp. 286–95.

  37 A. Whitehead, 'Indian Ocean Regionalism', The Round Table, 341, 1997, pp. 53–4; Andrew D.W. Forbes, 'Archives and Resources for Maldivian History', South Asia, III, 1980, p. 70.

  38 Michel Mollat du Jourdin, Europe and the Sea, Oxford, Blackwell, 1993, p. 232–4.

  39 Paul Butel, The Atlantic, London, Routledge, 1999, p. 288.

  40 See generally Keith Trace, 'For "Tyrrany of Distance" read "Tyrrany of Scale'': Australia and the Global Container Market', Great Circle, 23, 2001, pp. 21–46.

  41 B.S. Hoyle, 'Maritime Perspectives on Ports and Ports Systems: The Case of East Africa', and Atiya Habeeb Kidwai, 'Port Cities in a National System of Ports and Cities: A Geographical Analysis of India in the Twentieth Century', both in Frank Broeze, ed., Brides of the Sea: Port Cities of Asia from the 16th-20th Centuries, Sydney, University of New South Wales Press, 1989, pp. 204, 212–20.

  42 Keith Trace, 'ASEAN Ports since 1945: Maritime Change and Port Rivalry', in Frank Broeze, ed., Gateways of Asia: Port Cities of Asia from the 13th to the 20th Centuries, London, Kegan Paul International, 1997, pp. 318–38.

  43 Sydney Morning Herald, 17 September 2002.

  44 Personal inspection of Dampier, and information from Hamersley Iron.

  45 John R. Stilgoe, Alongshore, New Haven, Yale University Press, 1994, p. 64.

  46 Olma Mignacca, The Watcher on the Quay, Sydney, New Holland Publications, 1998, p. 63 and passim.

  47 Angus Phillips, 'The Whitbread – Race into Danger', National Geographic, May 1998, pp. 118–33.

  48 See Jeff Harris, 'The Dhow of Racing', in Aramco World, 50, 3, May/June 1999, pp. 2–11 for a very useful account.

  49 Metz, Indian Ocean, pp. xix, xxiii, 163.

  50 Peter Reeves, Andrew Pope, John McGuire and Bob Pokrant, 'The Koli and the British at Bombay: The Structure of their Relations to the mid-Nineteenth Century', in M.N. Pearson and I. Bruce Watson, eds, South Asia, 1996, XIX, Special Issue, 'Asia and Europe: Commerce, Colonialism and Cultures: Essays in Honour of Sinnappah Arasaratnam', pp. 97–120.

  51 P. Reeves, A. Pope, J. McGuire and B. Pokrant, 'Mapping India's Maritime Resources: Colonial State Experiments, c. 1908–1930', South Asia, XIX, 1996, p. 14; Daniel Behrman, Assault on the Largest Unknown: The International Indian Ocean Expedition, 1959–65, Paris, Unesco Press, 1981, p. 70; Peter Reeves, Frank Broeze and Kenneth McPherson, 'The Maritime Peoples of the Indian Ocean Region since 1800', Mariner's Mirror, 74, 1988, p. 243; Sanjay Chaturvedi, 'Common Security? Geopolitics, Development, South Asia and the Indian Ocean', Third World Quarterly, XIX, 1998, p. 713.

  52 Kathleen Fordham Norr, 'The Organisation of Coastal Fishing in Tamilnadu', in Alexander Spoehr, ed., Maritime Adaptations, Essays on Contemporary Fishing Communities, Contributions from Ethnology, Pittsburg, University of Pittsburg Press, 1980, pp. 113–27, and in the same volume Paul Alexander, 'Sea Tenure in Southern Sri Lanka', pp. 91–111.

  53 R.S. Newman, 'Green Revolution–Blue Revolution: The Predicament of India's Traditional Fishermen', South Asia, IV, 1981, pp. 35–46.

  54 Olga Nieuwenhuys, 'Invisible Nets: Women and Children in Kerala's Fishing', MAST, II, 1989, pp. 174–94.

  55 Jona Halfdanardottir, 'Social Mobilization in Kerala: Fishers, Priests, Unions and Political Parties', MAST, VI, 1993, pp. 136–56.

  56 Holly M. Hapke, 'Development, Gender and Household Survival in a Kerala Fishery', Economic and Political Weekly, 31 March 2001, and see also Nieuwenhuys 'Invisible Nets', for an older analysis.

  57 Derek Johnson, 'Wealth and Waste: Contrasting Legacies of Fisheries Development in Gujarat since 1950s', Economic and Political Weekly, 31 March 2001.

  58 Sydney Morning Herald, 23 February 2002.

  59 Bob Pokrant, 'Export-Oriented Aquaculture in Bangladesh: Changing Business Practices, Labour Organisation and Local Environments', Indian Ocean Review, XIII, 1, March 2000, pp. 8–10.

  60 Bob Pokrant and Peter Reeves, 'Putting Globalisaton in its Place: Globalisation, Liberalisation and Export-Oriented Aquaculture in West Bengal and Bangladesh', South Asia, XXIV, 2001, pp. 159–84; Kazi Ali Toufique, 'Sandwiched between "Us" and "Them": Dilemmas and Contradictions in the Shrimp-Processing Export Sector of Bangladesh in the Globalisation Process', South Asia, XXIV, 2001, pp. 185–99.

  61 Janet Ahner Rubinoff, 'Pink Gold: Transformation of Backwater Aquaculture on Goa's Khazan Lands', Economic and Political Weekly, 31 March 2001.

  62 Gervase Clarence-Smith, 'Introduction', in Clarence-Smith, ed., The Economics of the Indian Ocean Slave Trade in the Nineteenth Century, London, Cass, 1989, pp. 7–8.