The Indian Ocean

by Michael Pearson

  63 David Armine Howarth, Dhows, London, New York, Quartet Books, 1977, p. 149.

  64 Villiers, Sons of Sinbad, p. 299 et seq.

  65 Based on personal observation, discussions with experts in Broome, and two books by Hugh Edwards: Port of Pearls, Swanbourne, WA, the author, 1984, and Broome's South Sea Pearls: The World's Finest Ocean Gems, Broome, published for Willie Creek Pearls, n.d.

  66 Tim Winton, Land's Edge, Sydney, Macmillan Australia, 1993, pp. 9, 13.

  67 Lena Lencek and Gideon Bosker, The Beach: The History of Paradise on Earth, New York, Viking, 1998, p. xx.

  68 Paul Routledge, 'Consuming Goa: Tourist Site as Dispensable Space', Economic and Political Weekly, 22, 7, 2000; Devika Sequeira, 'Tourism: Battling the Global Downspin', Goa Newsletter, November 2001.

  69 Alexander Frater, Chasing the Monsoon, Harmondsworth, Penguin, 1991, p. 44.

  70 Routledge, 'Consuming Goa', pp. 2647, 2651–2 and passim.

  71 McDougall, 'Indian Ocean Regionalism', pp. 55–6; Denis Fair, 'Tourist Trends in the Indian Ocean Islands', Africa Insight, XXVII, 1997, pp. 279–83; 'Life's a Beach', Orient-Express Magazine, XI, 4, 1994, pp. 60–3.

  72 McDougall, 'Indian Ocean Regionalism', pp. 57–8.

  73 David Kirby and Merja-Liisa Hinkkanen, The Baltic and the North Seas, London, Routledge, 2000, p. 275.

  74 'Shipping: Arabian Fights', The Economist (US), 10 April, 1999, vol. 351.

  75 Charles Geshekter, 'Somali History and Regional Sub-Cultures: A Neglected Theme of the Somali Crisis', in New Directions in Maritime History, ICMH/AAMH Conference, Fremantle, 6–10 December 1993, typescript.

  76 Jennifer Ackerman, 'New Eyes on the Oceans', National Geographic, October 2000, p. 112; Clive Wilkinson, Olaf Linden, Herman Cesar, Gregor Hodgson, Jason Rubens and Alan E. Strong, 'Ecological and Socioeconomic Impacts of 1998 Coral Mortality in the Indian Ocean', Ambio, 28, March 1999, pp. 188–97; 'Maldives face extinction', Indian Ocean Review, I, 4, December 1988, p. 11.

  77 Economist, 28 October–4 November 2000, p. 44.

  78 S. Carpenter, 'Polluted Air Chokes Northern Indian Ocean', Science News, 19 June 1999; 'Rimwatch', Indian Ocean Review, XII, 2, September 1999, p. 2; Charon Birkett, Ragu Murtugudde and Tony Allen, 'Indian Ocean Climate Event Brings Floods to East Africa's Lakes and the Sudd March', Geophysical Research Letter, XXVI, 1999, pp. 1031–34.

  79 Rhys Richards, 'The Maritime Fur Trade: Sealers and Other Residents on St. Paul and Amsterdam Islands', Great Circle, VI, 1984, p. 25.

  80 Jacques-Yves Cousteau, The Living Sea, New York, Nick Lyons Books, 1963, pp. 147–8.

  81 Rodney Fox, 'The Sea beyond the Outback: The Coast of Northwest Australia', National Geographic, Jan. 1991, p. 48; Bruce Montgomery, 'Skullduggery Galore in the Great Patagonian Toothfish Conspiracy', Indian Ocean Review, X, 4, December 1997, p. 6.

  82 Sydney Morning Herald, 22 May 2001.

  83 Thor Heyerdahl, The Tigris Expedition: In Search of our Beginnings, Garden City, Doubleday, 1981, p. 175.

  84 Geoffrey Till, 'Security Concerns in the Indian Ocean: Making Waves?', RUSI Journal, 142, June 1997, p. 16.

  85 'Rimwatch,' Indian Ocean Review, XIII, 1, March 2000, p. 2.

  86 Frater, Chasing the Monsoon, p. 83.

  87 Brian Shoesmith, 'The Place of Indian Popular Films in the Indian Ocean Region and South East Asia: Some Speculations', Indian Ocean Newsletter, VII, 1, March 1986, pp. 6–10.

  88 John Sinclair and Mark Harrison, 'Globalisation and Television in Asia: The Cases of India and China', in D. Ghosh and S. Muecke, eds, UTS Review, 2000, VI, 2, 'The Indian Ocean', pp. 79–82.

  89 Michael Lambek, 'Choking on the Quran: And Other Consuming Parables from the Western Indian Ocean Front', in Wendy James, ed., The Pursuit of Certainty: Religious and Cultural Formulations, London, Routledge, 1995, p. 277.

  90 K.M. Panikkar, India and the Indian Ocean: An Essay on the Influence of Sea Power on Indian History, London, Allen & Unwin, 1945, p. 7.

  91 William G. Hanne, 'From Moscow, South By Southeast...'Military Review, 56, 1976, pp. 47–55.

  92 Patrick Wall, ed., The Indian Ocean and the Threat to the West, London, Stacey International, 1975, pp. 9–11.

  93 Philip Towle, Naval Power in the Indian Ocean: Threats, Bluffs and Fantasies, Canberra, Australian National University, Research School of Pacific Studies, 1979 is especially sensible. Also D.B.G. McLean, 'The Soviet Navy in the Indian Ocean', Journal of the Royal United Services Institute for Defence Studies, 118, 4, 1973, pp. 59–65; William F. Hickman, 'Soviet Naval Policy in the Indian Ocean', U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings, 105, 8, 1979, pp. 42–52, and for a Soviet view, Alexander I. Chicherov, 'South Asia and the Indian Ocean in the 1980's: Some Trends toward Changes in International Relations', Asian Survey, 24, 1984, pp. 1117–30.

  94 David C. Potter, 'Superpower Rivalry in the Indian Ocean and the Foreign Policy Choices in India and Pakistan', in Borsa, ed., Trade and Politics, pp. 103–20.

  95 Vivian L. Forbes, 'British Indian Ocean Territory: Chagos Archipelago', Indian Ocean Review, V, 1, March 1992, pp. 16–19; John Pilger, 'A Little-Known and Suppressed British Atrocity in a Faraway island [i.e. Diego Garcia]', New Statesman, 27 September 1996, 4302; Joseph E. Harris, 'The Ilois Tragedy', TransAfrica Forum, 7, 1, 1990, pp. 25–30; Jean Houbert, 'France in The Indian Ocean – Decolonizing Without Disengaging', Round Table, 298, 1986, pp. 145–66.

  96 Kirby L. Baker, 'Diego Garcia', Indian Ocean Review, II, 3, September 1989, pp. 27–8; Harris, 'The Ilois Tragedy'.

  97 Jaswant Singh, Defending India, Basingstoke, Macmillan, 1999, pp. 113–28, 179; Jole Larus, 'India and Its Ocean: The Atypical Relationship Ends', in Robert Bruce, ed., The Modern Indian Navy and the Indian Ocean: Developments and Implications, Perth, Centre for Indian Ocean Regional Studies, 1989, p. 65.

  98 The Hindu, 17 December 1999.

  99 Sydney Morning Herald, 8 February 2002.

  100 Quoted in Satvinder Singh Rai, 'India's Strategy in the Indian Ocean: Indian Aims and Interests in a Historical Perspective', Internationales Asienforum, 20, 1989, p. 140.

  101 Singh, Defending India, pp. 225, 232–4.

  102 Vivian L. Forbes, 'Acts of Piracy: A Mystique of the 1990s', Indian Ocean Review, XI, 2, December 1998, pp. 10–15.

  103 Rai, 'India's Strategy', p. 148; UN Chronicle, December 1989; Walter K. Andersen, 'Soviets in the Indian Ocean: Much Ado About Something – But What?', Asian Survey, 24, 1984, pp. 919–20.

  104 McDougall, 'Indian Ocean Regionalism', pp. 59–60.

  105 'Indian Ocean Rim Association for Regional Cooperation', Indian Ocean Review, XIII, 1, March 2000, pp. 3–7; Chaturvedi, 'Common Security?', pp. 718–19.

  106 'Indian Ocean Rim Association for Regional Cooperation', p. 3.

  107 See Stilgoe's whole chapter on this matter, Alongshore, pp. 369–402.

  108 Chaturvedi, 'Common Security?', p. 705.

  * * *

  Select bibliography

  Articles

  Andersen, Walter K., 'Soviets in the Indian Ocean: Much Ado about Something – but what?' Asian Survey, 1984, 24, pp. 910–30.

  Anderson, J.L., 'Piracy and World History: An Economic Perspective on Maritime Predation', Journal of World History, 1995, VI, pp. 175–99.

  Arnold, David, 'The Indian Ocean as a Disease Zone, 1500–1950', South Asia, 1991, 14, pp. 1–21.

  Barendse, R.J., 'Trade and State in the Arabian Seas: A Survey from the Fifteenth to the Eighteenth Century', Journal of World History, 2000, XI, pp. 173–225.

  Bowen, Richard LeBaron, 'Arab Dhows of Eastern Arabia', American Neptune, 1949, 9, pp. 87–132.

  Bowen, Richard LeBaron, 'The Dhow Sailor', The American Neptune, 1951, 11, pp. 161–203.

  Broeze, Frank, 'From Imperialism to Independence: The Decline and Re-Emergence of Asian Shipping', Great Circle, 1987, IX, pp. 73–95.

  Broeze, Frank, 'Underdevelopment and Dependence: Maritime India under the Raj', Modern Asian Studies, 1984, XVIII, pp. 429–57.
<
br />   Broeze, Frank, Peter Reeves and Kenneth McPherson, 'Imperial Ports and the Modern World Economy: The Case of the Indian Ocean', Journal of Transport History, 1986, 7, pp. 1–20.

  Campbell, I.C., 'The Lateen Sail in World History', Journal of World History, 1995, VI, pp. 1–23.

  Chakravarti, Ranabir, 'Nakhudas and Nauvittakas: Ship Owning Merchants in the West Coast of India, c. AD1000–1500', Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, 2000, 43, pp. 34–64.

  Chaturvedi, Sanjay, 'Common Security? Geopolitics, Development, South Asia and the Indian Ocean', Third World Quarterly, 1998, XIX, pp. 701–24.

  Clark, Alfred, 'Medieval Arab Navigation on the Indian Ocean: Latitude Determinations', Journal of the American Oriental Society, 1993, 113, pp. 360–74.

  Dharmasena, K., 'The Port and Dock Workers of Colombo, 1860–1960', Great Circle, 1985, VII, pp. 100–15.

  Emmerson, Donald K., 'The Case for a Maritime Perspective on Southeast Asia', Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, 1980, XI, pp. 139–45.

  Ewald, Janet J., 'Crossers of the Sea: Slaves, Freedmen, and Other Migrants in the Northwestern Indian Ocean, c. 1750–1914', American Historical Review, 2000, 105, pp. 69–91.

  Finney, Ben, 'The Other One-Third of the Globe', Journal of World History, 1994, V, pp. 273–97.

  Flynn, Dennis O. and Arturo Giráldez, 'Born with a Silver Spoon: The Origin of World Trade in 1571', Journal of World History, 1995, VI, pp. 201–21.

  Green, Jeremy, 'Maritime Archaeology and the Indian Ocean', Great Circle, 1980, 2, pp. 3–12.

  Halfdanardottir, Jona, 'Social Mobilization in Kerala: Fishers, Priests, Unions and Political Parties', MAST, 1993, VI, pp. 136–56.

  Harris, Jeff, 'The Dhow of Racing', Aramco World, May–June 1999, pp. 2–11.

  Heimann, James, 'Small Change and Ballast: Cowry Trade and Usage as an Example of Indian Ocean Economic History', South Asia, 1980, III, pp. 48–69.

  Hess, Andrew C., 'Piri Reis and the Ottoman Response to the Voyages of Discovery', Terrae Incognitae, 1974, VI, pp. 19–37.

  Hess, Andrew C., 'The Evolution of the Ottoman Seaborne Empire in the Age of Oceanic Discoveries, 1453–1525', American Historical Review, 1970, LXXV, pp. 1892–919.

  Horton, Mark, 'Mare Nostrum – a new archaeology of the Indian Ocean?', Antiquity, 1997, 71, pp. 747–49.

  Jones, Stephanie, 'British India Steamers and the Trade of the Persian Gulf, 1862–1914', Great Circle, 1985, VII, pp. 23–44.

  Manguin, Pierre-Yves, 'Late Mediaeval Asian Shipbuilding in the Indian Ocean: A Reappraisal', Moyen Orient & Océan Indien, 1985, II, 2, pp. 1–30.

  Manguin, Pierre-Yves, 'The Southeast Asian Ship: An Historical Approach', Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, 1980, XI, pp. 266–76.

  Martin, E.B., 'The Present Day Dhow Trade of India', Great Circle, 1982, IV, pp. 105–18.

  Martin, Esmond Bradley, 'The Decline of the Omani Dhows', Great Circle, 1980, II, pp. 74–86.

  Martin, Esmond Bradley, 'The Geography of Present-Day Smuggling in the Western Indian Ocean: The Case of the Dhow', Great Circle, 1979, I, pp. 18–35.

  Munro, J. Forbes, 'Shipping Subsidies and Railway Guarantees: William Mackinnon, Eastern Africa and the Indian Ocean, 1860–93', Journal of African History, 1987, 28, pp. 209–30.

  Murphey, Rhoads, 'The City in the Swamp: Aspects of the Site and Early Growth of Calcutta', Geographical Journal, 1964, 130, pp. 241–56.

  Nieuwenhuys, Olga, 'Invisible Nets: Women and Children in Kerala's Fishing', MAST, 1989, II, pp. 174–94.

  Pearson, M.N., 'Brokers in Western Indian Port Cities: Their Role in Servicing Foreign Merchants', Modern Asian Studies, 1988, XXII, pp. 455–72.

  Pearson, M.N., 'Conversions in Southeast Asia: Evidence from the Portuguese Records', Portuguese Studies, 1990, VI, pp. 53–70.

  Pokrant, Bob, 'Export-Oriented Aquaculture in Bangladesh: Changing Business Practices, Labour Organisation and Local Environments', Indian Ocean Review, March 2000, XIII, 1.

  Pokrant, Bob and Peter Reeves, 'Putting Globalisaton in its Place: Globalisation, Liberalisation and Export-Oriented Aquaculture in West Bengal and Bangladesh' , South Asia, 2001, XXIV, pp. 159–84.

  Prados, Edward, 'Indian Ocean Littoral Maritime Evolution: The Case of the Yemeni Huri and Sanbuq', Mariner's Mirror, 1997, 83, pp. 185–98.

  Ray, Haraprasad, 'An Analysis of the Chinese Maritime Voyages into the Indian Ocean during the early Ming Dynasty and their Raison d'être', China Reports, 1987, 23, pp. 65–87.

  Ray, Haraprasad, 'The Eighth Voyage of the Dragon that Never was: An Enquiry into the Causes of Cessation of the Voyages during the Early Ming Dynasty', China Reports, 1987, 23, pp. 157–78.

  Ray, Himanshu Prabha, 'The Western Indian Ocean and the Early Maritime Links of the Indian Subcontinent', Indian Economic and Social History Review, 1994, 31, pp. 65–88.

  Reeves, P., A. Pope, J. McGuire and B. Pokrant, 'Mapping India's Maritime Resources: Colonial State Experiments, c. 1908–1930', South Asia, 1996, XIX, pp. 13–35.

  Reeves, Peter, Frank Broeze and Kenneth McPherson, 'The Maritime Peoples of the Indian Ocean Region since 1800', Mariner's Mirror, 1988, 74, pp. 241–54.

  Routledge, Paul, 'Consuming Goa: Tourist Site as Dispensable Space', Economic and Political Weekly, 22 July 2000.

  Rubinoff, Janet Ahner, 'Pink Gold: Transformation of Backwater Aquaculture on Goa's Khazan Lands', Economic and Political Weekly, 31 March 2001.

  Russell-Wood, A.J.R., 'Seamen Ashore and Afloat: The Social Environment of the Carreira da India, 1550–1750', Mariners'Mirror, 1983, LXIV, pp. 35–52.

  Shoesmith, Brian, 'The Place of Indian Popular Films in the Indian Ocean Region and South East Asia: Some Speculations', Indian Ocean Newsletter, March 1986, VII, 1.

  Smith, Monica L., 'The Dynamic Realm of the Indian Ocean: A Review', Asian Perspectives, 1997, 36, pp. 245–59.

  Toufique, Kazi Ali, 'Sandwiched between Us and Them: Dilemmas and Contradictions in the Shrimp-Processing Export Sector of Bangladesh in the Globalisation Process', South Asia, 2001, XXIV, pp. 185–99.

  Varadarajan, Lotika, 'Indian Seafaring: The Precept and Reality of Kalivarjya', Great Circle, 1983, V, pp. 1–12.

  Varadarajan, Lotika, 'Traditions of Indigenous Navigation in Gujarat', South Asia, 1980, III, pp. 28–35.

  Books

  Andaya, Barbara, To Live as Brothers: Southeast Sumatra in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries, Honolulu, University of Hawaii Press,1993.

  Arasaratnam, Sinnappah, Maritime Commerce and English Power: Southeast India 1750–1800, Aldershot, Variorum, 1996.

  Arasaratnam, Sinnappah, Maritime India in the Seventeenth Century, New Delhi, Oxford University Press, 1994.

  Arasaratnam, Sinnappah, Merchants, Companies and Commerce on the Coromandel Coast, 1650–1740, New Delhi, Oxford Univeristy Press, 1986.

  Banga, Indu, ed., Ports and their Hinterlands in India, 1700–1950, New Delhi, Manohar, 1992.

  Barendse, R.J., The Arabian Seas, 1640–1700, Leiden, Research School, CNWS, Leiden University, 1998.

  Barendse, R.J., The Arabian Seas, The Indian OceanWorld of the Seventeenth Century, Armonk, NY, M.E. Sharpe, 2002.

  Bethencourt, Francisco and D. Ramada Curto, eds, Portuguese Expansion, 1400–1822: A Collection of Essays, New York, Cambridge University Press, forthcoming.

  Blussé, Leonard, Strange Company: Chinese Settlers, Mestizo Women, and the Dutch in VOC Batavia, Dordrecht, Holland, Riverton, USA, Foris Publications, 1986.

  Borsa, Giorgio, ed., Trade and Politics in the Indian Ocean: Historical and Contemporary Perspectives, Delhi, Manohar, 1990.

  Bose, Sugata, The Indian Ocean Rim: An Inter-Regional Arena in the Age of Global Empire, forthcoming.

  Boxer, C.R., The Portuguese Seaborne Empire, London, Hutchinson, 1969.

  Braudel, Fernand, Civilization and Capitalism, New York, Harper & Row, 1981–84, 3 vols.

  Braudel, Fernand, The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II,
London, Collins, 1972, 2 vols.

  Brennan, Lance, and Brij Lal, eds, South Asia, 1998, XXI, Special Issue, 'Across the Kala Pani: Indian Overseas Migration and Settlement'.

  Broeze, Frank, ed., Brides of the Sea: Port Cities of Asia from the 16th-20th Centuries, Sydney, New South Wales University Press, 1989.

  Broeze, Frank, ed., Gateways of Asia: Port Cities of Asia from the 13th to the 20th Centuries, London, Kegan Paul International, 1997.

  Butel, Paul, The Atlantic, London, Routledge, 1999.

  Chandra, Satish, ed., The Indian Ocean: Explorations in History, Commerce and Politics, New Delhi, Sage, 1987.

  Chaudhuri, K.N., Trade and Civilization in the Indian Ocean: An Economic History from the Rise of Islam to 1750, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1985.

  Commans, Jos and Jacques Leider, eds, The Maritime Frontier of Burma: Exploring Political, Cultural and Commercial Interaction in the Indian Ocean World, 1200–1800, Leiden, Leiden University Press, 2002.